Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.07
The international community is pursuing digital transformation with the development of computers and the Internet, therefore governments, companies, and families are being digitalized. In particular, the development of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud, Internet of Things, and mobile phones, which are technologies of the 4th industrial revolution, exposes vulnerabilities in cyber attacks, raising the need for cyber security. The international community is subject to cyber attacks as Internet use has soared with the accelerated remote work due to the pandemic and the transition of government agencies and companies to the computing cloud. Cyber attacks are going beyond cyber crime and reaching the level of cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. In Korea, the internal networks of banks and newspapers were briefly paralyzed by the DDoS attack in 2011 and the APT attack in 2012. Especially web pages of major government agencies were tampered with due to cyber attacks on June 25, 2013. This was the level of cyber terrorism at which cyber attacks were aimed at national confusion. In particular, Russia conducted cyber attacks on Georgia in 2008, annexation of Crimea in 2014, and ongoing military invasion of Ukraine. As such, recent international disputes take on the aspect of hybrid warfare that combines cyber attacks, public opinion, and psychological warfare in armed warfare. Therefore, the national strategy for responding to cyber threats requires global Internet governance that encompasses not only domestic government agencies and military organizations, but also companies, research institutes, NGOs and individuals.
{"title":"Cyber Security and National Strategy for Hybrid Threats: Global Internet Governance Perspective","authors":"","doi":"10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.07","url":null,"abstract":"The international community is pursuing digital transformation with the development of computers and the Internet, therefore governments, companies, and families are being digitalized. In particular, the development of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud, Internet of Things, and mobile phones, which are technologies of the 4th industrial revolution, exposes vulnerabilities in cyber attacks, raising the need for cyber security. The international community is subject to cyber attacks as Internet use has soared with the accelerated remote work due to the pandemic and the transition of government agencies and companies to the computing cloud. Cyber attacks are going beyond cyber crime and reaching the level of cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. In Korea, the internal networks of banks and newspapers were briefly paralyzed by the DDoS attack in 2011 and the APT attack in 2012. Especially web pages of major government agencies were tampered with due to cyber attacks on June 25, 2013. This was the level of cyber terrorism at which cyber attacks were aimed at national confusion. In particular, Russia conducted cyber attacks on Georgia in 2008, annexation of Crimea in 2014, and ongoing military invasion of Ukraine. As such, recent international disputes take on the aspect of hybrid warfare that combines cyber attacks, public opinion, and psychological warfare in armed warfare. Therefore, the national strategy for responding to cyber threats requires global Internet governance that encompasses not only domestic government agencies and military organizations, but also companies, research institutes, NGOs and individuals.","PeriodicalId":325845,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Euro-African Studies","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124190552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.59
A. Ullah, Iffat Iffat Tahira
This study examines two models of halal tourism which test the influence of halal tourism factors (involving halal attributes and availability of halal services) and national image (involving national characteristics and destination image) on behavioral intention, collecting empirical data from the Muslim community in Korea. Data was collected from (N=230) respondents through face-to-face questionnaire survey. The results showed that halal tourism factors and national image had a positive significant correlation with behavioral intention. Hierarchical Linear Regression analysis indicated that halal tourism factors model had a less significant contributory factor on behavioral intention, and national image model had a major significant contributory factor in the behavioral intention of Muslims. This study contributes that national characteristics and destination image have an influence on the Muslim community’s behavioral intention. This empirical evidence shows that Korea builds a positive image as a tourist destination rather than a Muslim-friendly destination among Muslims. This could be a reference for the government, tourist marketers, and stakeholders in enhancing the adoption of halal attributes and catering halal services to draw Muslim tourists to promote halal-friendly tourism.
{"title":"Halal Tourism Factors, National Image, and Behavioral Intention: Perceptions of Muslim Community in South Korea","authors":"A. Ullah, Iffat Iffat Tahira","doi":"10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.59","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines two models of halal tourism which test the influence of halal tourism factors (involving halal attributes and availability of halal services) and national image (involving national characteristics and destination image) on behavioral intention, collecting empirical data from the Muslim community in Korea. Data was collected from (N=230) respondents through face-to-face questionnaire survey. The results showed that halal tourism factors and national image had a positive significant correlation with behavioral intention. Hierarchical Linear Regression analysis indicated that halal tourism factors model had a less significant contributory factor on behavioral intention, and national image model had a major significant contributory factor in the behavioral intention of Muslims. This study contributes that national characteristics and destination image have an influence on the Muslim community’s behavioral intention. This empirical evidence shows that Korea builds a positive image as a tourist destination rather than a Muslim-friendly destination among Muslims. This could be a reference for the government, tourist marketers, and stakeholders in enhancing the adoption of halal attributes and catering halal services to draw Muslim tourists to promote halal-friendly tourism.","PeriodicalId":325845,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Euro-African Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121094563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.45
Tourism is a growing industry in developing countries like Tanzania. Being among the major sources of export earnings and employing a significant percentage of locals as well as having multi-stakeholders, both from the private and public arena, the presence of efficient and effective public-private partnership (PPP) is crucial. Using the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness data of the World Economic Forum, this paper aimed at answering two major questions: is the government prioritizing travel and tourism industry? Does the government create a conducive environment for travel and tourism business to flourish compared to selected governments? The analysis of the data provides a proxy on the PPP in the Tanzanian tourism industry. Specifically, overall competitiveness, prioritization of travel and tourism, price competitiveness, business environment, tourist arrivals, and tourism receipts were used to calculate relevant ratios. Generally, the results indicate both prioritization of travel and tourism and the business environment not to have substantially improved over the years. The ratios of prioritization over the business environment and business environment over price competitiveness over the years approached 1 indicating the government trying to balance the two variables. Compared to selected countries (South Africa and Switzerland), the results indicate Tanzania is yet to have balanced policies and creation of favorable business environment for tourism. The results provide insights to the government on elements that need to be streamlined to make the country more competitive.
{"title":"Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Indices as a proxy for Policy and Business Environment: Comparison of Tanzania, South Africa, and Switzerland","authors":"","doi":"10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"Tourism is a growing industry in developing countries like Tanzania. Being among the major sources of export earnings and employing a significant percentage of locals as well as having multi-stakeholders, both from the private and public arena, the presence of efficient and effective public-private partnership (PPP) is crucial. Using the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness data of the World Economic Forum, this paper aimed at answering two major questions: is the government prioritizing travel and tourism industry? Does the government create a conducive environment for travel and tourism business to flourish compared to selected governments? The analysis of the data provides a proxy on the PPP in the Tanzanian tourism industry. Specifically, overall competitiveness, prioritization of travel and tourism, price competitiveness, business environment, tourist arrivals, and tourism receipts were used to calculate relevant ratios. Generally, the results indicate both prioritization of travel and tourism and the business environment not to have substantially improved over the years. The ratios of prioritization over the business environment and business environment over price competitiveness over the years approached 1 indicating the government trying to balance the two variables. Compared to selected countries (South Africa and Switzerland), the results indicate Tanzania is yet to have balanced policies and creation of favorable business environment for tourism. The results provide insights to the government on elements that need to be streamlined to make the country more competitive.","PeriodicalId":325845,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Euro-African Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115840904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.27
Zhenke Zhang, L. Litao
When talking about Sino-African relationships recently, few concern about China- Africa relationships in the context of the changing world. This study generally reviewed the background of the changing world and the evolution of China-Africa relations. For a long time, the Africa has been regarded as the hopeless continent. In the new century, the African countries experienced a transition from hopeless continent to rising Africa with more potentials. The state and private Chinese enterprises went to African countries not only for the crude oil and gas, the mining, and the forestry business, but also as important partner in infrastructure construction, joint enterprises as well as international trade partners. Most western views of China in Africa contained with negative attitude in the globalization era. The globalization and changing world gave the opportunity for China to improve the relations with African countries, especially in the economic relations. From 2009 to present, China became the top international trade partner in the whole Africa. There are also arguments with China in Africa in the future. The world is a complex socio-ecological system and corresponding with rapid changes, we provide the perspectives on the China-Africa relations in the context of changing world.
{"title":"Perspectives on China-Africa Relationships in a context of Changing World","authors":"Zhenke Zhang, L. Litao","doi":"10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55952/ggc.2022.04.2.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"When talking about Sino-African relationships recently, few concern about China- Africa relationships in the context of the changing world. This study generally reviewed the background of the changing world and the evolution of China-Africa relations. For a long time, the Africa has been regarded as the hopeless continent. In the new century, the African countries experienced a transition from hopeless continent to rising Africa with more potentials. The state and private Chinese enterprises went to African countries not only for the crude oil and gas, the mining, and the forestry business, but also as important partner in infrastructure construction, joint enterprises as well as international trade partners. Most western views of China in Africa contained with negative attitude in the globalization era. The globalization and changing world gave the opportunity for China to improve the relations with African countries, especially in the economic relations. From 2009 to present, China became the top international trade partner in the whole Africa. There are also arguments with China in Africa in the future. The world is a complex socio-ecological system and corresponding with rapid changes, we provide the perspectives on the China-Africa relations in the context of changing world.","PeriodicalId":325845,"journal":{"name":"Institute for Euro-African Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114791718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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