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Fuzzy Analysis of Airborne LiDAR Data for Rainforest Boundary Determination 用于雨林边界确定的机载激光雷达数据模糊分析
Zhenyu Zhang, Xiaoye Liu, K. Mcdougall, W. Wright
Airborne LiDAR data have advantages over passive remote sensing data in detailed description of vertical forest structure. LiDAR-derived information can potentially be used to solve such problems as forest type classification and forest boundary determination. Forest boundaries were usually represented as sharp lines that attempt to distinguish areas with different forest types. In reality, however, forest boundaries are rarely sharp or crisp, especially in the forest area with multiple canopy layers where species compositions change gradually. Fuzzy analysis offers great potential for characterising the transition zones and determining realistic forest boundaries. This study developed ways of using fuzzy analysis of airborne LiDAR data for determining rainforest boundaries. LiDAR variables were derived and used to define and calculate membership function values for both rainforest and non-rainforest. The confusion index values were then derived to illustrate the transition zones. Finally, the rainforest boundaries were successfully determined in the study area. The results demonstrated the success of proposed method for rainforest boundary determination.
机载激光雷达数据在详细描述垂直森林结构方面具有被动遥感数据无法比拟的优势。激光雷达衍生的信息可以潜在地用于解决森林类型分类和森林边界确定等问题。森林边界通常用尖锐的线条来表示,试图区分不同森林类型的地区。然而,在现实中,森林边界很少是尖锐或清晰的,特别是在具有多层冠层的森林地区,物种组成逐渐变化。模糊分析为描述过渡带和确定实际森林边界提供了巨大的潜力。本研究开发了利用机载激光雷达数据的模糊分析来确定雨林边界的方法。导出激光雷达变量,并用于定义和计算热带雨林和非热带雨林的隶属函数值。然后导出混淆指数值来说明过渡区域。最后,成功确定了研究区内的雨林边界。结果表明,该方法在确定雨林边界方面是成功的。
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引用次数: 1
Drones in Land Border Missions: Benefits and Accountability Concerns 无人机在陆地边境任务:利益和问责问题
B. Shishkov, S. Hristozov, M. Janssen, J. van den Hoven
Drone technology can potentially be useful for land-borer security - unmanned drone missions could be performed in the sky, supported by embedded sensors and data processing. Algorithmic rules can be incorporated in the drone software to make instant decisions, whereas other decisions might be made on the ground on the basis of monitoring data received from the drone. This allows for achieving context-awareness: the operation of the drone depends on the situation at hand. The mix of algorithmic and human decision-making distributed over many components raises questions that concern accountability - who would be responsible in case of an accident or a 'wrong doing': the hardware or software developers, the ground station managers, the law (regulations) makers, or the ones who have decided to use drones in the particular situation? In the current work we analyze the usability of drones with regard to land border security, featuring benefits and corresponding accountability concerns. To achieve this, we have studied drone technology and in particular: the technical features as well as the corresponding actor-roles and relationships, considering a land-border-security-related application scenario. On that basis we have carried out an analysis from an accountability perspective.
无人机技术可能对陆地钻孔者的安全很有用——无人驾驶的无人机任务可以在空中执行,由嵌入式传感器和数据处理支持。算法规则可以被整合到无人机软件中,以做出即时决策,而其他决策可能是在地面上根据从无人机接收到的监控数据做出的。这允许实现上下文感知:无人机的操作取决于手头的情况。分布在许多组件上的算法和人类决策的混合提出了关于问责制的问题——如果发生事故或“错误行为”,谁将负责:硬件或软件开发人员,地面站管理人员,法律(法规)制定者,还是决定在特定情况下使用无人机的人?在当前的工作中,我们分析了无人机在陆地边境安全方面的可用性,包括利益和相应的问责问题。为了实现这一目标,我们研究了无人机技术,特别是:技术特征以及相应的角色和关系,考虑到与陆地边境安全相关的应用场景。在此基础上,我们从问责制的角度进行了分析。
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引用次数: 14
Design of a Groundless Metamaterial Absorber Based Sensor Integrated into X-Band Waveguide 集成在x波段波导中的无基超材料吸收传感器的设计
Y. Abdalla, A. Mohamed, A. Abdelmegid
This work presents two different novel groundless absorber based sensor design to be integrated in a single mode waveguide. This metamaterial absorber is used in high resolution measurements of variations in the permittivity of the dielectric material where variations in the dielectric constant can be detected by considering the shift in the resonant frequency. The sensor is analyzed in terms of transmission, reflection and absorbance parameters. The first design configuration proposed gives transmission and reflection below -15 dB at the design frequency 11.5 GHz which concludes an absorption of 97%. As for the second proposed groundless configuration, it gives transmission and reflection below -30 dB 9.75 GHz which concludes an absorption of 99.7%. The reflection spectra for different values of superstrate permittivity for both configurations is reported and a comparison was conducted between both configurations and previously reported designs to summarize the efficiency of the proposed design structures.
这项工作提出了两种不同的新型无接地吸收传感器设计集成在一个单模波导。这种超材料吸收器用于高分辨率测量介电常数的变化,其中介电常数的变化可以通过考虑谐振频率的移位来检测。对传感器的传输、反射和吸光度参数进行了分析。提出的第一种设计配置在11.5 GHz设计频率下的传输和反射低于-15 dB,吸收率为97%。对于第二种提出的无根据配置,它的传输和反射低于-30 dB 9.75 GHz,吸收率为99.7%。报道了两种结构在不同介电常数值下的反射光谱,并将两种结构与先前报道的设计进行了比较,以总结所提出设计结构的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Verification of Ionospheric Models by TEC and Satellite Measurements 电离层模型的TEC和卫星测量验证
O. Maltseva
Despite a huge stream of the experimental data, allowing us to estimate ionospheric parameters in near real time, necessity for ionospheric modeling does not decrease. Transition to developing a model of the most changeable structure - the main ionospheric trough (MIT) was now outlined. The latest model is the Karpatchev and co-authors's model of 2016 which concerns night winter conditions (the most probable occurrence of a trough). The model is constructed according to vertical sounding and measurements of plasma frequency on satellites. As the increasing role in an estimation of ionospheric conditions is played by the total electron content (TEC), in the present paper the problem of comparison of TEC behaviour with the MIT model was put. It is shown, that TEC always shows presence of the trough however its form is more smoothed. Good enough conformity exists for longitudinal dependence of MIT, but latitudinal dependence of the TEC trough is closer to data of low-orbit satellites. Testing of the International Reference Ionosphere model is a traditional problem. In the present paper, the basic attention was given to conformity of ionospheric and plasma frequencies at height of the satellite and to use TEC. It is shown, that the usage of TEC increases accuracy of definition of critical frequencies in 1.5 times in comparison with the model in a range 5° on a latitude and 90° on a longitude from ionosondes.
尽管有大量的实验数据流,使我们能够近实时地估计电离层参数,但电离层建模的必要性并没有减少。过渡到发展一个最易变化的结构模型-电离层槽(MIT)现在被概述。最新的模型是Karpatchev和他的合作者在2016年提出的模型,该模型关注的是冬季夜间的条件(最可能出现的低压槽)。该模型是根据卫星上的垂直探测和等离子体频率测量建立的。由于总电子含量(TEC)在电离层条件估计中起着越来越重要的作用,本文提出了TEC行为与MIT模型的比较问题。结果表明,TEC总是显示出波谷的存在,但其形式更为平滑。MIT的纵向相关性有较好的一致性,但TEC槽的纬向相关性更接近低轨卫星数据。国际电离层参考模型的测试是一个传统问题。本文主要关注卫星高度电离层和等离子体频率的一致性以及TEC的使用。结果表明,电离层探空仪在纬度5°和经度90°范围内对临界频率的定义精度比模型提高了1.5倍。
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引用次数: 3
A Review on Cognitive Radio for MIMO MIMO认知无线电研究进展
E. Spyrou, D. Mitrakos
A MIMO system is a wireless system, which employs multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. MIMO is an acronym for "multiple-input multiple-output". Its main objective is the transmission and reception of signals at the physical layer of the wireless stack. Currently, MIMO have been made commercial, with examples being WiMAX and LTE, as well as WiFi and 802.11n. However, there is significant research to be undertaken with respect to handling interference.. Interference has been neglected in point-to-point MIMO as far as concurrent transmissions are concerned; thus, we are given the facts that MIMO offered the possibility of increased reliability through diversity and combination of gains. A technique to handle concurrent transmissions id cognitive radio, where nodes are separated to primary and secondary users competing for the channel medium. In this paper we provide a recent review on cognitive radio for MIMO.
MIMO系统是一种无线系统,在发射器和接收器上使用多个天线。MIMO是“多输入多输出”的缩写。它的主要目的是在无线堆栈的物理层传输和接收信号。目前,MIMO已经商业化,例如WiMAX和LTE,以及WiFi和802.11n。然而,在处理干扰方面还需要进行大量的研究。点对点MIMO在并发传输时忽略了干扰;因此,我们得到这样的事实,即MIMO通过增益的多样性和组合提供了提高可靠性的可能性。一种处理认知无线电并发传输的技术,在这种技术中,节点被划分为竞争信道介质的主用户和辅助用户。本文对MIMO认知无线电的研究进展进行了综述。
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引用次数: 1
Fractal Antenna with Maximum Capture Power 具有最大捕获功率的分形天线
Z. Zhanabaev, B. Karibayev, T. Namazbayev, A. Imanbayeva, A. Temirbayev, Sayat Ahtanov
The variety of fractal curve types opens up additional structural and electrodynamic possibilities in the design of antennas. The article describes experimental results of studying characteristics of different types of fractal antennas (fractal triangular Koch antenna, fractal square Koch antenna and anisotropic fractal antenna). These types of curves are extreme cases in the direction of deformation of fractals. In this paper, we propose a new dual band wire dipole antenna based on an anisotropic fractal. We obtained the frequency reflection coefficients and the radiation patterns at the resonance frequency of each antennas at the second iteration (n = 2). We made an analysis of the parameters of each antenna. It is shown that a half-wave vibrator configured on the base of the original anisotropic fractal has a maximum effective capture area. The Computer Simulation Technology High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software was used to design and analyze the antenna. Computed bandwidths are 0.2 to 2.7 GHz. This bandwidth covers the IEEE 802.11.
各种分形曲线类型在天线设计中开辟了额外的结构和电动力学可能性。本文介绍了不同类型分形天线(分形三角形科赫天线、分形方形科赫天线和各向异性分形天线)特性研究的实验结果。这些类型的曲线是分形变形方向的极端情况。本文提出了一种新的基于各向异性分形的双频线偶极子天线。我们得到了每根天线在第二次迭代(n = 2)时的频率反射系数和共振频率处的辐射方向图。我们对每根天线的参数进行了分析。结果表明,在原各向异性分形的基础上配置半波振子具有最大的有效捕获面积。利用计算机仿真技术高频结构模拟器(HFSS)软件对天线进行了设计和分析。计算带宽为0.2 ~ 2.7 GHz。该带宽覆盖IEEE 802.11。
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引用次数: 3
Sigma Shift Keying (SSK): Synchronization of Data Modulated Noise Transmissions 西格玛移位键控(SSK):数据调制噪声传输的同步
Martin Kramer
A synchronization approach is presented for a new modulation technique called Sigma Shift Keying (SSK). Advantages of SSK are minimal transmit power output and very low probability of intercept (POI). Digital modulation is performed by time-discrete changes of the variance of pure white Gaussian noise signals (WGN). SSK demodulation and detection becomes more complex as parameter estimation of the underlying processes requires nonlinear mathematical operations. Due to the WGN characteristic of the received signal, standard correlation approaches have to be replaced by a new synchronization method. Optimization of the nonlinear digital filter characteristics and implementation of an intelligent detection algorithm become necessary. Bit error curves will be shown.
提出了一种新的调制技术——西格玛移位键控(SSK)的同步方法。SSK的优点是最小的发射功率输出和极低的截获概率(POI)。数字调制是通过纯高斯白噪声信号(WGN)方差的时间离散变化实现的。由于底层过程的参数估计需要非线性数学运算,SSK的解调和检测变得更加复杂。由于接收信号的WGN特性,标准的相关方法必须被新的同步方法所取代。非线性数字滤波器特性的优化和智能检测算法的实现是必要的。将显示比特误差曲线。
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引用次数: 4
Automatic Detection of Surface Deformations by DInSAR 基于DInSAR的表面变形自动检测
Karima Hadj-rabah, F. Hocine, A. B. Aissa
Due to the noise of various sources present in the interferograms and the differential interferograms, the detection of surface deformations by differential interferometry (DInSAR) is thereby a difficult and complicated task. However, the adoption of a visual inspection method for the measured results interpretation can lead to false interpretations, more often in the case of small deformations; that is due to the total dependence to the detection model conceiver. In this context, the work that we present is a contribution to the methods of surface deformation detection by DInSAR, the automatic process that we propose is based on a multi-scale analysis by the discrete wavelet transform. In order to establish this latter, we generated deformation signatures by simulating a surface subsidence and integrating them into pairs of ERS1 / ERS2 sensors images acquired in the region of Ouargla in Algeria.
由于干涉图和微分干涉图中存在各种噪声源,因此用微分干涉法检测表面变形是一项困难而复杂的任务。然而,采用目测方法对测量结果进行解释会导致错误的解释,更多的是在小变形的情况下;这是由于完全依赖于检测模型构思器。在这种情况下,我们提出的工作是对DInSAR表面变形检测方法的贡献,我们提出的自动过程是基于离散小波变换的多尺度分析。为了建立后者,我们通过模拟地表沉降生成变形特征,并将其整合到在阿尔及利亚Ouargla地区获得的ERS1 / ERS2传感器图像中。
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引用次数: 1
Towards a Full-Duplex CW Radar: Development of a Reflected Power Canceller in Digital Domain 面向全双工连续波雷达:数字域反射功率抵消器的研制
A. E. N. Quiroz, J. Worms
This paper deals with the challenges of transmitter-receiver isolation in Continuous-Wave Radars. Based on a Full-Duplex configuration, the leakage power from typical modern radar components has been measured. The aim of this study is the suppression of this self-interference in the digital domain. For this purpose, a deep analysis of the transfer functions and impulse responses of the radar components has been performed. Under the assumption of stationarity, the Wiener Filter Model was applied to obtain an optimal description of the system, from which the main filter coefficients were identified. The investigation was then enhanced for non-stationary systems. Leading to an advanced self-adaptive digital canceller which uses a minimum number of coefficients for the LMS-parameter learning and a Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization stage. The proposed digital solution achieves a cancellation of the self-interference down to the receiver noise floor of the test system.
本文讨论了连续波雷达收发隔离问题。基于全双工结构,测量了典型现代雷达元件的泄漏功率。本研究的目的是在数字领域抑制这种自干扰。为此,对雷达组件的传递函数和脉冲响应进行了深入的分析。在平稳假设下,应用维纳滤波模型对系统进行最优描述,并从中辨识出主要滤波系数。随后,对非平稳系统的研究得到了加强。这导致了一种先进的自适应数字消去器,它使用最小数量的系数进行lms参数学习和Gram-Schmidt标准正交化阶段。提出的数字解决方案实现了自干扰的消除,直至测试系统的接收机噪声底。
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引用次数: 2
Experimental Study of Moving Man Detection by Acoustic Forward Scattering Radar System 声前向散射雷达探测运动人的实验研究
I. Garvanov, C. Kabakchiev, V. Behar, H. Rohling
The article explores the possibility of detection of people on the base of their sound shadow (sound blocking) when people cross the baseline in the Acoustic Forward Scatter Radar System (AFSRS). Experimental sound shadows have been obtained from moving people crossing AFSRS at different sound frequencies and different distances of people to the receiver. The sound shadow parameters of moving people, i.e. length of target shadow and peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio have been evaluated. The algorithm under investigation can be applied to create a network of sound barriers.
本文探讨了声前向散射雷达系统(AFSRS)中基于人越过基线时的声影(声阻挡)来检测人的可能性。实验得到了在不同声频和不同距离下移动的人穿过AFSRS时的声影。对运动人群的声影参数,即目标影长度和峰值信噪比进行了评价。所研究的算法可用于创建音障网络。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Telecommunications and Remote Sensing
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