The current work deals with the energy recovery, through incineration (R1) and biological treatment (R3), from municipal solid waste (MSW), within EU-27 in a Circular Economy approach. The EU legislation is analyzed in reference to the production and management of MSW for energy recovery along with the Waste-to-Energy processes (Incineration, Anaerobic Digestion and Composting, Pyrolysis, Gasification, Plasma technology, and Landfill gas). As reference years, 2015 and 2019 have been considered, which are the corresponding years of the first European plan towards a Circular Economy (COM - (2015) - 614) and the year before COM-(2020)-98. Also, the following data have been collected and elaborated from each Member State for the years 2015 and 2019: the total MSW generated, the total MSW used for energy recovery through incineration and biological treatment, the primary energy production from renewable and nonrenewable MSW, and the gross domestic energy consumption by MSW-generated energy. The main conclusion drawn from this work was the growing trend of the quantities of MSW used for energy recovery in EU-27 and the increasing trend of primary energy production from MSW that EU followed as aggregate. It was observed that for some Member States, energy followed increasing trend, of higher or lower rate, while for other showed descending trend. Despite the overall increasing trend of energy production from MSW, the rate is still relatively low, at least for some countries, and greater effort is required for their compliance with EU policy towards a Circular Economy approach.
{"title":"Municipal solid waste-to-energy in EU-27 towards a circular economy","authors":"Georgios Tsekeris, G. Anastassakis","doi":"10.5937/ror2201085t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201085t","url":null,"abstract":"The current work deals with the energy recovery, through incineration (R1) and biological treatment (R3), from municipal solid waste (MSW), within EU-27 in a Circular Economy approach. The EU legislation is analyzed in reference to the production and management of MSW for energy recovery along with the Waste-to-Energy processes (Incineration, Anaerobic Digestion and Composting, Pyrolysis, Gasification, Plasma technology, and Landfill gas). As reference years, 2015 and 2019 have been considered, which are the corresponding years of the first European plan towards a Circular Economy (COM - (2015) - 614) and the year before COM-(2020)-98. Also, the following data have been collected and elaborated from each Member State for the years 2015 and 2019: the total MSW generated, the total MSW used for energy recovery through incineration and biological treatment, the primary energy production from renewable and nonrenewable MSW, and the gross domestic energy consumption by MSW-generated energy. The main conclusion drawn from this work was the growing trend of the quantities of MSW used for energy recovery in EU-27 and the increasing trend of primary energy production from MSW that EU followed as aggregate. It was observed that for some Member States, energy followed increasing trend, of higher or lower rate, while for other showed descending trend. Despite the overall increasing trend of energy production from MSW, the rate is still relatively low, at least for some countries, and greater effort is required for their compliance with EU policy towards a Circular Economy approach.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79734901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conserving water and providing for the future generation is one of the most important principals established on the agenda concerning sustainable development goals. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the sustainability of the quantity and quality of water sources for Erbil City, as well as their safety and security based on the standard limitations. Therefore, the study computed the adapted scale of measuring water quantity and the demand of water and then evaluated the collected data from the water directorates related to both surface water and groundwater for the studied area. The study focused on the management of water supply and main factors that affected the lack of the sustainability. The next step was the planning of appropriate solution for those problems, such as avoiding drilling of illegal groundwater wells and managing water sector that made the poor water management as well. The use of additional surface water accomplished with the construction of extra water treatment plants was seen as an alternative to consuming groundwater. Reusing of processed sewage for various consumption and recharging of groundwater was considered as sustainable strategy and management for the water field in Erbil City.
{"title":"Sustainability of water supply management for Erbil City in the context of sustainable development agenda","authors":"Aziz Qarani, Mustafa Sabah","doi":"10.5937/ror2201001a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201001a","url":null,"abstract":"Conserving water and providing for the future generation is one of the most important principals established on the agenda concerning sustainable development goals. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the sustainability of the quantity and quality of water sources for Erbil City, as well as their safety and security based on the standard limitations. Therefore, the study computed the adapted scale of measuring water quantity and the demand of water and then evaluated the collected data from the water directorates related to both surface water and groundwater for the studied area. The study focused on the management of water supply and main factors that affected the lack of the sustainability. The next step was the planning of appropriate solution for those problems, such as avoiding drilling of illegal groundwater wells and managing water sector that made the poor water management as well. The use of additional surface water accomplished with the construction of extra water treatment plants was seen as an alternative to consuming groundwater. Reusing of processed sewage for various consumption and recharging of groundwater was considered as sustainable strategy and management for the water field in Erbil City.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87719785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bojana Živković, Jelisaveta Marjanović, Jelena Đokić
The paper applies intelligent multicriteria analysis in order to rank the criteria in the process of site selection for the Regional Sanitary Landfill. The analysis was performed for 3 pre-selected sites that were selected based on available area, site access, potential preparation difficulties, groundwater occurrence, biodiversity, and proximity to urban area. These locations were selected as the most suitable for construction, both from the engineering and from the economic and environmental aspect. The analysis is the best example of the application of intelligent multicriteria analysis as a useful tool for environmental management in the decision-making process. The analysis was performed for three proposed locations of the Regional Sanitary Landfill: Kasilo, Kristal, and Savina Stena, in the municipalities of Zvecan and Leposavic. In order to achieve the most objective results, PROMETHEE methods were applied. Using these calculation methods, the following ranking list of locations for the Regional Sanitary Landfill was obtained according to their suitability: Savina Stena, Kasilo, and Kristal. This result can contribute to the decision-making process of determining the development strategy at the local and regional level.
{"title":"Decision making tools in regional sanitary landfill location selection","authors":"Bojana Živković, Jelisaveta Marjanović, Jelena Đokić","doi":"10.5937/ror2201099z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201099z","url":null,"abstract":"The paper applies intelligent multicriteria analysis in order to rank the criteria in the process of site selection for the Regional Sanitary Landfill. The analysis was performed for 3 pre-selected sites that were selected based on available area, site access, potential preparation difficulties, groundwater occurrence, biodiversity, and proximity to urban area. These locations were selected as the most suitable for construction, both from the engineering and from the economic and environmental aspect. The analysis is the best example of the application of intelligent multicriteria analysis as a useful tool for environmental management in the decision-making process. The analysis was performed for three proposed locations of the Regional Sanitary Landfill: Kasilo, Kristal, and Savina Stena, in the municipalities of Zvecan and Leposavic. In order to achieve the most objective results, PROMETHEE methods were applied. Using these calculation methods, the following ranking list of locations for the Regional Sanitary Landfill was obtained according to their suitability: Savina Stena, Kasilo, and Kristal. This result can contribute to the decision-making process of determining the development strategy at the local and regional level.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81882368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Radosavljević, A. Jelić, A. Božić, Ana Slavković, Ana Popović, Goran Tadić
Engineers are educated and trained to take the lead in sustainable development, tackling worldwide difficulties like depletion of natural resources, contamination, fast-growing populations, and ecological degradation. The relevance of government entities dealing with sustainable development is linked to the societal problem of future education. While all social-economical and/or technical variables play a role in determining the outlook in which each competence originates, novel-adaptive thinking, social intelligence, design mentality, and sense-making, social imagination (cross-sectoral fertilization), cognitive load management, virtual collaboration and networking, and novel media literacy suggest representing crucial drivers for the development of each ability. An extensive selection of continuing education programs enables graduates to improve subject-specific skills and extend their professional networks, with the objective of preparing motivated and highly-trained professionals for the job market. It is feasible to achieve the aim of a sustainable engineering future by recognizing the relevance of these criteria, comprehending, and adequately fulfilling them.
{"title":"Social challenges in education for sustainable engineering future: Transformative guideline","authors":"D. Radosavljević, A. Jelić, A. Božić, Ana Slavković, Ana Popović, Goran Tadić","doi":"10.5937/ror2201077r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201077r","url":null,"abstract":"Engineers are educated and trained to take the lead in sustainable development, tackling worldwide difficulties like depletion of natural resources, contamination, fast-growing populations, and ecological degradation. The relevance of government entities dealing with sustainable development is linked to the societal problem of future education. While all social-economical and/or technical variables play a role in determining the outlook in which each competence originates, novel-adaptive thinking, social intelligence, design mentality, and sense-making, social imagination (cross-sectoral fertilization), cognitive load management, virtual collaboration and networking, and novel media literacy suggest representing crucial drivers for the development of each ability. An extensive selection of continuing education programs enables graduates to improve subject-specific skills and extend their professional networks, with the objective of preparing motivated and highly-trained professionals for the job market. It is feasible to achieve the aim of a sustainable engineering future by recognizing the relevance of these criteria, comprehending, and adequately fulfilling them.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"479 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75240239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research presents an overview on sludge types, characteristics, and methods of treatment. Additionally, using the sludge as an energy source for future plans was studied as well. The paper focused mainly on analyzing different sludge characteristics based on the previous studies. Wastewater sludge produced from the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes was analyzed. It was mainly composed of many organic and inorganic materials. Some of the materials were removed by physical and other required chemical or biological processes. Most of the sludge was solid, semi-solid, and muddy with the harmful substances such as proteins, phenols, and hazardous materials. The study explained different methods of energy production as well. At the end, it was concluded that every type of sludge could provide energy and be a basic financial product for the selected area, and keep environment safely and healthy as well. The calculated quantity of dry sludge for 1,000,000 inhabitants in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, was 50,000 kg/d, which produced calorific value of 9.5 · 107 K. cal./day. Furthermore, the essential area for under drain sand bed area was 5,100 m2 .
{"title":"Wastewater sludge characteristics, treatment techniques and energy production","authors":"Aziz Qarani, Mustafa Sabah","doi":"10.5937/ror2201009a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201009a","url":null,"abstract":"The research presents an overview on sludge types, characteristics, and methods of treatment. Additionally, using the sludge as an energy source for future plans was studied as well. The paper focused mainly on analyzing different sludge characteristics based on the previous studies. Wastewater sludge produced from the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes was analyzed. It was mainly composed of many organic and inorganic materials. Some of the materials were removed by physical and other required chemical or biological processes. Most of the sludge was solid, semi-solid, and muddy with the harmful substances such as proteins, phenols, and hazardous materials. The study explained different methods of energy production as well. At the end, it was concluded that every type of sludge could provide energy and be a basic financial product for the selected area, and keep environment safely and healthy as well. The calculated quantity of dry sludge for 1,000,000 inhabitants in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, was 50,000 kg/d, which produced calorific value of 9.5 · 107 K. cal./day. Furthermore, the essential area for under drain sand bed area was 5,100 m2 .","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84140614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Population growth, increasing water stress, and water scarcity have influenced the consideration of the reuse of treated wastewater as a possible alternative water source. Currently, recycled water is mainly used in industry, agriculture, and landscape irrigation, and now, in certain parts of the world, recycled water is also used as drinking water due to the limited freshwater resources. To meet the future water supply needs, the direct potable water reuse could be studied as an alternative source of drinking water. Direct potable reuse can enhance sustainability and water supply reliability. This paper analyzes direct potable water reuse as a circular principle in water sector and compares several successful cases of direct potable water reuse in Namibia, South Africa, Texas and New Mexico. Countries that use direct potable reuse are successful examples of using wastewater to form sustainable and reliable water supplies, which is of great significance for the future.
{"title":"Future of water recycling: A review of the direct potable water reuse","authors":"N. Aleksić, V. Šušteršič","doi":"10.5937/ror2201029a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201029a","url":null,"abstract":"Population growth, increasing water stress, and water scarcity have influenced the consideration of the reuse of treated wastewater as a possible alternative water source. Currently, recycled water is mainly used in industry, agriculture, and landscape irrigation, and now, in certain parts of the world, recycled water is also used as drinking water due to the limited freshwater resources. To meet the future water supply needs, the direct potable water reuse could be studied as an alternative source of drinking water. Direct potable reuse can enhance sustainability and water supply reliability. This paper analyzes direct potable water reuse as a circular principle in water sector and compares several successful cases of direct potable water reuse in Namibia, South Africa, Texas and New Mexico. Countries that use direct potable reuse are successful examples of using wastewater to form sustainable and reliable water supplies, which is of great significance for the future.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75497494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete is one of the most reliable, durable, and desired construction materials. It became the second most used material after water in the world. Many studies and investigations reported that the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere is nearly 1 ton in the production of 1 ton of cement, which contributes to 5-7 % of total CO2 emissions worldwide. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new development in the world of concrete, which does not need to use cement. The most used materials in geopolymer are by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, etc. Industrial waste materials are a great problem for human health, environment, and scarcity of land, therefore, reusing them in GPC manufacturing can be seen as a great advantage. Fortunately, most of the recent research concludes that most by-products exhibit similar or better durability, mechanical and physical properties when compared to ordinary concrete. Therefore, GPC became a good sustainable engineering material with many advantages over conventional concrete, such as high early strength, excellent resistance to chemical attacks and steel reinforcement corrosion, elimination of water curing, low cost, etc. This paper reviews the process of geopolymer concrete, constituents, types, properties, durability, and particular applications.
{"title":"Geopolymer concrete: Properties, durability and applications: Review","authors":"Jaf Kakasor, Abdulrahman Ismael, Aziz Qarani","doi":"10.5937/ror2201063j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2201063j","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is one of the most reliable, durable, and desired construction materials. It became the second most used material after water in the world. Many studies and investigations reported that the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere is nearly 1 ton in the production of 1 ton of cement, which contributes to 5-7 % of total CO2 emissions worldwide. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is a new development in the world of concrete, which does not need to use cement. The most used materials in geopolymer are by-products such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, etc. Industrial waste materials are a great problem for human health, environment, and scarcity of land, therefore, reusing them in GPC manufacturing can be seen as a great advantage. Fortunately, most of the recent research concludes that most by-products exhibit similar or better durability, mechanical and physical properties when compared to ordinary concrete. Therefore, GPC became a good sustainable engineering material with many advantages over conventional concrete, such as high early strength, excellent resistance to chemical attacks and steel reinforcement corrosion, elimination of water curing, low cost, etc. This paper reviews the process of geopolymer concrete, constituents, types, properties, durability, and particular applications.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79653318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper analyzes the importance of actively raising awareness about the significance of ecology and the preservation of our environment through various art forms. The role they play in the process is an important one, both in terms of educating the younger, and raising awareness among the older generations about environmental issues. Art strives for the preservation of culture and cultural heritage, and represents a permanent record of a certain age, a way of life, the social and political circumstances, human opinions, and socially relevant topics. Ranging from architecture, as the most frequently used type of art, via literature and film, to music which reaches the widest of audiences, it can convey any message to the greatest number of people, and each art form can give its own contribution to environmental issues. Socially engaged art is a frequent occurrence. Throughout history, art has been used as a call to rebellion, resistance, and change. Environmental topics have been increasingly more present in art over the past few decades, but are still not present enough. Great potential for the awakening of mankind in terms of the environmental challenges we are facing lies precisely in various art forms. Everyone has their own preference when it comes to art, which is why no art form should be neglected; instead, they should all be developed equally so as to encourage as many people as possible, spanning all generations, to consider the importance of environmental issues.
{"title":"Raising environmental awareness through art projects","authors":"S. Marković, J. Petrović","doi":"10.5937/ror2101011m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2101011m","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the importance of actively raising awareness about the significance of ecology and the preservation of our environment through various art forms. The role they play in the process is an important one, both in terms of educating the younger, and raising awareness among the older generations about environmental issues. Art strives for the preservation of culture and cultural heritage, and represents a permanent record of a certain age, a way of life, the social and political circumstances, human opinions, and socially relevant topics. Ranging from architecture, as the most frequently used type of art, via literature and film, to music which reaches the widest of audiences, it can convey any message to the greatest number of people, and each art form can give its own contribution to environmental issues. Socially engaged art is a frequent occurrence. Throughout history, art has been used as a call to rebellion, resistance, and change. Environmental topics have been increasingly more present in art over the past few decades, but are still not present enough. Great potential for the awakening of mankind in terms of the environmental challenges we are facing lies precisely in various art forms. Everyone has their own preference when it comes to art, which is why no art form should be neglected; instead, they should all be developed equally so as to encourage as many people as possible, spanning all generations, to consider the importance of environmental issues.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76029735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.
{"title":"Applying mass balance dilution technique for wastewater disposal to Greater-Zab river in Erbil, Kurdistan region-Iraq","authors":"S. Aziz, Sardar Bruska","doi":"10.5937/ror2101031a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2101031a","url":null,"abstract":"Treatment is essential for wastewaters prior to its disposal to the environment or water sources. Numerous wastewater treatment techniques are applied for the treatment of wastewater types. To date, dilution via mass balance approach has not been reported for treatment of various types of wastewaters in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Consequently, the aim of this work was to examine the treatment of various types of wastewaters using dilution method by river water through applying mass balance approach. Characteristics of different types of wastewaters and Greater-Zab River water in Erbil City were studied. Slaughterhouse, tannery, municipal, landfill-leachate, dairy, and refinery wastewaters in Erbil City were used in the present work. Mass balance approach was applied to verify that dilution of various types of wastewaters using Greater-Zab river water. Dilution factor and required amount of river water were calculated. Temperature, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and Dissolved oxygen (DO) were studied using mass balance approach. Results revealed that dilution factor for Erbil wastewaters varied from 10.36 to 513.91. Mixing of wastewaters with Greater-Zab river water led to decreasing of DO in the river water by 3.525 % and increasing of BOD in the Greater-Zab River water. Dilution using various quantities of raw river water via applying mass balance approach resulted in decreasing the pollutants in the wastewaters to an acceptable level and it was regarded as a treatment process. Each type of wastewater needs a definite quantity of raw water for the treatment. Commonly, sedimentation is suggested prior dilution of wastewater with the Greater-Zab River water. Maximum discharge of 1,182 m3/s is sufficient for treatment of all mentioned types of wastewaters in Erbil City.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"4 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87268418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of rationalizing water consumption and preserving it for future generations is one of the most important indicators of sustainable development referred to in the Agenda 21. This study aims to assess the sustainability of water resources for the city of Erbil in terms of quantity and quality. In this study, the amount of water available in the existing water sources was evaluated and compared with the volume of water demand. The reliability of water sources, especially groundwater, in the selected area was evaluated and confirmed. The study also focused on the management of groundwater by the concerned authorities and the identification of factors that help to develop the sustainability of these sources. The problems facing the management of groundwater and the proposed solutions to solve these problems were also identified. Due to the rapid growth of the populations and lack of both water demand and water supply system, Erbil City required a fundamental evaluation of water supply systems and good planning for future. However, in this study, the assessment was conducted based on the existing data and the accurate archived documents as well. As a result, the study concluded that there have been a lot of problems that should be taken into consideration in order to provide good managing of the groundwater system. It was also observed that there was slightly higher depletion in groundwater table due to poor supplying. This study can be used as a fundamental reference for future investigations especially for those areas having the same problems in sustainable management of the subsurface basins.
{"title":"Assessment of sustainability and management for groundwater source in Erbil city","authors":"Sabah Jwan, Farhan Salah, Qarani Shuokr","doi":"10.5937/ror2101041m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/ror2101041m","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of rationalizing water consumption and preserving it for future generations is one of the most important indicators of sustainable development referred to in the Agenda 21. This study aims to assess the sustainability of water resources for the city of Erbil in terms of quantity and quality. In this study, the amount of water available in the existing water sources was evaluated and compared with the volume of water demand. The reliability of water sources, especially groundwater, in the selected area was evaluated and confirmed. The study also focused on the management of groundwater by the concerned authorities and the identification of factors that help to develop the sustainability of these sources. The problems facing the management of groundwater and the proposed solutions to solve these problems were also identified. Due to the rapid growth of the populations and lack of both water demand and water supply system, Erbil City required a fundamental evaluation of water supply systems and good planning for future. However, in this study, the assessment was conducted based on the existing data and the accurate archived documents as well. As a result, the study concluded that there have been a lot of problems that should be taken into consideration in order to provide good managing of the groundwater system. It was also observed that there was slightly higher depletion in groundwater table due to poor supplying. This study can be used as a fundamental reference for future investigations especially for those areas having the same problems in sustainable management of the subsurface basins.","PeriodicalId":31630,"journal":{"name":"Reciklaza i Odrzivi Razvoj","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87822521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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