Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of all living cells as it provides the energy needed to maintain obligatory regulatory functions.1 The generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation underlies the principal role of the mitochondrion in cell survival. Aside this basic contribution to energy generation, the mitochondria has been established to regulate cell death (apoptosis), redox and ion signaling.2 The crosstalk between redox signaling and a myriad of pathological disorders created a nexus between the mitochondrion and the cardiorenal system.3,4 Similarly, the high distribution of mitochondria in organs of the cardiorenal system, meant that these organs such as the kidney, are subject to the effect of mitochondria-induced alterations in redox signaling.5 For instance, mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to the pathophysiology of kidney disorders.6 Considering the intricate link between the kidneys and blood pressure regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction was suggested to contribute significantly to distortions in renal control of blood pressure. Recently, it was reported that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle plays a role in the etiology of genetic hypertension.7 This novel iscovery linked the activity of the TCA cycle enzyme, fumarase to a reduction in nitric oxide production and an upregulation in redox signaling in the renal medulla of salt-sensitive rats.7,8 In these animals, an innate mutation in the fumarase enzyme, reduced its activity and increased cellular levels of its substrate, fumarate. Hence, the role of these TCA cycle intermediaries was shifted from being ‘mere’ participants in the generation of energy to endogenous ligands with biochemical targets that alter renal function and by extension, blood pressure. Furthermore, fumarate was shown to reduce blood pressure and modulate the expression of genes that ameliorated hypertension induced renal damage in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension, a non-genetic form of hypertension.9 Subsequently, succinate, the upstream product of fumarate was reported to directly stimulate GPR91 receptors to increase blood pressure.10 These actions of fumarate and its intermediaries, exceed the renal system as reports have shown a cardioprotective role via upregulation of nuclear erythroid factor-2 (Nrf2).11 Fumarate is now known to regulate the expression of genes such as hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) amongst others. What is evident from the foregoing is that the mitochondrion is no longer just an idle energy-generating center. It is now listed as a probable etiology in hypertension, and this has opened new vistas of possibilities as it relates to the pathophysiology of hypertension.8 Is it possible that these intermediaries are involved in the physiological control of blood pressure? Could they also be exerting direct vasoactive effects? Is it likely that they may be modulating the exp

线粒体是所有活细胞的发电站，因为它提供维持强制性调节功能所需的能量通过氧化磷酸化产生三磷酸腺苷(ATP)是线粒体在细胞存活中的主要作用。除了对能量产生的基本贡献外，线粒体还被确定用于调节细胞死亡(凋亡)、氧化还原和离子信号传导氧化还原信号和无数病理性疾病之间的串扰在线粒体和心肾系统之间建立了联系。类似地，线粒体在心肾系统器官中的高度分布，意味着这些器官，如肾脏，受到线粒体诱导的氧化还原信号改变的影响例如，线粒体功能障碍与肾脏疾病的病理生理有关考虑到肾脏和血压调节之间的复杂联系，线粒体功能障碍被认为是肾脏对血压控制扭曲的重要原因。最近，有报道称三羧酸(TCA)循环在遗传性高血压的病因学中起作用这一新发现将TCA循环酶(富马酸酶)的活性与盐敏感大鼠肾髓质中一氧化氮生成的减少和氧化还原信号的上调联系起来。7,8在这些动物中，富马酸酶的先天突变降低了其活性，增加了其底物富马酸的细胞水平。因此，这些TCA循环中间体的作用从“仅仅”参与能量的产生转变为内源性配体，其生化目标可以改变肾功能，进而改变血压。此外，富马酸盐被证明可以降低血压，并调节基因的表达，这些基因可以改善醋酸脱氧皮质酮(DOCA)高血压(一种非遗传形式的高血压)中高血压引起的肾损害随后，据报道富马酸的上游产物琥珀酸盐可直接刺激GPR91受体使血压升高富马酸及其中间体的这些作用超出了肾脏系统，有报道表明，通过上调核红细胞因子-2 (Nrf2)，富马酸具有心脏保护作用富马酸盐目前已知可调节缺氧诱导因子(HIF-1)、转化生长因子(TGF-β)、肾损伤分子(KIM-1)等基因的表达。从上文可以明显看出，线粒体不再仅仅是一个闲置的能量产生中心。它现在被列为高血压的一种可能病因，这为它与高血压的病理生理学相关的可能性开辟了新的前景这些中间体是否可能参与血压的生理控制?它们是否也发挥了直接的血管活性作用?它们是否有可能调节血管/器官重塑背后的基因表达?最后，线粒体功能障碍是否可能部分解释特发性高血压的病因?尽管这些见解可能影响深远，但随着对线粒体代谢这些以前未知领域的进展的尝试，乐观并非完全不合适。很清楚的是，线粒体在血压调节中的功能已经从生物能量中心转变为病理生理轴，这对高血压的病因有重要影响。

{"title":"Mitochondrial Function and Blood Pressure Regulation: From Bioenergetics to Pathophysiology","authors":"I. Igbe, O. Edosuyi","doi":"10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of all living cells as it provides the energy needed to maintain obligatory regulatory functions.1 The generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation underlies the principal role of the mitochondrion in cell survival. Aside this basic contribution to energy generation, the mitochondria has been established to regulate cell death (apoptosis), redox and ion signaling.2 The crosstalk between redox signaling and a myriad of pathological disorders created a nexus between the mitochondrion and the cardiorenal system.3,4 Similarly, the high distribution of mitochondria in organs of the cardiorenal system, meant that these organs such as the kidney, are subject to the effect of mitochondria-induced alterations in redox signaling.5 For instance, mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to the pathophysiology of kidney disorders.6 Considering the intricate link between the kidneys and blood pressure regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction was suggested to contribute significantly to distortions in renal control of blood pressure. Recently, it was reported that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle plays a role in the etiology of genetic hypertension.7 This novel iscovery linked the activity of the TCA cycle enzyme, fumarase to a reduction in nitric oxide production and an upregulation in redox signaling in the renal medulla of salt-sensitive rats.7,8 In these animals, an innate mutation in the fumarase enzyme, reduced its activity and increased cellular levels of its substrate, fumarate. Hence, the role of these TCA cycle intermediaries was shifted from being ‘mere’ participants in the generation of energy to endogenous ligands with biochemical targets that alter renal function and by extension, blood pressure. Furthermore, fumarate was shown to reduce blood pressure and modulate the expression of genes that ameliorated hypertension induced renal damage in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) hypertension, a non-genetic form of hypertension.9 Subsequently, succinate, the upstream product of fumarate was reported to directly stimulate GPR91 receptors to increase blood pressure.10 These actions of fumarate and its intermediaries, exceed the renal system as reports have shown a cardioprotective role via upregulation of nuclear erythroid factor-2 (Nrf2).11 Fumarate is now known to regulate the expression of genes such as hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) amongst others. What is evident from the foregoing is that the mitochondrion is no longer just an idle energy-generating center. It is now listed as a probable etiology in hypertension, and this has opened new vistas of possibilities as it relates to the pathophysiology of hypertension.8 Is it possible that these intermediaries are involved in the physiological control of blood pressure? Could they also be exerting direct vasoactive effects? Is it likely that they may be modulating the exp","PeriodicalId":325370,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128297723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of Physicochemical and Micromeritics Properties of Carboxymethylated Starches Derived from Vigna unguiculata Seeds and Pennisetum glaucum Grains with an Intermediate Degree of Substitution 马蹄铁种子和狼尾草籽粒羧甲基化淀粉的理化性质和微计量学特性研究

Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pub Date : 2022-09-04 DOI: 10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.5

Chukwuemeka P. Azubuike, Bukola A. Oseni, Amaeze I. Amaeze, Favour O. Isimoya, Cecelia I. Igwilo

Conventional commercial sources of starch for industrial applications are mainly based on staple foods, due to the worsening economic situation, there is a need to explore other underutilized unconventional sources. This study aims to extract, modify, and characterize starch from unconventional sources: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains. Starch was extracted from cowpea seeds and pearl millet grains by milling and precipitation in sodium hydroxide solution and water respectively. Carboxymethylation of the starch was carried out using monochloroacetic acid. The native starch, modified starches, and commercial brand-sodium starch glycolate were subjected to physicochemical and micromeritic characterization as well as spectroscopic and thermal analysis. The starch yields of 16.01 and 46.60% were obtained from cowpea seeds and pearl millet grains respectively. Starch samples with an intermediate degree of substitution (0.52-0.60) were obtained from both sources. The starch samples complied with British Pharmacopoeia specification and carboxymethylation generally resulted in improved properties (reduced gelatinization temperature, increased swelling capacity and flow properties). The pearl millet was made of oval-shaped granules with higher starch yield, reduced moisture content, and improved flow than the owpea starch, however, the latter contained cuboid-shaped granules, had higher densities, and reduced redispersion time. Carboxymethyl functional group was introduced, and the structure of starch was intact upon modification. Carboxymethyl starches obtained from cowpea seeds and pearl millet grains have desirable properties and can be potential sources of low-cost excipients for pharmaceutical formulations.

用于工业用途的淀粉的传统商业来源主要以主食为基础，由于经济形势的恶化，有必要探索其他未充分利用的非常规来源。本研究旨在从豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)种子和珍珠粟(Pennisetum glaucum)籽粒中提取、修饰和表征淀粉。以豇豆籽和珍珠粟粒为原料，分别采用研磨法和氢氧化钠溶液沉淀法提取淀粉。用一氯乙酸对淀粉进行羧甲基化反应。对天然淀粉、改性淀粉和商品品牌的乙醇酸淀粉钠进行了理化和微观表征，以及光谱和热分析。豇豆和珍珠粟籽粒淀粉得率分别为16.1%和46.60%。淀粉样品具有中间取代度(0.52-0.60)从两个来源获得。淀粉样品符合英国药典规范，羧甲基化通常会改善其性能(糊化温度降低，膨胀能力和流动性能增加)。珍珠粟为椭圆形颗粒，淀粉得率较高，水分含量降低，流动性改善，而豌豆淀粉为长方体颗粒，密度较高，再分散时间缩短。引入羧甲基官能团，改性后淀粉结构完整。从豇豆种子和珍珠粟粒中获得的羧甲基淀粉具有理想的特性，可以作为药物配方的低成本赋形剂的潜在来源。

{"title":"Characterization of Physicochemical and Micromeritics Properties of Carboxymethylated Starches Derived from Vigna unguiculata Seeds and Pennisetum glaucum Grains with an Intermediate Degree of Substitution","authors":"Chukwuemeka P. Azubuike, Bukola A. Oseni, Amaeze I. Amaeze, Favour O. Isimoya, Cecelia I. Igwilo","doi":"10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional commercial sources of starch for industrial applications are mainly based on staple foods, due to the worsening economic situation, there is a need to explore other underutilized unconventional sources. This study aims to extract, modify, and characterize starch from unconventional sources: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grains. Starch was extracted from cowpea seeds and pearl millet grains by milling and precipitation in sodium hydroxide solution and water respectively. Carboxymethylation of the starch was carried out using monochloroacetic acid. The native starch, modified starches, and commercial brand-sodium starch glycolate were subjected to physicochemical and micromeritic characterization as well as spectroscopic and thermal analysis. The starch yields of 16.01 and 46.60% were obtained from cowpea seeds and pearl millet grains respectively. Starch samples with an intermediate degree of substitution (0.52-0.60) were obtained from both sources. The starch samples complied with British Pharmacopoeia specification and carboxymethylation generally resulted in improved properties (reduced gelatinization temperature, increased swelling capacity and flow properties). The pearl millet was made of oval-shaped granules with higher starch yield, reduced moisture content, and improved flow than the owpea starch, however, the latter contained cuboid-shaped granules, had higher densities, and reduced redispersion time. Carboxymethyl functional group was introduced, and the structure of starch was intact upon modification. Carboxymethyl starches obtained from cowpea seeds and pearl millet grains have desirable properties and can be potential sources of low-cost excipients for pharmaceutical formulations.","PeriodicalId":325370,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130424163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Investigations of Methanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum 灵芝甲醇提取物的抗炎镇痛作用研究

Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pub Date : 2022-09-04 DOI: 10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.4

Osahon K. Ogbeide, Oscar N. Aghedo, Jeremiah O. Uadia

Ganoderma lucidum is a popular woody and spongy mushroom (fungi) widely distributed throughout the world. It is commonly used in the production of nutriceuticals, functional foods and also serves as a therapeutic herb used in the treatment of several diseases. This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals, proximate composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as acute toxicity of the crude methanol extract of G. lucidum. The phytochemicals, proximate composition and antioxidant potential were determined using already established methods. The formalin-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing techniques were applied to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities respectively. Phytochemicals detected were saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. The moisture content, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, total ash, alcohol extractive value and water extractive value were 12.53 ± 0.18%, 1.45 ± 0.21%, 2.68 ± 0.51%, 3.31 ± 0.2%, 1.41 ± 0.00% and 1.07 ± 0.01% respectively. The IC50 values for the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the extract and ascorbic acid standard) were 31.56 ± 1.30 and 18.84 ± 2.06 µg/mL respectively. The crude extract at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight showed the highest % inhibition of edema after 4 hours and there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the number of writhes in a dose dependent manner. In the oral administration of the crude extract to Swiss mice, 100% mortality was recorded at 5000 mg/kg. The study confirms that G. lucidum is a potential source of phytomedicine with substantial pharmacological and antioxidant properties but however, could be toxic at higher doses.

灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)是一种广受欢迎的木质海绵菌(真菌)，广泛分布在世界各地。它通常用于营养品、功能性食品的生产，也可作为治疗几种疾病的治疗草药。本研究旨在评价灵芝粗甲醇提取物的植物化学成分、近似成分、抗氧化、抗炎、镇痛活性以及急性毒性。利用已有的方法测定了植物化学成分、近似组成和抗氧化潜力。采用福尔马林致炎法和醋酸致扭体法分别评价其抗炎和镇痛活性。检测到的植物化学成分有皂苷、黄酮类化合物和萜类化合物。水分含量、酸不溶灰分、水溶性灰分、总灰分、醇提取值和水提取值分别为12.53±0.18%、1.45±0.21%、2.68±0.51%、3.31±0.2%、1.41±0.00%和1.07±0.01%。提取物和抗坏血酸标准品的DPPH自由基清除能力IC50值分别为31.56±1.30µg/mL和18.84±2.06µg/mL。50 mg/kg体重的粗提物对大鼠水肿的抑制作用在4 h后达到最高(p < 0.05)，并呈剂量依赖性。瑞士小鼠口服粗提物5000mg /kg时死亡率为100%。该研究证实，灵芝是植物药的潜在来源，具有丰富的药理和抗氧化特性，但在高剂量下可能有毒。

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Investigations of Methanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum","authors":"Osahon K. Ogbeide, Oscar N. Aghedo, Jeremiah O. Uadia","doi":"10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26538/tjpps/v1i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Ganoderma lucidum is a popular woody and spongy mushroom (fungi) widely distributed throughout the world. It is commonly used in the production of nutriceuticals, functional foods and also serves as a therapeutic herb used in the treatment of several diseases. This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemicals, proximate composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as acute toxicity of the crude methanol extract of G. lucidum. The phytochemicals, proximate composition and antioxidant potential were determined using already established methods. The formalin-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing techniques were applied to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities respectively. Phytochemicals detected were saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. The moisture content, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, total ash, alcohol extractive value and water extractive value were 12.53 ± 0.18%, 1.45 ± 0.21%, 2.68 ± 0.51%, 3.31 ± 0.2%, 1.41 ± 0.00% and 1.07 ± 0.01% respectively. The IC50 values for the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the extract and ascorbic acid standard) were 31.56 ± 1.30 and 18.84 ± 2.06 µg/mL respectively. The crude extract at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight showed the highest % inhibition of edema after 4 hours and there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the number of writhes in a dose dependent manner. In the oral administration of the crude extract to Swiss mice, 100% mortality was recorded at 5000 mg/kg. The study confirms that G. lucidum is a potential source of phytomedicine with substantial pharmacological and antioxidant properties but however, could be toxic at higher doses.","PeriodicalId":325370,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129704457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

首页上一页

下一页尾页

类型

全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

数据库

全部 ACS Publications Elsevier ieeexplore Springer The Royal Society of Chemistry Wiley

期刊

Tropical Journal of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences

全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.

﹀