{"title":"Achieving Sustainability in Energy Use in Developing Countries","authors":"G. Kats","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116663367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Third World urban centers consume less resources and produce less waste/person than cities n industrialized countries but health conditions and employment in the former are far worse than in the latter. Greater use must therefore be made of citizens knowledge ingenuity and organizational capacity in order to improve conditions in the cities of developing countries. Much progress could be made were governments to no longer treat as illegal many individual household and community-based actions. Further governments need to provide land sites technical advice infrastructure basic services and a legal framework to protect individuals from industrial pollution and economic exploitation.
{"title":"The Future City","authors":"J. Hardoy, D. Mitlin, D. Satterthwaite","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-5","url":null,"abstract":"Third World urban centers consume less resources and produce less waste/person than cities n industrialized countries but health conditions and employment in the former are far worse than in the latter. Greater use must therefore be made of citizens knowledge ingenuity and organizational capacity in order to improve conditions in the cities of developing countries. Much progress could be made were governments to no longer treat as illegal many individual household and community-based actions. Further governments need to provide land sites technical advice infrastructure basic services and a legal framework to protect individuals from industrial pollution and economic exploitation.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123655686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organizing for Change: People-Power and the Role of Institutions","authors":"Robin Sharp","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121976475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By building upon farmers traditional knowledge and maximizing renewable resources internal to the farm agricultural systems characterized by low external inputs can raise yield by 50% or more. Low-external input technologies are available which are capable of permanently improving agricultural production. Further highly effective and sustainable solutions may be produced by selecting elements appropriate to local livelihoods. Previous efforts have remained primarily on a small scale but successes could be more broadly replicated and enjoyed were governments to provide appropriate institutional and legal frameworks and economic incentives.
{"title":"Regenerating Agriculture: The Agroecology of Low-External Input and Community-Based Development","authors":"J. Pretty, I. Guijt, I. Scoones, J. Thompson","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-4","url":null,"abstract":"By building upon farmers traditional knowledge and maximizing renewable resources internal to the farm agricultural systems characterized by low external inputs can raise yield by 50% or more. Low-external input technologies are available which are capable of permanently improving agricultural production. Further highly effective and sustainable solutions may be produced by selecting elements appropriate to local livelihoods. Previous efforts have remained primarily on a small scale but successes could be more broadly replicated and enjoyed were governments to provide appropriate institutional and legal frameworks and economic incentives.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126052259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industry is one of the major productive and wealth-creating sectors of society yet it also is a major polluter. This essay queries how industry can remain economically and materially productive without degrading the environment or exacerbating growing global inequalities. Opportunities for large-scale changes in favor of an eco-industrial revolution are reviewed. The operational status quo practiced by industrial concerns must be challenged. Even though it is clear that most political and business leaders till do not take the sustainability imperative seriously governments should nonetheless avoid large-scale interventions of the past and concentrate on providing strategic direction overcoming sectional interests preventing market failures and stimulating those responsible for environmental problems to take action themselves.
{"title":"Restructuring Industry for Sustainable Development","authors":"N. Robins, A. Trisoglio","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-6","url":null,"abstract":"Industry is one of the major productive and wealth-creating sectors of society yet it also is a major polluter. This essay queries how industry can remain economically and materially productive without degrading the environment or exacerbating growing global inequalities. Opportunities for large-scale changes in favor of an eco-industrial revolution are reviewed. The operational status quo practiced by industrial concerns must be challenged. Even though it is clear that most political and business leaders till do not take the sustainability imperative seriously governments should nonetheless avoid large-scale interventions of the past and concentrate on providing strategic direction overcoming sectional interests preventing market failures and stimulating those responsible for environmental problems to take action themselves.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129512960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need for improved approaches to economic analysis of the impacts and causes underlying environmental degradation will become increasingly important in the future formulation of economic policy. As major macroeconomic distortions are corrected in developing countries techniques which focus closely upon adjustments necessary to overcome market and policy failures causing environmental degradation will become more widely demanded. Significant improvements in environmental quality and natural resource conservation however can not always be derived from simple adjustments of macroeconomic policy and microeconomic incentives. The long-term contribution of environmental economics is to elucidate the trade-offs between biological economic and social systems. Environmental cost-benefit analysis resource accounting economy-environment linkages and applied sustainability research are described.
{"title":"Economic Policy and Sustainable Natural Resource Management","authors":"E. Barbier, J. Bishop, B. Aylward, J. Burgess","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-3","url":null,"abstract":"The need for improved approaches to economic analysis of the impacts and causes underlying environmental degradation will become increasingly important in the future formulation of economic policy. As major macroeconomic distortions are corrected in developing countries techniques which focus closely upon adjustments necessary to overcome market and policy failures causing environmental degradation will become more widely demanded. Significant improvements in environmental quality and natural resource conservation however can not always be derived from simple adjustments of macroeconomic policy and microeconomic incentives. The long-term contribution of environmental economics is to elucidate the trade-offs between biological economic and social systems. Environmental cost-benefit analysis resource accounting economy-environment linkages and applied sustainability research are described.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131633614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural forests are being cut back in many countries in favor of non- forest uses. The boundary between forest and non-forest has therefore become an unstable frontier which needs to be managed in the interest of establishing sustainable forestry. A stable forest continuum is called for which is capable of accommodating changing circumstances. It would comprise a system of interlinked forest types subject to various degrees of human intervention and range from protected forest in its natural state to plantation forestry. Formulated decades ago and dictated by economic and strategic concerns current forestry policies are often outdated. A new framework for sustainable forestry development based upon the primacy of maintaining forest ecological processes and biological diversity is suggested. This approach would build upon the way of life and aspirations of specific groups of people who determine what happens in the forests.
{"title":"The Future Shape of Forests","authors":"C. Sargent, S. Bass","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-7","url":null,"abstract":"Natural forests are being cut back in many countries in favor of non- forest uses. The boundary between forest and non-forest has therefore become an unstable frontier which needs to be managed in the interest of establishing sustainable forestry. A stable forest continuum is called for which is capable of accommodating changing circumstances. It would comprise a system of interlinked forest types subject to various degrees of human intervention and range from protected forest in its natural state to plantation forestry. Formulated decades ago and dictated by economic and strategic concerns current forestry policies are often outdated. A new framework for sustainable forestry development based upon the primacy of maintaining forest ecological processes and biological diversity is suggested. This approach would build upon the way of life and aspirations of specific groups of people who determine what happens in the forests.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132506559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay reviews examples of successful development in the African drylands and argues that the transfer of rights and responsibilities to local user groups to manage natural resources is a necessary condition for more sustainable development in these regions. While their quantity need not be substantial financial and human resources must also be available and preferably over a longer term and of higher quality than usual. It is also essential that the political will of governments supports the decentralization and delegation of increased authority to local community institutions. New approaches to agricultural research training and extension are advocated which directly involve the farmers. Policy should also change at national and international levels to provide farmers with better economic returns.
{"title":"The Future of Africa’s Drylands: Is Local Resource Management the Answer?","authors":"C. Toulmin, I. Scoones, J. Bishop","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-8","url":null,"abstract":"This essay reviews examples of successful development in the African drylands and argues that the transfer of rights and responsibilities to local user groups to manage natural resources is a necessary condition for more sustainable development in these regions. While their quantity need not be substantial financial and human resources must also be available and preferably over a longer term and of higher quality than usual. It is also essential that the political will of governments supports the decentralization and delegation of increased authority to local community institutions. New approaches to agricultural research training and extension are advocated which directly involve the farmers. Policy should also change at national and international levels to provide farmers with better economic returns.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129987637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) has promoted the concept of sustainable development since the mid-1970s yet no universally agreed definition of the concept exists within the organization. IIED declines to rigorously define sustainable development based on the belief that it is sufficiently powerful as it is commonly understood to be useful to development practitioners. It is however pointed out in the text that sustainable development involves trade-offs between biological economic and social systems. This paper introduces a book in which visions for a sustainable developing world and policies required to get there are put forth. Current world conditions are such that income disparities between and within nations are widening; the poor are being marginalized; population is growing rapidly; and the natural resource base and environment are being destroyed. Some macro international factors may be necessary but not sufficient to realize sustainable development on a national level. It is however clear that efforts must be focused at the grass roots or community level when trying to operationalize sustainable development. In so doing processes may meet basic needs while protecting the environment and empowering the poor; such steps may be termed under the rubric of primary environmental care. Further while political commitment and able leadership are needed to implement these visions the authors think that leaders in developing countries have the necessary political will to foster sustainable development for the future. Necessary knowledge is available for them to call upon when they are ready to act.
{"title":"Sustainable Development: What Is to Be Done?","authors":"J. Holmberg, R. Sandbrook","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-1","url":null,"abstract":"The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) has promoted the concept of sustainable development since the mid-1970s yet no universally agreed definition of the concept exists within the organization. IIED declines to rigorously define sustainable development based on the belief that it is sufficiently powerful as it is commonly understood to be useful to development practitioners. It is however pointed out in the text that sustainable development involves trade-offs between biological economic and social systems. This paper introduces a book in which visions for a sustainable developing world and policies required to get there are put forth. Current world conditions are such that income disparities between and within nations are widening; the poor are being marginalized; population is growing rapidly; and the natural resource base and environment are being destroyed. Some macro international factors may be necessary but not sufficient to realize sustainable development on a national level. It is however clear that efforts must be focused at the grass roots or community level when trying to operationalize sustainable development. In so doing processes may meet basic needs while protecting the environment and empowering the poor; such steps may be termed under the rubric of primary environmental care. Further while political commitment and able leadership are needed to implement these visions the authors think that leaders in developing countries have the necessary political will to foster sustainable development for the future. Necessary knowledge is available for them to call upon when they are ready to act.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116428799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4324/9780429200465-11
J. Rowley, J. Holmberg
This essay reviews life in a sustainable world from the perspectives of population policy in the South and patterns of consumption in the North. It is held to be essential that the rate of population growth and consumption decrease in a full world scenario. Examples are cited which show that primary environmental care with the added focus on empowerment of women can be a successful approach to promote family planning. The development of a new ethic or morality of consumption to change consumption patterns in the North is suggested. This process could be encouraged by governments helping to make prices reflect full environmental costs and providing increased incentives for the development of environmentally benign technologies.
{"title":"Living in a Sustainable World","authors":"J. Rowley, J. Holmberg","doi":"10.4324/9780429200465-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429200465-11","url":null,"abstract":"This essay reviews life in a sustainable world from the perspectives of population policy in the South and patterns of consumption in the North. It is held to be essential that the rate of population growth and consumption decrease in a full world scenario. Examples are cited which show that primary environmental care with the added focus on empowerment of women can be a successful approach to promote family planning. The development of a new ethic or morality of consumption to change consumption patterns in the North is suggested. This process could be encouraged by governments helping to make prices reflect full environmental costs and providing increased incentives for the development of environmentally benign technologies.","PeriodicalId":318811,"journal":{"name":"Policies for a Small Planet","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133093233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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