The limited literature on student trusteeship leaves many unanswered questions regarding the role, experience, and impact of those within the governance of higher education. To counter the scant research in this area, the authors offer a background for understanding the role and experience of student trustees of public higher education institutions in the U.S. The authors use Bandura‘s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory to expose and highlight how student trustees experience and navigate their roles on the board. Interviews with 30 student trustees from 26 public boards in 21 states indicate that student trustees have unique board experiences influenced by (1) their identities as both student and trustee, (2) their limited terms and representation on the board, (3) their explicit and/or implicit attachment to the student constituency, and (4) their relative inexperience in life, education, and employment in comparison with their laymen peers. Findings have implications for how student trustees are viewed and incorporated on the board in a time when the leadership and ethics of higher education have been called into question.
{"title":"“A Steeper Hill to Climb”: The Role and Experience of Student Trustees in Public Higher Education Governing Boards","authors":"Raquel M. Rall, Daniel Maxey","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v8n2a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v8n2a2","url":null,"abstract":"The limited literature on student trusteeship leaves many unanswered questions regarding the role, experience, and impact of those within the governance of higher education. To counter the scant research in this area, the authors offer a background for understanding the role and experience of student trustees of public higher education institutions in the U.S. The authors use Bandura‘s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory to expose and highlight how student trustees experience and navigate their roles on the board. Interviews with 30 student trustees from 26 public boards in 21 states indicate that student trustees have unique board experiences influenced by (1) their identities as both student and trustee, (2) their limited terms and representation on the board, (3) their explicit and/or implicit attachment to the student constituency, and (4) their relative inexperience in life, education, and employment in comparison with their laymen peers. Findings have implications for how student trustees are viewed and incorporated on the board in a time when the leadership and ethics of higher education have been called into question.","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131829982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As difficult as it is to gain power, maintaining and exercising it appears even harder. Chinese population policy provides a vivid example of the potential magnitude of power. Yet the evolution of Chinese population policy also demonstrates the serious limits to power. Mao successfully employed ideology and inspiration to lead a guerilla war with minimal bureaucratic infrastruc-ture. Victory gave Mao absolute power. Mao hoped minimizing bureaucracy would maximize his discretion. In-stead weak bureaucratic structures necessitated continued political struggle to maintain control and interfered with Mao’s ability to implement his policies. Reversals of Mao’s population policies allowed population growth to overwhelm the food supply, necessitating more drastic interventions after his death.
{"title":"Limits to Power","authors":"Paul C. Trogen","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v8n2a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v8n2a1","url":null,"abstract":"As difficult as it is to gain power, maintaining and exercising it appears even harder. Chinese population policy provides a vivid example of the potential magnitude of power. Yet the evolution of Chinese population policy also demonstrates the serious limits to power. Mao successfully employed ideology and inspiration to lead a guerilla war with minimal bureaucratic infrastruc-ture. Victory gave Mao absolute power. Mao hoped minimizing bureaucracy would maximize his discretion. In-stead weak bureaucratic structures necessitated continued political struggle to maintain control and interfered with Mao’s ability to implement his policies. Reversals of Mao’s population policies allowed population growth to overwhelm the food supply, necessitating more drastic interventions after his death.","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115780326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the roots of the sectarianism against Coptic Christians and how Coptic-state relations are still revolved aroundthe "Millet System", a partnership between the Pope and the president, which has been renovated by president Nasser (1954-1970), consolidated by Mubarak (1981-2011), and revived by president El-Sisi. It also examines different attempts to challenge the "Millet System", whether by Pope Shenouda III in the 1970s or by Coptic activists in 2000s. It also addresses how Coptic Church is wavering between"citizenship", "Coptism" and "Millet System". This paper argues that the "Millet System" is still institutionalizing Coptic-state relations. Second, the "Millet System" is not related to escalation or stopping the sectarian violence against Copts. Third, the popular culture about Christianity resulted from sectarianizing the most conservative elements within the Egyptian society in poor urban and rural areas by the Islamist groups such as the MB, al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group), and Salafist Call, is responsible for sectarianism and for the clash of identifications between Copts and Muslims. Thus, rules and laws sole will not secure Copts from sectarianism, as long as popular culture is still a dominating factor in the Egyptian society and is still able to create such sectarian environment.
本文探讨了反对科普特基督徒的教派主义的根源，以及科普特国家关系如何仍然围绕着“小米体系”，这是教皇和总统之间的伙伴关系，由纳赛尔总统(1954-1970)翻新，由穆巴拉克(1981-2011)巩固，并由塞西总统恢复。它还考察了挑战“小米制度”的不同尝试，无论是上世纪70年代的教皇谢努达三世(Pope Shenouda III)，还是本世纪头十年的科普特活动人士。它也说明了科普特教会如何在“公民权”、“科普特主义”和“小米制度”之间摇摆不定。本文认为，“小米制度”仍在制度化科普特国家关系。其次，“小米制度”与升级或停止针对科普特人的宗派暴力无关。第三，关于基督教的流行文化是由穆斯林兄弟会、al-Jama 'a al-Islamiyya(伊斯兰组织)和萨拉菲斯特呼吁组织等伊斯兰组织将埃及社会中贫穷的城市和农村地区最保守的元素宗派主义所导致的，这些组织对宗派主义和科普特人和穆斯林之间的身份冲突负有责任。因此，只要流行文化仍然是埃及社会的主导因素，并且仍然能够创造这样的宗派环境，那么，规则和法律本身就不能确保科普特人免受宗派主义的影响。
{"title":"Church-State Relations:Copts between Citizenship, Coptism and Millet System","authors":"A. Arafat","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v7n1a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v7n1a1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the roots of the sectarianism against Coptic Christians and how Coptic-state relations are still revolved aroundthe \"Millet System\", a partnership between the Pope and the president, which has been renovated by president Nasser (1954-1970), consolidated by Mubarak (1981-2011), and revived by president El-Sisi. It also examines different attempts to challenge the \"Millet System\", whether by Pope Shenouda III in the 1970s or by Coptic activists in 2000s. It also addresses how Coptic Church is wavering between\"citizenship\", \"Coptism\" and \"Millet System\". This paper argues that the \"Millet System\" is still institutionalizing Coptic-state relations. Second, the \"Millet System\" is not related to escalation or stopping the sectarian violence against Copts. Third, the popular culture about Christianity resulted from sectarianizing the most conservative elements within the Egyptian society in poor urban and rural areas by the Islamist groups such as the MB, al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group), and Salafist Call, is responsible for sectarianism and for the clash of identifications between Copts and Muslims. Thus, rules and laws sole will not secure Copts from sectarianism, as long as popular culture is still a dominating factor in the Egyptian society and is still able to create such sectarian environment.","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114823059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the Clan Barriers and Religious Perspectives for Women Political Participation and Elections in Somaliland","authors":"Mohamed A. Mohamoud – Barawani","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v9n1a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v9n1a2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115875632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phenomenon of illicit wealth being used to fuel conflicts around the world is a well-known subject. Such wealth can come from a variety of sources including human-trafficking, the sale of narcotics, and the exploitation of naturally occurring resources. This last source, specifically of a particular mineral known as coltan (which is also known as tantalum, the refined substance derived from freshly mined raw coltan), is a subject which this article analyzes further. Specifically, this article will attempt to discern whether the discovery and/or presence of deposits of coltan/tantalum will exacerbate previously existing ethnic tensions to the point of violent conflict. In doing so, we utilize the Democratic Republic of Congo as our qualitative case study. Further, this article will attempt to analyze whether increasing global demand for tantalum will cause the value of the mineral to increase in a way which will potentially intensify previously existing ethnic conflicts.
{"title":"Ethnic Tensions, Tantalum, and the Effects of the Global Market","authors":"Jonathan Andrew Stewart Honig, Matthew Booth","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v8n1a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v8n1a1","url":null,"abstract":"The phenomenon of illicit wealth being used to fuel conflicts around the world is a well-known subject. Such wealth can come from a variety of sources including human-trafficking, the sale of narcotics, and the exploitation of naturally occurring resources. This last source, specifically of a particular mineral known as coltan (which is also known as tantalum, the refined substance derived from freshly mined raw coltan), is a subject which this article analyzes further. Specifically, this article will attempt to discern whether the discovery and/or presence of deposits of coltan/tantalum will exacerbate previously existing ethnic tensions to the point of violent conflict. In doing so, we utilize the Democratic Republic of Congo as our qualitative case study. Further, this article will attempt to analyze whether increasing global demand for tantalum will cause the value of the mineral to increase in a way which will potentially intensify previously existing ethnic conflicts.","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"56 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120883534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding the Clan Barriers and Religious Perspectives for Women Political Partic-ipation and Elections in Somaliland","authors":"Mohamed A. Mohamoud –Barawani","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v9n2a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v9n2a1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114356614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on field research and a number of personal interviews in China (mostly in Beijing and Anhui), this study attempts to explore the conditions of China‘s ―urban disadvantaged groups‖ (chengshi ruoshi qunti). It addresses four questions. How should we define and classify this social category in China today? How did urban disadvantaged groups take shape under the impact of the market reform? How has the Chinese government handled this potentially explosive social issue? How do the urban disadvantaged people struggle to survive in the highly competitive market economy? We argue that aside from depending on the government‘s assistance and social security system, China‘s urban disadvantaged groups have exhibited an amazing ability of survival by exploiting the flaws and loopholes of the changing social and economic system. To the extent that they are compelled to seek illegitimate and illegal means for survival, the government fails to fulfill its responsibility and thus has to take a lenient or tacit approach, which in turn encourages and gives rise to various survival strategies. Many of these strategies, if not illegal, exist in a grey area between legal and illegal.
{"title":"The Subsistence Logic of the Weak:A Study of Disadvantaged Groups in Urban China","authors":"An Chen","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v7n1a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v7n1a2","url":null,"abstract":"Based on field research and a number of personal interviews in China (mostly in Beijing and Anhui), this study attempts to explore the conditions of China‘s ―urban disadvantaged groups‖ (chengshi ruoshi qunti). It addresses four questions. How should we define and classify this social category in China today? How did urban disadvantaged groups take shape under the impact of the market reform? How has the Chinese government handled this potentially explosive social issue? How do the urban disadvantaged people struggle to survive in the highly competitive market economy? We argue that aside from depending on the government‘s assistance and social security system, China‘s urban disadvantaged groups have exhibited an amazing ability of survival by exploiting the flaws and loopholes of the changing social and economic system. To the extent that they are compelled to seek illegitimate and illegal means for survival, the government fails to fulfill its responsibility and thus has to take a lenient or tacit approach, which in turn encourages and gives rise to various survival strategies. Many of these strategies, if not illegal, exist in a grey area between legal and illegal.","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131937714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamics of Religious Extremism and Terrorism in the Lake Chad Basin: An Explora-tion of the Ideological Variations between Boko Haram and ISWAP","authors":"Mustapha Salihu","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v9n1a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v9n1a3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Should people get what they deserve?: Belief in a Just World and Voting Preference in the 2020 Presidential Election","authors":"R. Osborne, Christopher A. Baroody","doi":"10.15640/jppg.v9n1a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/jppg.v9n1a1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"310 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134019291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the defence expenditures of NATO‟s member countries in recent years. It makes use of the original budget figures of the states as verified by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and published by this organization. The research of this study is to examine the following points: How has defence spending by the member states evolved in the period under consideration (2010 – 2017); Which states already meet the targets of the 2014 Wales summit? ( 2% GDP for defence and 20% of this budget for investment )The figures are based on the primary budgetary sources as published by NATO 2 .
{"title":"The Defence Expenditures of the NATO Member States","authors":"Herman Matthijs","doi":"10.15640/JPPG.V6N2A2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15640/JPPG.V6N2A2","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the defence expenditures of NATO‟s member countries in recent years. It makes use of the original budget figures of the states as verified by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and published by this organization. The research of this study is to examine the following points: How has defence spending by the member states evolved in the period under consideration (2010 – 2017); Which states already meet the targets of the 2014 Wales summit? ( 2% GDP for defence and 20% of this budget for investment )The figures are based on the primary budgetary sources as published by NATO 2 .","PeriodicalId":319606,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF POWER, POLITICS & GOVERNANCE","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124010513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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