Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0222
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter indicates that despite the terrible situation in Germany, the study of bee behaviour persisted until 1940, and recovered in Frankfurt, Freiburg and Münich after the war. However, the orthodox view did not change because the very doggone persistence of those in charge did not change. Spectral sensitivities of the receptors were unknown until 1964, and there was no alternative theory. Moreover, the culture that protected status and reputations has not changed to this day, and even grows, with signs that the huge research effort of all prosperous nations is slowed down by ever more conservative bureaucratic power dedicated to control of the funds and objectives.
{"title":"What was not mentioned.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0222","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter indicates that despite the terrible situation in Germany, the study of bee behaviour persisted until 1940, and recovered in Frankfurt, Freiburg and Münich after the war. However, the orthodox view did not change because the very doggone persistence of those in charge did not change. Spectral sensitivities of the receptors were unknown until 1964, and there was no alternative theory. Moreover, the culture that protected status and reputations has not changed to this day, and even grows, with signs that the huge research effort of all prosperous nations is slowed down by ever more conservative bureaucratic power dedicated to control of the funds and objectives.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115217200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0012
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter focuses on the history of the research on how bees perceive colour and the contribution of various scientists on bee colour perception.
本章主要介绍蜜蜂如何感知颜色的研究历史，以及各科学家对蜜蜂颜色感知的贡献。
{"title":"No way to untie the spell.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on the history of the research on how bees perceive colour and the contribution of various scientists on bee colour perception.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121153728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0028
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter provides information on what a bee detects with blue and with green receptors when looking at coloured papers used in training and tests in sunlight.
本章提供了蜜蜂在训练和测试中看到彩色纸时，用蓝色和绿色受体检测到的信息。
{"title":"Innovation, deep thought and hard work.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter provides information on what a bee detects with blue and with green receptors when looking at coloured papers used in training and tests in sunlight.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116539535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0001
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter focuses on the history of the study of honey bee colour vision and how bees perceive colour through phototaxis.
本章重点介绍了蜜蜂色觉的研究历史，以及蜜蜂如何通过趋光性感知颜色。
{"title":"The difficult birth of honeybee colour vision.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter focuses on the history of the study of honey bee colour vision and how bees perceive colour through phototaxis.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130944115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0231
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter aims to discuss what do bees detect with their eyes, and wants to show that a simple neuron interaction yields a useful cue and that behaviour can be correlated with neuron types. A symbolic representation of cue structure is also given. This chapter also defines the visual world of the bee, and other arthropods. With similar primary visual inputs, bees have a totally different visual world. They measure total inputs in each input channel, they detect contrast multiplied by edge length to measure modulation. They total the optic flow to measure distance flown and scan modulation to detect asymmetry. They detect horizontal position of blue relative to a green contrast, and its polarity. The cues are partially independent of range, but a far cry from the vision of higher vertebrates.
{"title":"What we learned.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0231","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter aims to discuss what do bees detect with their eyes, and wants to show that a simple neuron interaction yields a useful cue and that behaviour can be correlated with neuron types. A symbolic representation of cue structure is also given. This chapter also defines the visual world of the bee, and other arthropods. With similar primary visual inputs, bees have a totally different visual world. They measure total inputs in each input channel, they detect contrast multiplied by edge length to measure modulation. They total the optic flow to measure distance flown and scan modulation to detect asymmetry. They detect horizontal position of blue relative to a green contrast, and its polarity. The cues are partially independent of range, but a far cry from the vision of higher vertebrates.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133387155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0197
A. Horridge
Abstract Finding the way to a familiar feeding ground and back again for shelter is understandably widespread among many groups of animals. This chapter shows that the bees and wasps learn as much as they need in order to know the direction of home, and they recognize places wherever they have learned them, as they do with small cues on a target. When the destinations are shuffled, they learn the positions of possible places to look, exactly as in the Y-choice apparatus. They are able to extend the scale of the exploratory flights, and build up a memory of the vector directions to two or more goals from a larger number of landmarks, as was inferred by Baerends for an experienced wasp taking a caterpillar to one of several nests from any point in her territory. Also, bees fly through complicated mazes. Now that the superficial stages of visual perception are known in outline, it should be possible to release well-trained bees back into a foraging area and see how they behave, especially in relation to cues at decision points.
{"title":"The route to the goal and back again.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0197","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Finding the way to a familiar feeding ground and back again for shelter is understandably widespread among many groups of animals. This chapter shows that the bees and wasps learn as much as they need in order to know the direction of home, and they recognize places wherever they have learned them, as they do with small cues on a target. When the destinations are shuffled, they learn the positions of possible places to look, exactly as in the Y-choice apparatus. They are able to extend the scale of the exploratory flights, and build up a memory of the vector directions to two or more goals from a larger number of landmarks, as was inferred by Baerends for an experienced wasp taking a caterpillar to one of several nests from any point in her territory. Also, bees fly through complicated mazes. Now that the superficial stages of visual perception are known in outline, it should be possible to release well-trained bees back into a foraging area and see how they behave, especially in relation to cues at decision points.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116747574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0089
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter presents information on the results of experiments on the colour discrimination of bees. It was shown that the green receptor pathway in bees was not sensitive to differences in brightness (except near threshold). Bees detected colour differences by blue content, and green and/or blue modulation, and width between vertical edges with green or blue contrast at vertical edges, providing a rich, consistent and memorable input as they scan.
{"title":"How bees distinguish colours and modulation.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0089","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter presents information on the results of experiments on the colour discrimination of bees. It was shown that the green receptor pathway in bees was not sensitive to differences in brightness (except near threshold). Bees detected colour differences by blue content, and green and/or blue modulation, and width between vertical edges with green or blue contrast at vertical edges, providing a rich, consistent and memorable input as they scan.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126286293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0150
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter provides information on various experiments conducted to determine whether bee vision is adapted for pattern or shape recognition. It was shown that bees learned to ignore cues that were the same on both targets and they remembered one or more simple cues in order of preference, but nothing about the pattern plan or shape. For each pair of patterns that was detected, the bees learned a selection from the same small repertoire of cues. When a new pair of patterns was substituted, the bees were obliged to learn the new situation. In each context, therefore, they could learn only one task, but in a different context, there would be other tasks.
{"title":"Bee vision is not adapted for pattern or shape.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0150","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter provides information on various experiments conducted to determine whether bee vision is adapted for pattern or shape recognition. It was shown that bees learned to ignore cues that were the same on both targets and they remembered one or more simple cues in order of preference, but nothing about the pattern plan or shape. For each pair of patterns that was detected, the bees learned a selection from the same small repertoire of cues. When a new pair of patterns was substituted, the bees were obliged to learn the new situation. In each context, therefore, they could learn only one task, but in a different context, there would be other tasks.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132138579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0135
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter provides information on the results of various experiments conducted to determine whether bees were attracted to symmetry or whether they avoided asymmetry when foraging.
本章提供了各种实验结果的信息，以确定蜜蜂在觅食时是否被对称吸引或是否避免不对称。
{"title":"Symmetry and asymmetry: signposts in route finding.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0135","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter provides information on the results of various experiments conducted to determine whether bees were attracted to symmetry or whether they avoided asymmetry when foraging.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128139876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781789240894.0173
A. Horridge
Abstract This chapter discusses the response to light and the control of flight (including hovering, landing and range measurement) of bees, focusing on honey bees. An experimental demonstration that bees detect angular velocity is also given.
{"title":"The visual control of flight.","authors":"A. Horridge","doi":"10.1079/9781789240894.0173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789240894.0173","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses the response to light and the control of flight (including hovering, landing and range measurement) of bees, focusing on honey bees. An experimental demonstration that bees detect angular velocity is also given.","PeriodicalId":330255,"journal":{"name":"The discovery of a visual system: the honeybee","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128872234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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