Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.1201/9781315273426-10
H. Bretschneider, T. Budny
Tymoteusz Borys Budny and Hans-Ullrich Spiegel Surgical Research, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany Hans Jürgen Bretschneider (1922–1993), son of a general practitioner, was born in Neubrandenburg on July 30, 1922. At the university he first attended two semesters of ship building. After the war, in 1946, he started to study medicine and mathematics at the University of Goettingen where he successfully finished his studies in mathematics in 1950 and medicine in 1952. In 1960, after his residency, Bretschneider acquired the specialty in internal medicine. In addition, he qualified as a professor in the field of pathological physiology with the subject of “mechanism of the hypoxic coronary dilatation.” In his dissertation as well as in his postdoctoral thesis, two important characteristics appeared in his work—meticulous methodology and, above all, relevant clinically related research. On May 1, 1960, H. J. Bretschneider accepted the offer made by Prof. Dr. Georg Heberer, former chief of the surgical department at the University Hospital of Cologne, to set up the first department for experimental surgery in Germany. They both recognized that high-level research was possible only on an “interdisciplinary level.” At that time, they established a research group consisting of surgeons and physiologists. This turned out to be very successful in spite of little monetary means, which was very different at that time in America where research was pushed ahead with significant financial support. H. J. Bretschneider then devoted himself to the question of myocardial energetics under anaerobiosis. At that time, he postulated that the ischemia tolerance of the heart was dependant on energy demand. Shortly after, H. J. Bretschneider proved his theory by demonstrating that a heart suffering from a cardiac arrest at low heart rate, induced e.g. by anaesthesia, showed a higher ischemia tolerance [1]. At that time, this knowledge was of special importance for the “new-heart–lung machine,” which was first used in open heart surgery in 1961 in Merheim, Cologne. Thereupon, in 1964, on the drawing board, H. J. Bretschneider developed a cardioplegia solution reducing the extracellular sodium and calcium level to nearly cytosolic values. After Bretschneider accepted the chair of vegetative physiology and pathophysiology at the University of Goettingen in 1968, it was there where he optimized the cardioplegia solution by artificial buffering using the amino acid buffer histidine/histidine–HCl. Furthermore, he realized that the ischemia tolerance is also depending on the evacuation and/or the interception of the metabolites in the hypoxic time. This solution allows an unproblematic resuscitation of the heart even after 5 hours of ischemia. By 1980 this solution started to find its way into clinical heart transplantation under the name of Address correspondence to Dr. Hans-Ullrich Spiegel, Surgical Research, Department of General
Hans jrgen Bretschneider(1922 - 1993)，全科医生之子，1922年7月30日出生于新勃兰登堡。在大学里，他先是上了两个学期的造船课。战争结束后，1946年，他开始在哥廷根大学学习医学和数学，并于1950年和1952年成功完成了数学和医学的学习。1960年，实习结束后，布列茨施耐德获得了内科专业。此外，他还获得了病理生理学领域的教授资格，主题是“缺氧冠状动脉扩张的机制”。在他的博士论文和博士后论文中，他的工作有两个重要的特点——严谨的方法，首先是相关的临床相关研究。1960年5月1日，H. J. Bretschneider接受了科隆大学医院前外科主任Georg Heberer教授的提议，在德国建立了第一个实验外科。他们都认识到高层次的研究只有在“跨学科水平”上才有可能。当时，他们成立了一个由外科医生和生理学家组成的研究小组。结果证明，尽管没有多少资金支持，但这是非常成功的，这在当时的美国是非常不同的，因为当时的研究是在大量的财政支持下推进的。H. J.布雷茨施耐德随后致力于研究缺氧条件下心肌能量学的问题。当时，他假设心脏的缺血耐受性依赖于能量需求。不久之后，H. J. Bretschneider证明了他的理论，证明了在低心率下心脏骤停，例如由麻醉引起，表现出更高的缺血耐受性[1]。当时，这一知识对于1961年在科隆Merheim首次用于心脏直视手术的“新型心肺机”具有特别重要的意义。因此，在1964年，在绘制板上，H. J. Bretschneider开发了一种心脏骤停溶液，将细胞外钠和钙的水平降低到接近细胞质的水平。1968年，Bretschneider接受了哥廷根大学(University of Goettingen)植物生理学和病理生理学的主席职位，在那里，他利用组氨酸/组氨酸-盐酸的氨基酸缓冲剂，通过人工缓冲优化了心脏麻痹溶液。此外，他意识到缺血耐受性也取决于缺氧时间代谢物的排出和/或拦截。这种解决方案可以使心脏在缺血5小时后恢复正常。到1980年，这种解决方案开始以地址的名义进入临床心脏移植，汉斯-乌尔里希·斯皮格尔博士，外科研究，普通外科，明斯特大学医院，明斯特，48149，德国。
{"title":"Historical Note","authors":"H. Bretschneider, T. Budny","doi":"10.1201/9781315273426-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315273426-10","url":null,"abstract":"Tymoteusz Borys Budny and Hans-Ullrich Spiegel Surgical Research, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany Hans Jürgen Bretschneider (1922–1993), son of a general practitioner, was born in Neubrandenburg on July 30, 1922. At the university he first attended two semesters of ship building. After the war, in 1946, he started to study medicine and mathematics at the University of Goettingen where he successfully finished his studies in mathematics in 1950 and medicine in 1952. In 1960, after his residency, Bretschneider acquired the specialty in internal medicine. In addition, he qualified as a professor in the field of pathological physiology with the subject of “mechanism of the hypoxic coronary dilatation.” In his dissertation as well as in his postdoctoral thesis, two important characteristics appeared in his work—meticulous methodology and, above all, relevant clinically related research. On May 1, 1960, H. J. Bretschneider accepted the offer made by Prof. Dr. Georg Heberer, former chief of the surgical department at the University Hospital of Cologne, to set up the first department for experimental surgery in Germany. They both recognized that high-level research was possible only on an “interdisciplinary level.” At that time, they established a research group consisting of surgeons and physiologists. This turned out to be very successful in spite of little monetary means, which was very different at that time in America where research was pushed ahead with significant financial support. H. J. Bretschneider then devoted himself to the question of myocardial energetics under anaerobiosis. At that time, he postulated that the ischemia tolerance of the heart was dependant on energy demand. Shortly after, H. J. Bretschneider proved his theory by demonstrating that a heart suffering from a cardiac arrest at low heart rate, induced e.g. by anaesthesia, showed a higher ischemia tolerance [1]. At that time, this knowledge was of special importance for the “new-heart–lung machine,” which was first used in open heart surgery in 1961 in Merheim, Cologne. Thereupon, in 1964, on the drawing board, H. J. Bretschneider developed a cardioplegia solution reducing the extracellular sodium and calcium level to nearly cytosolic values. After Bretschneider accepted the chair of vegetative physiology and pathophysiology at the University of Goettingen in 1968, it was there where he optimized the cardioplegia solution by artificial buffering using the amino acid buffer histidine/histidine–HCl. Furthermore, he realized that the ischemia tolerance is also depending on the evacuation and/or the interception of the metabolites in the hypoxic time. This solution allows an unproblematic resuscitation of the heart even after 5 hours of ischemia. By 1980 this solution started to find its way into clinical heart transplantation under the name of Address correspondence to Dr. Hans-Ullrich Spiegel, Surgical Research, Department of General ","PeriodicalId":319727,"journal":{"name":"Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121589024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.1201/9781315273426-25
E. M. Inez
By using the theory of Lie algebroids, the momentum equation for a nonholonomically constrained mechanical system with symmetry is reinterpreted in terms of parallel transport with respect to a connection. Such connection is canonically asociated to the geometry of the problem.
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Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.1201/9781315273426-79
{"title":"Design of a Pumping Main","authors":"","doi":"10.1201/9781315273426-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315273426-79","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319727,"journal":{"name":"Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers","volume":"2019 42","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132678288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.1201/9781315273426-27
{"title":"Flow in a Curved Path","authors":"","doi":"10.1201/9781315273426-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315273426-27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319727,"journal":{"name":"Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132855129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.1201/9781315273426-29
{"title":"Behaviour of a Real Fluid","authors":"","doi":"10.1201/9781315273426-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315273426-29","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":319727,"journal":{"name":"Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133032809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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