Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118994672.CH1
P. Glibert, J. Burkholder
Much has been written about the underlying causes of harmful algal blooms (HAB), the complex interplay of factors that lead to their proliferation, and the unique set(s) of factors contributing to blooms of different species of algae. In general, the overarching causes that have received much attention in the literature include degradation of water quality and increasing eutrophication; increasing aquaculture operations; transport of harmful species via ballast water or shellfish seeding, leading to new introductions; and climate change (e.g., Hallegraeff and Bolch, 1992; Hallegraeff, 1993; Anderson et al., 2002; Glibert et al., 2005, 2014a; Heisler et al., 2008; Wells et al., 2016; and references therein). This chapter reviews these complexities while highlighting the key role of changes in nutrients; estuarine/marine microalgal species are emphasized, and information is also included on some freshwater HAB. While some have suggested that increased monitoring or surveillance has led to a perception of an increase in HAB, there is now compelling evidence from many regions showing conclusively that increases in HAB proliferations are real, not sampling artifacts (Heisler et al., 2008). What is a HAB? In his seminal paper, Smayda (1997a, p. 1135) stated, “What constitutes a bloom . . . has regional, seasonal, and speciesspecific aspects; it is not simply a biomass issue. . . . The salient criterion to use in defining whether a ‘harmful’ species is in bloom and the distinctive feature of such blooms lie not in the level of abundance, but whether its occurrence has harmful consequences.” Since the publication of that paper, biomass criteria for a few HAB species have been defined, but more generally HAB continue to be defined in terms of the extent to which they cause harmful events (fish kills), toxic events (shellfish and finfish poisoning), ecosystem disruption (nutritional and/or prey-size mismatches, such as picocyanobacterial blooms), or large biomass events (hypoxia or anoxia). In all cases, for a HAB to occur, the HAB species must be present and its biomass relative to other species in the assemblage changes, although the HAB species does not need to be dominant or in high abundance to elicit some of these effects. In general, the factors that promote HAB can be reduced to two: changes in the rate of introductions of species to new areas and changes in local conditions leading to conditions more conducive to the growth of individual species. Environmental changes can be subtle and not all factors may change together, leading in some cases to situations where one factor may seem to be favorable, but growth is impaired due to a change in another factor. The success of an introduced species in a new environment is not ensured; instead, there must be a match of environmental factors and the species capable of exploiting the environment. As Smayda (2002) also wrote,
关于有害藻华(HAB)的潜在原因，导致其增殖的因素的复杂相互作用，以及导致不同种类藻类大量繁殖的独特因素，已经写了很多。一般来说，文献中受到广泛关注的主要原因包括水质退化和富营养化加剧;增加水产养殖业务;通过压载水或贝类播种运输有害物种，导致新的引进;和气候变化(例如，Hallegraeff和Bolch, 1992;Hallegraeff, 1993;Anderson et al.， 2002;Glibert et al.， 2005, 2014 4a;Heisler et al.， 2008;Wells等人，2016;以及其中的参考文献)。本章回顾了这些复杂性，同时强调了营养变化的关键作用;强调河口/海洋微藻种类，也包括一些淡水有害藻的资料。虽然有些人认为，加强监测或监测导致了有害藻华增加的感觉，但现在来自许多地区的令人信服的证据确凿地表明，有害藻华增殖的增加是真实的，而不是采样的人工制品(Heisler et al.， 2008)。什么是有害藻华?在他的开创性论文中，Smayda (1997a, p. 1135)指出，“是什么构成了一朵花……具有区域性、季节性和物种特异性;这不仅仅是一个生物量问题. . . .定义一种‘有害’物种是否处于水华状态以及这种水华的显著特征不在于其丰富程度，而在于其发生是否会产生有害后果。”自该论文发表以来，已经确定了一些HAB物种的生物量标准，但更普遍的是，HAB继续根据它们引起有害事件(鱼类死亡)，毒性事件(贝类和鳍鱼中毒)，生态系统破坏(营养和/或猎物大小不匹配，如花青菌繁殖)或大型生物量事件(缺氧或缺氧)的程度来定义。在所有情况下，为了发生有害藻华，必须存在有害藻华物种，并且其相对于组合中其他物种的生物量发生变化，尽管有害藻华物种不需要占主导地位或丰度很高才能引起某些影响。一般来说，促进有害藻华的因素可以归结为两个:物种引进到新地区的速度变化和当地条件的变化导致更有利于单个物种生长的条件。环境变化可能是微妙的，并非所有因素都可能一起变化，在某些情况下，导致一个因素似乎是有利的，但由于另一个因素的变化，增长受到损害。引进物种在新环境中的成功并不能得到保证;相反，必须有环境因素和能够利用环境的物种相匹配。正如斯迈达(2002)也写道:
{"title":"Causes of Harmful Algal Blooms","authors":"P. Glibert, J. Burkholder","doi":"10.1002/9781118994672.CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.CH1","url":null,"abstract":"Much has been written about the underlying causes of harmful algal blooms (HAB), the complex interplay of factors that lead to their proliferation, and the unique set(s) of factors contributing to blooms of different species of algae. In general, the overarching causes that have received much attention in the literature include degradation of water quality and increasing eutrophication; increasing aquaculture operations; transport of harmful species via ballast water or shellfish seeding, leading to new introductions; and climate change (e.g., Hallegraeff and Bolch, 1992; Hallegraeff, 1993; Anderson et al., 2002; Glibert et al., 2005, 2014a; Heisler et al., 2008; Wells et al., 2016; and references therein). This chapter reviews these complexities while highlighting the key role of changes in nutrients; estuarine/marine microalgal species are emphasized, and information is also included on some freshwater HAB. While some have suggested that increased monitoring or surveillance has led to a perception of an increase in HAB, there is now compelling evidence from many regions showing conclusively that increases in HAB proliferations are real, not sampling artifacts (Heisler et al., 2008). What is a HAB? In his seminal paper, Smayda (1997a, p. 1135) stated, “What constitutes a bloom . . . has regional, seasonal, and speciesspecific aspects; it is not simply a biomass issue. . . . The salient criterion to use in defining whether a ‘harmful’ species is in bloom and the distinctive feature of such blooms lie not in the level of abundance, but whether its occurrence has harmful consequences.” Since the publication of that paper, biomass criteria for a few HAB species have been defined, but more generally HAB continue to be defined in terms of the extent to which they cause harmful events (fish kills), toxic events (shellfish and finfish poisoning), ecosystem disruption (nutritional and/or prey-size mismatches, such as picocyanobacterial blooms), or large biomass events (hypoxia or anoxia). In all cases, for a HAB to occur, the HAB species must be present and its biomass relative to other species in the assemblage changes, although the HAB species does not need to be dominant or in high abundance to elicit some of these effects. In general, the factors that promote HAB can be reduced to two: changes in the rate of introductions of species to new areas and changes in local conditions leading to conditions more conducive to the growth of individual species. Environmental changes can be subtle and not all factors may change together, leading in some cases to situations where one factor may seem to be favorable, but growth is impaired due to a change in another factor. The success of an introduced species in a new environment is not ensured; instead, there must be a match of environmental factors and the species capable of exploiting the environment. As Smayda (2002) also wrote,","PeriodicalId":322500,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116288420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118994672.CH3
K. Flynn, D. McGillicuddy
A model is a simplification of reality, and the purpose of this chapter is to explore the limitations and potentials for such simplifications to serve useful roles in the management and mitigation of harmful algal blooms (HAB). Others, such as Glibert et al. (2010), have provided overarching reviews on factors that may actually be associated with predicting events; here, the emphasis is upon assessing the state of the art, and how to advance it. Some of the challenges identified stem from issues specific to HAB science, while others apply to plankton research in general; challenges in both have arguably hindered progress in the develop ment of HAB forecasting capability and manage ment tools. These challenges can best be addressed by closer collaboration among researchers con ducting laboratory, field, and modeling work. Improved interactions among these communities can be facilitated by clarification of terminology used in the various subfields (for discussion and an attempt to provide some clarity, see Flynn et al., 2015b). Indeed, models can provide useful dynamic test beds for exploring and testing hypotheses, guiding future iterations of field and laboratory investigations, and providing an improved overall level of understanding. Simplification in modeling can be extreme, as represented by a statistical fit of a regression line through data; and, in some cases, such models can be entirely adequate. At the other end of the spectrum, models may purport to describe tempo ral dynamics of dozens of organism types within 3D spatial scenarios. While it may be argued that all models are imperfect and that models are designed specifically to tackle individual questions, such views malign the real value and potential of adequately constructed models in informing us about the real world, how we think it works, and how our understanding may be in error. Errors may reside at conceptual levels as well as in the conversion of understanding into equations and parameter values. Nevertheless, both statistical/ empirical and mechanistic models can provide tools for scientific investigation as well as predic tion. Choice of approach depends on the specifics of the application and purpose of the model in that context. The more complex models typically are built upon (and thence should enhance) mechanistic understanding. Complexity does not refer here to factors such as spatial resolution or pure com putation load, but rather to the degree of concep tual complexity that underpins the description. For biological components, complexity refers more to the level of physiological detail applied to each organism grouping (ecological functional type; Flynn et al., 2015b); complexity does not relate simply to the number of groups, each of which could contain the same very simple conceptual structure differing only in the value ascribed to traits such as organism size or maximum growth rate. Typically, model components describing physi ological features of organi
模型是对现实的简化，本章的目的是探讨这种简化的局限性和潜力，以便在管理和减轻有害藻华(HAB)方面发挥有用的作用。其他人，如Glibert等人(2010)，对可能与预测事件实际相关的因素进行了总体审查;在这里，重点是评估技术的现状，以及如何推进它。所确定的一些挑战源于有害藻华科学的特定问题，而其他挑战则适用于一般的浮游生物研究;可以说，这两方面的挑战阻碍了赤潮预测能力和管理工具的发展。这些挑战可以最好地通过研究人员进行实验室、现场和建模工作的密切合作来解决。通过澄清各个子领域中使用的术语，可以促进这些社区之间的互动(为了讨论并试图提供一些清晰度，请参见Flynn等人，2015b)。实际上，模型可以为探索和测试假设提供有用的动态测试平台，指导未来的领域和实验室调查迭代，并提供改进的整体理解水平。建模的简化可以是极端的，如通过数据的回归线的统计拟合;而且，在某些情况下，这样的模型是完全足够的。在光谱的另一端，模型可能声称在三维空间场景中描述几十种生物类型的节奏动力学。虽然有人认为所有的模型都是不完美的，模型是专门为解决个别问题而设计的，但这种观点诋毁了充分构建的模型的真正价值和潜力，这些模型告诉我们关于现实世界的信息，我们认为它是如何运作的，以及我们的理解可能是如何错误的。错误可能存在于概念层面，也可能存在于将理解转化为方程和参数值的过程中。然而，统计/经验和机制模型都可以为科学调查和预测提供工具。方法的选择取决于应用程序的细节和该上下文中模型的目的。更复杂的模型通常建立在(因此应该增强)机械理解的基础上。复杂性在这里不是指空间分辨率或纯粹的计算负荷等因素，而是指支撑描述的概念复杂性的程度。对于生物成分，复杂性更多地是指应用于每个生物分组(生态功能类型;Flynn et al.， 2015b);复杂性不仅仅与群体的数量有关，每一个群体都可能包含相同的非常简单的概念结构，不同之处在于赋予诸如有机体大小或最大生长速度等特征的价值。通常，描述生物体生理特征的模型组件是经验性的;也就是说，它们描述的行为符合经验数据(即观察到的)。在极端的情况下，经验性的描述可能会把现实中彼此之间只有些微关系的因素联系起来。护理
{"title":"Modeling Marine Harmful Algal Blooms: Current Status and Future Prospects","authors":"K. Flynn, D. McGillicuddy","doi":"10.1002/9781118994672.CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.CH3","url":null,"abstract":"A model is a simplification of reality, and the purpose of this chapter is to explore the limitations and potentials for such simplifications to serve useful roles in the management and mitigation of harmful algal blooms (HAB). Others, such as Glibert et al. (2010), have provided overarching reviews on factors that may actually be associated with predicting events; here, the emphasis is upon assessing the state of the art, and how to advance it. Some of the challenges identified stem from issues specific to HAB science, while others apply to plankton research in general; challenges in both have arguably hindered progress in the develop ment of HAB forecasting capability and manage ment tools. These challenges can best be addressed by closer collaboration among researchers con ducting laboratory, field, and modeling work. Improved interactions among these communities can be facilitated by clarification of terminology used in the various subfields (for discussion and an attempt to provide some clarity, see Flynn et al., 2015b). Indeed, models can provide useful dynamic test beds for exploring and testing hypotheses, guiding future iterations of field and laboratory investigations, and providing an improved overall level of understanding. Simplification in modeling can be extreme, as represented by a statistical fit of a regression line through data; and, in some cases, such models can be entirely adequate. At the other end of the spectrum, models may purport to describe tempo ral dynamics of dozens of organism types within 3D spatial scenarios. While it may be argued that all models are imperfect and that models are designed specifically to tackle individual questions, such views malign the real value and potential of adequately constructed models in informing us about the real world, how we think it works, and how our understanding may be in error. Errors may reside at conceptual levels as well as in the conversion of understanding into equations and parameter values. Nevertheless, both statistical/ empirical and mechanistic models can provide tools for scientific investigation as well as predic tion. Choice of approach depends on the specifics of the application and purpose of the model in that context. The more complex models typically are built upon (and thence should enhance) mechanistic understanding. Complexity does not refer here to factors such as spatial resolution or pure com putation load, but rather to the degree of concep tual complexity that underpins the description. For biological components, complexity refers more to the level of physiological detail applied to each organism grouping (ecological functional type; Flynn et al., 2015b); complexity does not relate simply to the number of groups, each of which could contain the same very simple conceptual structure differing only in the value ascribed to traits such as organism size or maximum growth rate. Typically, model components describing physi ological features of organi","PeriodicalId":322500,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128317035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118994672.CH15
B. Lapointe, J. Burkholder, K. L. Alstyne
{"title":"Harmful Macroalgal Blooms in a Changing World: Causes, Impacts, and Management","authors":"B. Lapointe, J. Burkholder, K. L. Alstyne","doi":"10.1002/9781118994672.CH15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.CH15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322500,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121425905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118994672.CH16J
M. Parsons, M. Richlen, A. Robertson
{"title":"Harmful Algal Species Fact Sheet: Gambierdiscus","authors":"M. Parsons, M. Richlen, A. Robertson","doi":"10.1002/9781118994672.CH16J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.CH16J","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322500,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127112861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118994672.CH7
J. Burkholder, S. Shumway, P. Glibert
{"title":"Food Web and Ecosystem Impacts of Harmful Algae","authors":"J. Burkholder, S. Shumway, P. Glibert","doi":"10.1002/9781118994672.CH7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.CH7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322500,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122246115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118994672.app1
S. Shumway, J. Burkholder
Texas and Florida, USA K. brevis https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab/ Gulf of Maine, USA Alexandrium http://www.wh oi.edu/website/northeast -psp/forecasting Lake Erie, USA–Canada M. aeruginosa http://coastalscience.noaa.go v/research/habs/forecas ting Baltic Sea N. spumigena and http://www.smhi.se/en/weather/sweden-weather/ A. flos-aquae https://stw-helcom .smhi.se/ Ireland Several dinoflagellates, http://www.mar ine.ie/Home/site-area/data-services/ Pseudo-nitzschia interactive-maps/we ekly-hab-bulletin Massachusetts, USA Alexandrium http://www.wh oi.edu/groups/anders onlab/ Northwestern Atlantic Multiple species http://www.cinar.org shelf, USA–Canada Worldwide Multiple species http://www.wh oi.edu/redtide https://www.facebook.com/Harmful-Algae 210160985681846/?fref=ts California Pseudo-nitzschia http://www.cenco os.org/data/models/habs Puget Sound, Washington, Alexandrium https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/b anasn/14943/82765 USA
美国德克萨斯州和佛罗里达州短叶藻https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab/美国缅因州湾亚历山大菌http://www.wh oi.edu/website/northeast -psp/预报美国-加拿大伊利湖铜绿假单孢菌http://coastalscience.noaa.go v/research/habs/预报波罗的海spumigena和http://www.smhi.se/en/weather/sweden-weather/ A. flos-aquae https://stw-helcom .smhi。se/爱尔兰几种鞭毛藻，http://www.mar ine。ie/Home/site-area/data-services/ pseudonitzschia inter- maps/we ekly-hab-bulletin马萨诸塞州亚历山大博物馆http://www.wh oi.edu/groups/anders onlab/西北大西洋多种物种http://www.cinar.org美国-加拿大大陆架世界多种物种http://www.wh oi.edu/redtide https://www.facebook.com/Harmful-Algae - 210160985681846/?fref=ts California Pseudo-nitzschia http://www.cenco os.org/data/models/habs Puget Sound, Washington, Alexandrium https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/b anasn/14943/82765 USA
{"title":"Appendix 1: Websites That Routinely Distribute Bulletins on the Presence of Harmful Algal Blooms (\u0000 HAB\u0000 ) for Public Health","authors":"S. Shumway, J. Burkholder","doi":"10.1002/9781118994672.app1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118994672.app1","url":null,"abstract":"Texas and Florida, USA K. brevis https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab/ Gulf of Maine, USA Alexandrium http://www.wh oi.edu/website/northeast -psp/forecasting Lake Erie, USA–Canada M. aeruginosa http://coastalscience.noaa.go v/research/habs/forecas ting Baltic Sea N. spumigena and http://www.smhi.se/en/weather/sweden-weather/ A. flos-aquae https://stw-helcom .smhi.se/ Ireland Several dinoflagellates, http://www.mar ine.ie/Home/site-area/data-services/ Pseudo-nitzschia interactive-maps/we ekly-hab-bulletin Massachusetts, USA Alexandrium http://www.wh oi.edu/groups/anders onlab/ Northwestern Atlantic Multiple species http://www.cinar.org shelf, USA–Canada Worldwide Multiple species http://www.wh oi.edu/redtide https://www.facebook.com/Harmful-Algae 210160985681846/?fref=ts California Pseudo-nitzschia http://www.cenco os.org/data/models/habs Puget Sound, Washington, Alexandrium https://catalyst.uw.edu/workspace/b anasn/14943/82765 USA","PeriodicalId":322500,"journal":{"name":"Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"577 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133982856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：