Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490961944
R. Canales, J. Leckie
ABSTRACTThe objectives of this work are to demonstrate methods for the collection and incorporation of contact-specific surface area measurements in dermal exposure assessments and illustrate the potential difference in resulting dermal and non-dietary ingestion estimates using this type of surface area data. Continuing the work of Stanford's Exposure Research Group, categorical surface area data contained in children's sequential microlevel activity patterns were converted into quantitative coordinates, which in turn provided a foundation to map data on the skin surface. Programs were constructed to establish an accounting system of spatial coordinates, governed by categorical surface area data, to map exposure estimates or activity statistics on the skin. An illustrative example is provided that estimates the spatial variability of chlorpyrifos on the palm of a hand using contact-specific surface area data. Results show a maximum value of 14.6 ng on the fingertips and no chemical exposure along the edge...
{"title":"Using Contact-Specific Surface Area Estimates in Exposure Models","authors":"R. Canales, J. Leckie","doi":"10.3109/15417060490961944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490961944","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe objectives of this work are to demonstrate methods for the collection and incorporation of contact-specific surface area measurements in dermal exposure assessments and illustrate the potential difference in resulting dermal and non-dietary ingestion estimates using this type of surface area data. Continuing the work of Stanford's Exposure Research Group, categorical surface area data contained in children's sequential microlevel activity patterns were converted into quantitative coordinates, which in turn provided a foundation to map data on the skin surface. Programs were constructed to establish an accounting system of spatial coordinates, governed by categorical surface area data, to map exposure estimates or activity statistics on the skin. An illustrative example is provided that estimates the spatial variability of chlorpyrifos on the palm of a hand using contact-specific surface area data. Results show a maximum value of 14.6 ng on the fingertips and no chemical exposure along the edge...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114923189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490930056
K. Hatlelid, Patricia M. Bittner, J. Midgett, Treye Thomas, L. Saltzman
ABSTRACTIn June 2001, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC or the Commission) docketed a petition from the Environmental Working Group and the Healthy Building Network that requested that the Commission enact an immediate ban of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood for use in playground equipment. The request was based on the concern about health risks due to the presence of arsenic in the CCA formulation.To address the petition, the authors reviewed available data; evaluated existing standards, regulations, and economic data; performed exposure studies; and conducted a quantitative exposure and risk assessment that evaluated the risks to children from the use of CCA-treated wood playground equipment. The assessment estimated a theoretical increased lifetime risk of 2 to 100 per million of developing lung or bladder cancer for children aged 2–6 years from regular contact with arsenic residues on the surface of CCA-treated wood playground equipment, with risks of 0.2 to 5,000 per milli...
{"title":"Exposure and Risk Assessment for Arsenic from Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-Treated Wood Playground Equipment","authors":"K. Hatlelid, Patricia M. Bittner, J. Midgett, Treye Thomas, L. Saltzman","doi":"10.3109/15417060490930056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490930056","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn June 2001, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC or the Commission) docketed a petition from the Environmental Working Group and the Healthy Building Network that requested that the Commission enact an immediate ban of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood for use in playground equipment. The request was based on the concern about health risks due to the presence of arsenic in the CCA formulation.To address the petition, the authors reviewed available data; evaluated existing standards, regulations, and economic data; performed exposure studies; and conducted a quantitative exposure and risk assessment that evaluated the risks to children from the use of CCA-treated wood playground equipment. The assessment estimated a theoretical increased lifetime risk of 2 to 100 per million of developing lung or bladder cancer for children aged 2–6 years from regular contact with arsenic residues on the surface of CCA-treated wood playground equipment, with risks of 0.2 to 5,000 per milli...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128816350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490960224
T. Mccurdy, J. Xue
ABSTRACTThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses energy expenditure metrics in some of its health risk assessments and is interested in evaluating physical activity level (PAL) data contained in its human activity database, shown previously to be an important surrogate for lifestyle characteristics. This article describes a meta-analysis of PAL measurement studies undertaken in children and adolescents ≤18 y in the United States in the 1984–2003 time period. The meta-analysis is supplemented by pooled re-analyses of individual records contained in some of the published studies. PAL and related data were obtained from 32 published studies that met objective criteria. These data were supplemented by validated Monte Carlo modeling techniques to simulate PAL from correlated total daily and resting energy expenditure measures to increase power of the meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were used to determine if age, gender, ethnic class, and temporal trend (year of the study) affected the PAL metric. Only...
{"title":"Meta-Analysis of Physical Activity Level (PAL) Data for U.S. Youth 1","authors":"T. Mccurdy, J. Xue","doi":"10.3109/15417060490960224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490960224","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses energy expenditure metrics in some of its health risk assessments and is interested in evaluating physical activity level (PAL) data contained in its human activity database, shown previously to be an important surrogate for lifestyle characteristics. This article describes a meta-analysis of PAL measurement studies undertaken in children and adolescents ≤18 y in the United States in the 1984–2003 time period. The meta-analysis is supplemented by pooled re-analyses of individual records contained in some of the published studies. PAL and related data were obtained from 32 published studies that met objective criteria. These data were supplemented by validated Monte Carlo modeling techniques to simulate PAL from correlated total daily and resting energy expenditure measures to increase power of the meta-analysis. Statistical analyses were used to determine if age, gender, ethnic class, and temporal trend (year of the study) affected the PAL metric. Only...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132530671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490970430
P. Gentry, L. Haber, Tracy B. McDonald, Qiyu Zhao, T. Covington, P. Nance, H. Clewell, J. Lipscomb, H. Barton
ABSTRACTRecent scientific and policy initiatives have resulted in increased interest in risk to fetuses, infants, and children and consideration of how such risks should be evaluated. A useful way of addressing this issue is to use physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to compare the tissue dose that children and adults receive for a given amount of a chemical ingested or inhaled. The response in children and adults for a given tissue dose can also be compared. To aid in the development of age-specific PBPK models for experimental animals, we have collected information on physiological parameters in neonates and young animals, through 60 days of age. Our effort focused on generic physiological values, such as tissue weight (termed tissue volume in the context of PBPK modeling), intake (alveolar ventilation, food intake, water intake), and flows (blood flows to tissues, bile flow, creatinine clearance, and glomerular filtration rate). To date, parameters for Sprague-Dawley rats and mice of mu...
{"title":"Data for Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Neonatal Animals: Physiological Parameters in Mice and Sprague-Dawley Rats","authors":"P. Gentry, L. Haber, Tracy B. McDonald, Qiyu Zhao, T. Covington, P. Nance, H. Clewell, J. Lipscomb, H. Barton","doi":"10.3109/15417060490970430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490970430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTRecent scientific and policy initiatives have resulted in increased interest in risk to fetuses, infants, and children and consideration of how such risks should be evaluated. A useful way of addressing this issue is to use physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to compare the tissue dose that children and adults receive for a given amount of a chemical ingested or inhaled. The response in children and adults for a given tissue dose can also be compared. To aid in the development of age-specific PBPK models for experimental animals, we have collected information on physiological parameters in neonates and young animals, through 60 days of age. Our effort focused on generic physiological values, such as tissue weight (termed tissue volume in the context of PBPK modeling), intake (alveolar ventilation, food intake, water intake), and flows (blood flows to tissues, bile flow, creatinine clearance, and glomerular filtration rate). To date, parameters for Sprague-Dawley rats and mice of mu...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122848787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490930038
C. Winder
Exposure of toxic chemicals to children is a poorly understood public health issue. Evidence indicates that children may be more vulnerable than adults to such exposures, and in some cases specific physiological, behavioral, toxicological, and environmental related factors may contribute to this vulnerability. The range of chemical exposures that have been reported that cause health problems in children is not small and continues to grow. Toxicological risk management offers an approach that may assist in identifying and assessing hazards, risks and exposures, characterizing risks and identifying the means by which they may be eliminated or minimized. However, better methods for the identification of those hazards, risks, and exposures that are specific to children is needed. Further, while some of the options for the control of chemical exposures to children are well known, others need to be prioritized, properly resourced, and still others need to be identified.
{"title":"Overview of Children and Exposure to Toxic Chemicals","authors":"C. Winder","doi":"10.3109/15417060490930038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490930038","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure of toxic chemicals to children is a poorly understood public health issue. Evidence indicates that children may be more vulnerable than adults to such exposures, and in some cases specific physiological, behavioral, toxicological, and environmental related factors may contribute to this vulnerability. The range of chemical exposures that have been reported that cause health problems in children is not small and continues to grow. Toxicological risk management offers an approach that may assist in identifying and assessing hazards, risks and exposures, characterizing risks and identifying the means by which they may be eliminated or minimized. However, better methods for the identification of those hazards, risks, and exposures that are specific to children is needed. Further, while some of the options for the control of chemical exposures to children are well known, others need to be prioritized, properly resourced, and still others need to be identified.","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128951032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490930074
M. Levenson, Treye Thomas, W. K. Porter, D. G. Cobb, Dwayne Davis, J. Midgett, L. Saltzman, Patricia M. Bittner
ABSTRACTIn 2001, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) docketed a petition to ban the use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood in playground equipment because of the carcinogenicity of arsenic. In addressing the request, CPSC staff conducted a series of laboratory and field studies to measure the amount of dislodgeable arsenic from CCA-treated wood. The field studies consisted of sampling eight CCA-treated wood decks and 12 sets of CCA-treated wood playground equipment. The sampling was performed using human-hand wipes and surrogate wipes. The sampling protocols were developed by CPSC staff in laboratory experiments. The estimated dislodgeable arsenic from the human-hand wipes ranged from 1.0 μ g to 20.9 μ g with a mean value of 7.7 μ g for the eight decks and from 0.3 to 33.7 μ g with a mean of 7.6 μ g for the 12 sets of playground equipment. The results are in agreement with a similar study conducted by another laboratory. Mathematical relationships between the hand-wipe and the ...
{"title":"A Field Study of Dislodgeable Arsenic from CCA-Treated Wood Using Human-Hand and Surrogate Wipes","authors":"M. Levenson, Treye Thomas, W. K. Porter, D. G. Cobb, Dwayne Davis, J. Midgett, L. Saltzman, Patricia M. Bittner","doi":"10.3109/15417060490930074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490930074","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn 2001, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) docketed a petition to ban the use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood in playground equipment because of the carcinogenicity of arsenic. In addressing the request, CPSC staff conducted a series of laboratory and field studies to measure the amount of dislodgeable arsenic from CCA-treated wood. The field studies consisted of sampling eight CCA-treated wood decks and 12 sets of CCA-treated wood playground equipment. The sampling was performed using human-hand wipes and surrogate wipes. The sampling protocols were developed by CPSC staff in laboratory experiments. The estimated dislodgeable arsenic from the human-hand wipes ranged from 1.0 μ g to 20.9 μ g with a mean value of 7.7 μ g for the eight decks and from 0.3 to 33.7 μ g with a mean of 7.6 μ g for the 12 sets of playground equipment. The results are in agreement with a similar study conducted by another laboratory. Mathematical relationships between the hand-wipe and the ...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124187017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490960215
Willa Auyeung, R. Canales, P. Beamer, A. Ferguson, J. Leckie
ABSTRACTDetailed information on children's mouthing activities helps researchers assess children's exposure to toxicants via the non-dietary ingestion route (i.e., exposure resulting from contacts between the mouth and non-dietary objects such as fingers, toys, and dirt). For the analyses presented in this article, 38 children (20 female and 18 male) aged 1 to 6 years were videotaped for 2 hours each during natural play primarily in the outdoor residential environment.The data were analyzed separately by location (i.e., indoor or outdoor). For each location, mouthing frequency, contact duration, and hourly duration data were analyzed along gender and ≤ 24 months > 24 months age groupings. Several significant differences were found for mouthing activities occurring outdoors. Children ≤ 24 months of age were found to have significantly longer contact durations with the hands than children > 24 months of age (p = 0.04). Furthermore, for all ages, frequencies of mouthing contacts with the hands and non-dietar...
{"title":"Young children's mouthing behavior: an observational study via videotaping in a primarily outdoor residential setting","authors":"Willa Auyeung, R. Canales, P. Beamer, A. Ferguson, J. Leckie","doi":"10.3109/15417060490960215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490960215","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTDetailed information on children's mouthing activities helps researchers assess children's exposure to toxicants via the non-dietary ingestion route (i.e., exposure resulting from contacts between the mouth and non-dietary objects such as fingers, toys, and dirt). For the analyses presented in this article, 38 children (20 female and 18 male) aged 1 to 6 years were videotaped for 2 hours each during natural play primarily in the outdoor residential environment.The data were analyzed separately by location (i.e., indoor or outdoor). For each location, mouthing frequency, contact duration, and hourly duration data were analyzed along gender and ≤ 24 months > 24 months age groupings. Several significant differences were found for mouthing activities occurring outdoors. Children ≤ 24 months of age were found to have significantly longer contact durations with the hands than children > 24 months of age (p = 0.04). Furthermore, for all ages, frequencies of mouthing contacts with the hands and non-dietar...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123797058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490960233
J. Shatkin, James C. Smith, N. Moyer
ABSTRACTThe general public is exposed to leached material from municipal solid waste (MSW) trucks on a daily basis and some of this waste may harbor human pathogens. Children may be especially susceptible to exposure to such waste due to behavior during outdoor play and perhaps due to greater susceptibility to infection. We assess the public health risk through exposure to leachate from MSW haulers in two ways: a review of literature dealing with worker exposure to waste and incidence of illness, and by a risk assessment of exposure to leachate from MSW trucks with loads containing diapers from children with active infections caused by Shigella or Salmonella. Infectious risk was evaluated by a Monte Carlo simulation of exposure via ingestion of one milliliter of MSW truck leachate. Forecast doses of pathogenic bacteria were compared to published values of infectious doses (N50). A low level of concern was found from exposure of the public to municipal solid waste leachate by either evidence-based evaluati...
{"title":"Evaluating Children's Health Risk from Exposure to Municipal Solid Waste Truck Leachate in the United States: Complementary Evidence-Based and Risk-Based Assessments","authors":"J. Shatkin, James C. Smith, N. Moyer","doi":"10.3109/15417060490960233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490960233","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe general public is exposed to leached material from municipal solid waste (MSW) trucks on a daily basis and some of this waste may harbor human pathogens. Children may be especially susceptible to exposure to such waste due to behavior during outdoor play and perhaps due to greater susceptibility to infection. We assess the public health risk through exposure to leachate from MSW haulers in two ways: a review of literature dealing with worker exposure to waste and incidence of illness, and by a risk assessment of exposure to leachate from MSW trucks with loads containing diapers from children with active infections caused by Shigella or Salmonella. Infectious risk was evaluated by a Monte Carlo simulation of exposure via ingestion of one milliliter of MSW truck leachate. Forecast doses of pathogenic bacteria were compared to published values of infectious doses (N50). A low level of concern was found from exposure of the public to municipal solid waste leachate by either evidence-based evaluati...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"258 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123105021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490930047
Treye Thomas, M. Levenson, D. G. Cobb, J. Midgett, W. K. Porter, L. Saltzman, Patricia M. Bittner
ABSTRACTThe U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff completed a series of investigations that estimated the potential exposure and risk of young children to arsenic while playing on playground equipment composed of CCA (chromated copper arsenate)-treated wood. Prior to sampling in-use field structures composed of CCA-treated wood, studies were undertaken to create a standard sampling protocol for quantifying arsenic migration from CCA-treated wood and to establish a correlation between the amount of chemical removed by a human hand and a cloth surrogate. These studies resulted in: 1) the development of an efficient extraction method for chemical residues collected on a human hand, 2) the development of a sampling device for consistent surrogate measurements, 3) establishment of a correlation between surrogate and hand measurements, and 4) the development of a standard human hand and surrogate sampling protocol for quantifying arsenic migration from CCA-treated wood. These studies also examine...
{"title":"The Development of a Standard Hand Method and Correlated Surrogate Method for Sampling CCA (Pressure)-Treated Wood Surfaces for Chemical Residue","authors":"Treye Thomas, M. Levenson, D. G. Cobb, J. Midgett, W. K. Porter, L. Saltzman, Patricia M. Bittner","doi":"10.3109/15417060490930047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490930047","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff completed a series of investigations that estimated the potential exposure and risk of young children to arsenic while playing on playground equipment composed of CCA (chromated copper arsenate)-treated wood. Prior to sampling in-use field structures composed of CCA-treated wood, studies were undertaken to create a standard sampling protocol for quantifying arsenic migration from CCA-treated wood and to establish a correlation between the amount of chemical removed by a human hand and a cloth surrogate. These studies resulted in: 1) the development of an efficient extraction method for chemical residues collected on a human hand, 2) the development of a sampling device for consistent surrogate measurements, 3) establishment of a correlation between surrogate and hand measurements, and 4) the development of a standard human hand and surrogate sampling protocol for quantifying arsenic migration from CCA-treated wood. These studies also examine...","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114125578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-01DOI: 10.3109/15417060490929517
A. Parsons
{"title":"Childhood Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: Implications for Public Health—International Conference","authors":"A. Parsons","doi":"10.3109/15417060490929517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15417060490929517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":317666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Children's Health","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134082709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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