{"title":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","authors":"Douglas D. Buhler","doi":"10.1201/9781003075202-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003075202-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"67 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114021271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Selecting effective weed management options requires biological, ecological, and economic information. This study compared model-based to standard-herbicide weed control in a corn (Zea mays L.)/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation that had a long-term history of different tillage and weed management practices. The model integrates weed population dynamics, herbicide efficacies, and economic information to evaluate preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE) weed control options based on weed seed bank size and postem-ergence (POST) strategies based on weed seedling densities. There were fewer weeds in standard-herbicide compared with model-based treatments. No-tillage had the greatest numbers of weeds 3 out of 4 years. Soybean yield was reduced the first year of the study in several treatments receiving model-based weed control and the third year in all model-based treatments. Corn yields were greatest in reduced tillage. Resuits of using model recommendations to control weeds were mix...
选择有效的杂草管理方案需要生物、生态和经济信息。本研究比较了玉米(Zea mays L.)/大豆(Glycine max (L.))模型除草剂和标准除草剂的杂草控制效果。稳定。轮作，有不同的耕作和杂草管理实践的长期历史。该模型综合了杂草种群动态、除草剂效果和经济信息，根据杂草种子库的大小评估植前结合(PPI)或苗期前(PRE)的杂草控制方案，根据杂草幼苗密度评估苗期后(POST)的杂草控制策略。与基于模型的处理相比，标准除草剂的杂草较少。4年中有3年免耕杂草数量最多。在研究的第一年，采用基于模型的杂草控制的几个处理降低了大豆产量，在第三年，所有基于模型的处理都降低了大豆产量。减少耕作时玉米产量最高。应用模型建议控制杂草的效果是:
{"title":"Multi-Year Evaluation of Model-Based Weed Control Under Variable Crop and Tillage Conditions","authors":"M. L. Hoffman, D. D. Buhler, M. Owen","doi":"10.1300/J144V02N01_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J144V02N01_11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Selecting effective weed management options requires biological, ecological, and economic information. This study compared model-based to standard-herbicide weed control in a corn (Zea mays L.)/soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation that had a long-term history of different tillage and weed management practices. The model integrates weed population dynamics, herbicide efficacies, and economic information to evaluate preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE) weed control options based on weed seed bank size and postem-ergence (POST) strategies based on weed seedling densities. There were fewer weeds in standard-herbicide compared with model-based treatments. No-tillage had the greatest numbers of weeds 3 out of 4 years. Soybean yield was reduced the first year of the study in several treatments receiving model-based weed control and the third year in all model-based treatments. Corn yields were greatest in reduced tillage. Resuits of using model recommendations to control weeds were mix...","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126207449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ecological Implications of Using Thresholds for Weed Management","authors":"Robert F. Norris","doi":"10.1201/9781003075202-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003075202-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126824340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-26DOI: 10.1201/9781003075202-12
G. Johnson, D. Huggins
{"title":"Knowledge-Based Decision Support Strategies: Linking Spatial and Temporal Components Within Site-Specific Weed Management","authors":"G. Johnson, D. Huggins","doi":"10.1201/9781003075202-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003075202-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125982371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving Soil Quality: Inplications for Weed Management","authors":"E. Gallandt, M. Liebman, D. Huggins","doi":"10.1201/9781003075202-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003075202-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127060331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Traditional methods of weed management have not considered the microbial or other biological factors that influence plant growth; however, incorporating this knowledge may expand weed management possibilities to develop weed-suppressive soils. Alternative weed management strategies are needed to expand the capability of weed control as weed pressures continue to limit optimum yield and the use of synthetic chemical herbicides for weed control becomes more restricted. Biotic factors can influence the distribution, abundance, and competitive abilities of plant species. It has been shown that soil microorganisms are capable of suppressing weeds in the field, and seed decay phenomena are most likely microbial. It is imperative that an understanding of soil microorganisms and their ecology be developed, so that they may be used to benefit agriculture, especially weed management. Further study is required so that the ecological and biological effects of the resident soil microbial population on weed gr...
{"title":"Soil Microorganisms for Weed Management","authors":"A. C. Kennedy","doi":"10.1300/J144V02N01_07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J144V02N01_07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traditional methods of weed management have not considered the microbial or other biological factors that influence plant growth; however, incorporating this knowledge may expand weed management possibilities to develop weed-suppressive soils. Alternative weed management strategies are needed to expand the capability of weed control as weed pressures continue to limit optimum yield and the use of synthetic chemical herbicides for weed control becomes more restricted. Biotic factors can influence the distribution, abundance, and competitive abilities of plant species. It has been shown that soil microorganisms are capable of suppressing weeds in the field, and seed decay phenomena are most likely microbial. It is imperative that an understanding of soil microorganisms and their ecology be developed, so that they may be used to benefit agriculture, especially weed management. Further study is required so that the ecological and biological effects of the resident soil microbial population on weed gr...","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122966899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The variability inherent in agriculture influences many crop production decisions made by farmers, including weed management. This paper addresses how farmers perceive the variability, or risk, associated with integrated weed management systems in terms of yield, economic returns, and time and labor management. This paper addresses how key biological time constraints such as periodicity of weed emergence, rate of crop growth and development, and critical periods of weed control can influence the outcome of integrated weed management systems. A key component to developing successful integrated weed management systems lies in the ability of the crop producer to align individual time and labor management issues with existing biological time constraints.
{"title":"A Risk Management Perspective on Integrated Weed Management","authors":"Jeffrey L. Gunsolus, D. D. Buhler","doi":"10.1300/J144V02N01_09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J144V02N01_09","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The variability inherent in agriculture influences many crop production decisions made by farmers, including weed management. This paper addresses how farmers perceive the variability, or risk, associated with integrated weed management systems in terms of yield, economic returns, and time and labor management. This paper addresses how key biological time constraints such as periodicity of weed emergence, rate of crop growth and development, and critical periods of weed control can influence the outcome of integrated weed management systems. A key component to developing successful integrated weed management systems lies in the ability of the crop producer to align individual time and labor management issues with existing biological time constraints.","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133125004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In row crops of the North American Corn Belt two important forms of postplant mechanical weed control are rotary hoeing and inter-row cultivation. Unfortunately, the efficacies of these two control technologies are variable, which leads to high levels of economic risk. We hypothesized that efficacies and profitability of rotary hoeing and inter-row cultivation would increase, and risk would decrease, if the timing of control was based more on weed emergence times, than on rule-of-thumb calendar dates. Field research was conducted in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) for two years in Minnesota wherein four dates of rotary hoeing and three dates of inter-row cultivation, alone or supplemented by grass or broadleaf herbicides, were examined for weed control, crop yield, and net returns. Results indicate that timing influences the efficacy of mechanical control operations, but blanket optimal calendar windows that are generally applicable cannot be established, as such decisions may be location-specific and/or time-dependent. In contrast, efficacies appear more consistent if emergence percentages are used to decide the time of mechanical operations, e.g., rotary hoe at 30% and cultivate at 60% green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.) emergence. The results also suggest that while it is possible for exclusive mechanical weed control to be optimal in some instances, consistently profitable weed control strategies will inevitably involve some herbicide usage.
在北美玉米带的行作物中，两种重要的种植后机械除草形式是旋耕和行间栽培。不幸的是，这两种控制技术的效果是可变的，这导致了高度的经济风险。我们假设，如果控制的时间更多地基于杂草的出现时间，而不是基于经验法则的日历日期，则旋转锄地和行间栽培的效果和盈利能力将会增加，风险将会降低。对大豆(Glycine max [L.][Merr.])在明尼苏达州进行了为期两年的研究，其中4天进行轮锄地，3天进行行间种植，单独或辅以牧草或阔叶除草剂，以检查杂草控制、作物产量和净收益。结果表明，时间会影响机械控制操作的效果，但无法确定普遍适用的全面最佳日历窗口，因为此类决定可能是特定地点和/或时间相关的。相比之下，如果用出苗率来决定机械操作的时间，例如，30%的旋耕机和60%的绿狐尾(Setaria viridis [L.])栽培，则效果更一致。(美)涌现。结果还表明，虽然在某些情况下，机械除草可能是最优的，但持续有效的除草策略将不可避免地涉及使用一些除草剂。
{"title":"Maximizing Efficacy and Economics of Mechanical Weed Control in Row Crops Through Forecasts of Weed Emergence","authors":"C. Oriade, F. Forcella","doi":"10.1300/J144V02N01_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J144V02N01_10","url":null,"abstract":"In row crops of the North American Corn Belt two important forms of postplant mechanical weed control are rotary hoeing and inter-row cultivation. Unfortunately, the efficacies of these two control technologies are variable, which leads to high levels of economic risk. We hypothesized that efficacies and profitability of rotary hoeing and inter-row cultivation would increase, and risk would decrease, if the timing of control was based more on weed emergence times, than on rule-of-thumb calendar dates. Field research was conducted in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) for two years in Minnesota wherein four dates of rotary hoeing and three dates of inter-row cultivation, alone or supplemented by grass or broadleaf herbicides, were examined for weed control, crop yield, and net returns. Results indicate that timing influences the efficacy of mechanical control operations, but blanket optimal calendar windows that are generally applicable cannot be established, as such decisions may be location-specific and/or time-dependent. In contrast, efficacies appear more consistent if emergence percentages are used to decide the time of mechanical operations, e.g., rotary hoe at 30% and cultivate at 60% green foxtail (Setaria viridis [L.] Beauv.) emergence. The results also suggest that while it is possible for exclusive mechanical weed control to be optimal in some instances, consistently profitable weed control strategies will inevitably involve some herbicide usage.","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116136522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Increasing the ability of crops to compete against weeds, through either enhancing crop tolerance or crop interference to weeds, provides an attractive addition to current weed control practices and could be an integral component of weed management systems. Research has shown that considerable variability exists among crop culti-vars with respect to their ability to compete with weeds. Despite this evidence, directed research on competitive crops has been minimal. Reasons for this lack of emphasis in plant breeding programs include the effectiveness of current weed management with tillage and herbicides, and the lack of easily identifiable crop characteristics that are indicative of weed competitiveness. Expanded knowledge of specific crop-weed interactions would facilitate crop competitiveness to weeds through either crop management practices or plant breeding. Plant breeders need basic and applied information to identify favorable crop-weed competitive traits in order to enhance or incorporate ...
{"title":"Increasing Crop Competitiveness to Weeds Through Crop Breeding","authors":"Todd A. Pester, O. Burnside, J. Orf","doi":"10.1300/9785530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/9785530","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Increasing the ability of crops to compete against weeds, through either enhancing crop tolerance or crop interference to weeds, provides an attractive addition to current weed control practices and could be an integral component of weed management systems. Research has shown that considerable variability exists among crop culti-vars with respect to their ability to compete with weeds. Despite this evidence, directed research on competitive crops has been minimal. Reasons for this lack of emphasis in plant breeding programs include the effectiveness of current weed management with tillage and herbicides, and the lack of easily identifiable crop characteristics that are indicative of weed competitiveness. Expanded knowledge of specific crop-weed interactions would facilitate crop competitiveness to weeds through either crop management practices or plant breeding. Plant breeders need basic and applied information to identify favorable crop-weed competitive traits in order to enhance or incorporate ...","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126923388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Economic and environmental issues are driving efforts to improve cover crops for weed management. Cover crop residues on the soil surface interfere with weeds by releasing allelochemicals and by physical suppression. Optimizing allelopathic potential, biomass production, and other desirable cover crop characteristics using classical and molecular genetic approaches holds great promise for improving the efficacy and selectivity of cover crops. Likewise, investigating allelopathy at the genetic and molecular level should aid in understanding the biochemical basis for allelopathy in plants.
{"title":"Genetic Approach to the Development of Cover Crops for Weed Management","authors":"M. E. Foley","doi":"10.1300/J144V02N01_05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1300/J144V02N01_05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Economic and environmental issues are driving efforts to improve cover crops for weed management. Cover crop residues on the soil surface interfere with weeds by releasing allelochemicals and by physical suppression. Optimizing allelopathic potential, biomass production, and other desirable cover crop characteristics using classical and molecular genetic approaches holds great promise for improving the efficacy and selectivity of cover crops. Likewise, investigating allelopathy at the genetic and molecular level should aid in understanding the biochemical basis for allelopathy in plants.","PeriodicalId":317418,"journal":{"name":"Expanding the Context of Weed Management","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123133138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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