{"title":"The saga of atomic energy in India: Why is nuclear power still subcritical?","authors":"D. Rao","doi":"10.4103/rpe.rpe_42_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_42_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"116 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70842588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study of natural radionuclides of different types of houses was conducted at 493 houses in the southern valley region of Manipur, India. The average annual effective doses of gamma radiation level in indoor and outdoor were estimated from the measurements using Micro R-survey meter and found as 1.25 ± 0.10 (range: 1.02–1.38) mSv/y and 0.76 ± 0.08 (range: 0.58–0.99) mSv/y for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) houses, followed by 1.07 ± 0.09 (range: 0.95–1.19) mSv/y and 0.76 ± 0.08 (range: 0.67–0.95) mSv/y for Adobe laid earthen houses, 1.05 ± 0.09 (range: 0.78–1.24) mSv/y and 0.74 ± 0.08 (range: 0.58–0.91) mSv/y for Assam-type (AT) brick houses, 0.83 ± 0.09 (range: 0.40–1.07) mSv/y and 0.72 ± 0.08 (range: 0.23–0.97) mSv/y for AT mud houses and 0.73 ± 0.08 (range: 0.66–0.82) mSv/y and 0.74 ± 0.07 (range: 0.64–0.82) mSv/y for AT katcha houses. The activity concentration226Ra,232Th, and40K of building materials was evaluated using the gamma ray spectrometry and found average value as 42.4 (range: 23.0–69.9) Bq/kg, 111.3 (range: 23.8–214.5) Bq/kg, and 1369.0 (range: 995.7–2284.6) Bq/kg. Moreover, the annual effective dose conceived from the building material was found as 1.1 mSv/y from Portland cement, 1.4 mSv/y from sand, and 1.5 mSv/y from brick. Seasonal variations of indoor effective dose rates were observed in RCC houses; the highest dose rate was observed during the premonsoon season followed by postmonsoon and least with monsoon season.
{"title":"Measurement of natural radioactivity of building materials used in the southern valley region of Manipur, India","authors":"B. Sharma, S. Singh, N. Singh, H. Singh","doi":"10.4103/rpe.rpe_12_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_12_20","url":null,"abstract":"A study of natural radionuclides of different types of houses was conducted at 493 houses in the southern valley region of Manipur, India. The average annual effective doses of gamma radiation level in indoor and outdoor were estimated from the measurements using Micro R-survey meter and found as 1.25 ± 0.10 (range: 1.02–1.38) mSv/y and 0.76 ± 0.08 (range: 0.58–0.99) mSv/y for reinforced cement concrete (RCC) houses, followed by 1.07 ± 0.09 (range: 0.95–1.19) mSv/y and 0.76 ± 0.08 (range: 0.67–0.95) mSv/y for Adobe laid earthen houses, 1.05 ± 0.09 (range: 0.78–1.24) mSv/y and 0.74 ± 0.08 (range: 0.58–0.91) mSv/y for Assam-type (AT) brick houses, 0.83 ± 0.09 (range: 0.40–1.07) mSv/y and 0.72 ± 0.08 (range: 0.23–0.97) mSv/y for AT mud houses and 0.73 ± 0.08 (range: 0.66–0.82) mSv/y and 0.74 ± 0.07 (range: 0.64–0.82) mSv/y for AT katcha houses. The activity concentration226Ra,232Th, and40K of building materials was evaluated using the gamma ray spectrometry and found average value as 42.4 (range: 23.0–69.9) Bq/kg, 111.3 (range: 23.8–214.5) Bq/kg, and 1369.0 (range: 995.7–2284.6) Bq/kg. Moreover, the annual effective dose conceived from the building material was found as 1.1 mSv/y from Portland cement, 1.4 mSv/y from sand, and 1.5 mSv/y from brick. Seasonal variations of indoor effective dose rates were observed in RCC houses; the highest dose rate was observed during the premonsoon season followed by postmonsoon and least with monsoon season.","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"82 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42292428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present investigation, the drinking water quality assessment in the water sources around china clay mine in Madayi Panchayath of Kannur District, Kerala, has been done. A study has been undertaken to understand, whether the quality of drinking water has any adverse effect from the mine which has been stopped mining for the last few years. The water samples were collected from ten randomly selected open wells around the china clay mine. The water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness as (CaCO3), and presence of calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, iron, nitrate, ammonia, sulfate, and phosphate are identified and quantified following appropriate methods and techniques. The results obtained were compared with the permissible limit suggested by the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water specification (IS 10500: 2012). It is observed that, some of the open well samples have excessive hardness and alkalinity. This may be attributed to the wastes disposed from the china clay mine as the lands nearby this mining site are filled and leveled with these wastes. The prolonged consumption of water from these wells may cause various health disorders to the inhabitants. Hence, it is advised to process the water from such wells to reduce the hardness and alkalinity for safe consumption. In addition to this, in depth studies on heavy metal content of water are also needed to assess the quality of water sources in and around the china clay mine region, for the safe consumption.
{"title":"Drinking water quality assessment in the water around a clay mine in Kannur district, Kerala","authors":"Bhavana Manoj, V. Vineethkumar, V. Prakash","doi":"10.4103/rpe.rpe_13_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_13_20","url":null,"abstract":"In the present investigation, the drinking water quality assessment in the water sources around china clay mine in Madayi Panchayath of Kannur District, Kerala, has been done. A study has been undertaken to understand, whether the quality of drinking water has any adverse effect from the mine which has been stopped mining for the last few years. The water samples were collected from ten randomly selected open wells around the china clay mine. The water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness as (CaCO3), and presence of calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, iron, nitrate, ammonia, sulfate, and phosphate are identified and quantified following appropriate methods and techniques. The results obtained were compared with the permissible limit suggested by the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water specification (IS 10500: 2012). It is observed that, some of the open well samples have excessive hardness and alkalinity. This may be attributed to the wastes disposed from the china clay mine as the lands nearby this mining site are filled and leveled with these wastes. The prolonged consumption of water from these wells may cause various health disorders to the inhabitants. Hence, it is advised to process the water from such wells to reduce the hardness and alkalinity for safe consumption. In addition to this, in depth studies on heavy metal content of water are also needed to assess the quality of water sources in and around the china clay mine region, for the safe consumption.","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"88 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43747538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Saindane, R. Pujari, S. Murali, M. Narsaiah, S. Dhole, N. Karmalkar
World over there have been isolated cases of reported radiation emergencies, occurring at a very small probability. Environmental radiation mapping of vast area using mobile platforms is one of the methodologies used for quick radiological assessment. The utilization of several portable radiation monitoring instruments for mapping an area and the techniques developed are described. Design aspects of mobile monitoring vehicle for appropriate positioning of detectors and the speed of vehicle are optimized. The mobile radiological monitoring of cities help in quickly generating baseline data and data of a city is given in this paper. The utility of gamma spectrometer in a mobile monitoring vehicle are dealt in detail. The paper discusses various aspects of mobile monitoring, methodology, its application and representation on geographical information system under different situations.
{"title":"Environmental radiation mapping methodology and applications","authors":"S. Saindane, R. Pujari, S. Murali, M. Narsaiah, S. Dhole, N. Karmalkar","doi":"10.4103/rpe.rpe_35_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_35_20","url":null,"abstract":"World over there have been isolated cases of reported radiation emergencies, occurring at a very small probability. Environmental radiation mapping of vast area using mobile platforms is one of the methodologies used for quick radiological assessment. The utilization of several portable radiation monitoring instruments for mapping an area and the techniques developed are described. Design aspects of mobile monitoring vehicle for appropriate positioning of detectors and the speed of vehicle are optimized. The mobile radiological monitoring of cities help in quickly generating baseline data and data of a city is given in this paper. The utility of gamma spectrometer in a mobile monitoring vehicle are dealt in detail. The paper discusses various aspects of mobile monitoring, methodology, its application and representation on geographical information system under different situations.","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"94 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41944269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"238U/226Ra or 232Th/228Ra: What is being measured in dietary items by gamma spectrometry?","authors":"D. Rao","doi":"10.4103/rpe.rpe_36_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_36_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"59 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48841547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radon concentration in a room can be predicted from accurate knowledge of exhalation rates from six surfaces of the room. Walls of a room occupy the maximum surface area of the room. Hence, the contribution of walls to indoor radon concentration is significant. Since the direct measurement of exhalation rate from the walls is difficult, generally, the typical building materials used for wall construction are analyzed for exhalation rates, and from these measurements, exhalation rates from walls are estimated. In the present work, an attempt has been made to estimate the exhalation rate from a wall during various stages of construction by measuring exhalation rates from various building materials and to study the effect of various layers of coatings on exhalation rates. This analysis can help in selecting right materials for construction to mitigate the indoor radon concentrations.
{"title":"Estimation of radon exhalation rate from a brick wall during various stages of construction by measuring exhalation rates from various building materials","authors":"Manish Kumar, B. Sahoo, R. Kumar, N. Sharma","doi":"10.4103/rpe.RPE_38_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.RPE_38_19","url":null,"abstract":"Radon concentration in a room can be predicted from accurate knowledge of exhalation rates from six surfaces of the room. Walls of a room occupy the maximum surface area of the room. Hence, the contribution of walls to indoor radon concentration is significant. Since the direct measurement of exhalation rate from the walls is difficult, generally, the typical building materials used for wall construction are analyzed for exhalation rates, and from these measurements, exhalation rates from walls are estimated. In the present work, an attempt has been made to estimate the exhalation rate from a wall during various stages of construction by measuring exhalation rates from various building materials and to study the effect of various layers of coatings on exhalation rates. This analysis can help in selecting right materials for construction to mitigate the indoor radon concentrations.","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"31 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41382092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are increasing awareness and concern about the radiological impact of dust from soils along the roadways on petty traders and commuters in major commercial areas of Ghana. Soils in such commercial areas can be contaminated by road dust that could alter their radiological characteristics. This is because of the general exposure of road dust to environmental elements such as industrial and urban activities and also exhaust fumes from the vehicles. In the present study, 52 surface soil samples were collected along six roadways in the Ketu South District of the Volta Region, Ghana. The study area is one of the high commercial activities and consequently high traffic density. The measures of the specific activity concentration of238U,232Th, and40K in the samples were taken using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. The results were evaluated to assess the radiological impact due to roadside soil in the area. The activity concentration in the samples ranged from 74.62 to 156.3 Bq/kg for238U, with an average of 112.4 Bq/kg. The activity concentrations of232Th ranged from 6.5 to 29.0 Bq/kg, with an average of 14.6 Bq/kg and that of40K ranged from 83.76 to 224.27 Bq/kg with an average of 141.02 Bq/kg. The results were used to estimate the radiological parameters of the study soils. The levels of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rate (D), and annual effective dose (E) in them were lower than the recommended or safe limits proposed by international bodies such as UNSCEAR (2000) or ICRP (1991). These findings indicated that soils in the studied area had the normal levels of radiation and were therefore radiologically safe.
{"title":"Measurement of natural radioactivity in soil dust samples along roadways in high commercial areas of the Ketu South district of the Volta Region, Ghana","authors":"M. Addo, J. Lomotey, Bernard Osei, Kwame Appiah","doi":"10.4103/rpe.RPE_34_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.RPE_34_19","url":null,"abstract":"There are increasing awareness and concern about the radiological impact of dust from soils along the roadways on petty traders and commuters in major commercial areas of Ghana. Soils in such commercial areas can be contaminated by road dust that could alter their radiological characteristics. This is because of the general exposure of road dust to environmental elements such as industrial and urban activities and also exhaust fumes from the vehicles. In the present study, 52 surface soil samples were collected along six roadways in the Ketu South District of the Volta Region, Ghana. The study area is one of the high commercial activities and consequently high traffic density. The measures of the specific activity concentration of238U,232Th, and40K in the samples were taken using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. The results were evaluated to assess the radiological impact due to roadside soil in the area. The activity concentration in the samples ranged from 74.62 to 156.3 Bq/kg for238U, with an average of 112.4 Bq/kg. The activity concentrations of232Th ranged from 6.5 to 29.0 Bq/kg, with an average of 14.6 Bq/kg and that of40K ranged from 83.76 to 224.27 Bq/kg with an average of 141.02 Bq/kg. The results were used to estimate the radiological parameters of the study soils. The levels of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rate (D), and annual effective dose (E) in them were lower than the recommended or safe limits proposed by international bodies such as UNSCEAR (2000) or ICRP (1991). These findings indicated that soils in the studied area had the normal levels of radiation and were therefore radiologically safe.","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"6 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43614177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Salient features of ICRP publication 142: Radiological Protection from naturally occurring radioactive material in industrial processes","authors":"D. Rao","doi":"10.4103/rpe.RPE_18_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.RPE_18_20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"55 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46715845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Ogana John, I. Usman, T. Akpa, S. Abubakar, G. Ekong
Radiation exposure in humans can emanate from natural radionuclides through uranium and thorium decay series as well as40K due to emitted ionising radiations. It is important to estimate the exposure of humans to the diverse sources of radiation. In this study, the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides238U and232Th in granitic rock samples from uranium mine sites in parts of Northern Nigeria were measured, by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The highest values of238U and232Th concentrations (924.56 ± 17.13 and 21.96 ± 1.28 Bq/kg, respectively) were observed at Mika-I and Riruwai. Furthermore, the radiological exposure parameters (i.e., absorbed dose rate in air [D], annual effective dose [external], radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external exposure index (Hex), internal exposure index (Hin), and representative level index (Iγand Iα) were estimated and compared to the international recommended values. In terms of terrestrial gamma radiation from granitic rock within the study area, it does not pose any significant radiation exposure to the workers and dwellers.
{"title":"Natural radionuclides in rock and radiation exposure index from uranium mine sites in parts of Northern Nigeria","authors":"Samuel Ogana John, I. Usman, T. Akpa, S. Abubakar, G. Ekong","doi":"10.4103/rpe.RPE_7_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/rpe.RPE_7_20","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation exposure in humans can emanate from natural radionuclides through uranium and thorium decay series as well as40K due to emitted ionising radiations. It is important to estimate the exposure of humans to the diverse sources of radiation. In this study, the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides238U and232Th in granitic rock samples from uranium mine sites in parts of Northern Nigeria were measured, by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The highest values of238U and232Th concentrations (924.56 ± 17.13 and 21.96 ± 1.28 Bq/kg, respectively) were observed at Mika-I and Riruwai. Furthermore, the radiological exposure parameters (i.e., absorbed dose rate in air [D], annual effective dose [external], radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external exposure index (Hex), internal exposure index (Hin), and representative level index (Iγand Iα) were estimated and compared to the international recommended values. In terms of terrestrial gamma radiation from granitic rock within the study area, it does not pose any significant radiation exposure to the workers and dwellers.","PeriodicalId":32488,"journal":{"name":"Radiation Protection and Environment","volume":"43 1","pages":"36 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43772900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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