Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040216
S. Hyder, N. Ibrahim
The current study was conducted in Khunjerab National Park which is situated in the subalpine zone. The study area was thoroughly surveyed to ensure the maximum collection of flowering plants diversity. The work aimed to investigate the ecological significance of floral structure and the biological spectrum of prevailing flowering plants' biodiversity in the study area. For this purpose, we recognized four ecological zones based on altitude in the park namely the subalpine zone (3000m to 3500m), alpine zone (3600m to 4000m), super alpine zone (4100-4500m), and sub naval zone was started from (4600-4800m) altitude. The collected specimens comprised (155) plant species that belong to 97 genera and 36 families. The life forms of the collected species were 72% Hemicryptophyte (H), 13% Therophytes, 10% Chaemephyte, and 5% Phanerophyte. While the habit categories of the flora were analyzed with the help of Theophrastus classification. The breakup of the habit categories shows that the herbs with 137 species held the highest percentage to contribute the flora of the study area was with 88%, followed by shrubs with 14 species which contributed to the flora of the area was 9.03%. Similarly, subshrubs and trees contained the same number of 2 spices. We observed the phenological status of each species, i.e., flowering and fruiting conditions, and of the species that were infrequent.
{"title":"Ecological Significance of Floristic Structure and Biological Spectrum of Alpine Floral Biodiversity of Khunjerab National Park Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan","authors":"S. Hyder, N. Ibrahim","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040216","url":null,"abstract":"The current study was conducted in Khunjerab National Park which is situated in the subalpine zone. The study area was thoroughly surveyed to ensure the maximum collection of flowering plants diversity. The work aimed to investigate the ecological significance of floral structure and the biological spectrum of prevailing flowering plants' biodiversity in the study area. For this purpose, we recognized four ecological zones based on altitude in the park namely the subalpine zone (3000m to 3500m), alpine zone (3600m to 4000m), super alpine zone (4100-4500m), and sub naval zone was started from (4600-4800m) altitude. The collected specimens comprised (155) plant species that belong to 97 genera and 36 families. The life forms of the collected species were 72% Hemicryptophyte (H), 13% Therophytes, 10% Chaemephyte, and 5% Phanerophyte. While the habit categories of the flora were analyzed with the help of Theophrastus classification. The breakup of the habit categories shows that the herbs with 137 species held the highest percentage to contribute the flora of the study area was with 88%, followed by shrubs with 14 species which contributed to the flora of the area was 9.03%. Similarly, subshrubs and trees contained the same number of 2 spices. We observed the phenological status of each species, i.e., flowering and fruiting conditions, and of the species that were infrequent.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124386815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040215
Qudsia Firdous, Arslan Ali, A. Khalid
When studying lichens in Pakistan, we came across a crustose species with small to moderate squamulose on a thin blackish hypothallus with a dry, rough, gray-brown to the black upper surface. The standard chemical tests integrated with conventional to modern taxonomic tools were used to name the specimen. Consequently, with minor differences in the morphology, and no difference in nucleotides, the lichen species was baptized Parmeliella thriptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg. The descriptive taxonomy and n-ITS-based phylogeny of this species with its habitus are presented in this study. No previous record of this species, genus, or family was found in Pakistan.
{"title":"FIRST REPORT OF GENUS PARMELIELLA MÜLL. (PELTIGERALES; LECANOROMYCETES; ASCOMYCOTA) FROM PAKISTAN","authors":"Qudsia Firdous, Arslan Ali, A. Khalid","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040215","url":null,"abstract":"When studying lichens in Pakistan, we came across a crustose species with small to moderate squamulose on a thin blackish hypothallus with a dry, rough, gray-brown to the black upper surface. The standard chemical tests integrated with conventional to modern taxonomic tools were used to name the specimen. Consequently, with minor differences in the morphology, and no difference in nucleotides, the lichen species was baptized Parmeliella thriptophylla (Ach.) Müll. Arg. The descriptive taxonomy and n-ITS-based phylogeny of this species with its habitus are presented in this study. No previous record of this species, genus, or family was found in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"645 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121988703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-14DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040214
Maham Sajjad, Faiza Sarwar, Sidra tul Ain
Glaciers can be an important indicator of climate change. In Pakistan, glaciers are found in the Northern Part of the country. In this study, we have discussed the occurrence of surge velocity, lake formation, and outburst of Shisper Glacier, Hunza, Gilgit, and Baltistan. To conduct this study satellite remote sensing techniques have been used. For this purpose, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 have been downloaded for 2015-2019. While to examine the elevation difference ASTER 2000 and SRTM 2014 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been downloaded, along with this other remote sensing analyses were applied including temporal change, land cover, and morphometric analysis including indices Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). It has been analyzed that Ice-Dammed Lake formed in November 2018, which is the greatest threat to the study area as it can cause glacial lake outbursts and the volume of the lake is showing a continuous increase from 2018- to 2020. The land cover change indicated that snow area has increased about 35% from 2015 to 2018 along with an increase in debris glacier by about 20%. Whereas, a decrease in vegetation was observed up to 2% in 3 years. This study concludes that snow and clear glacier are enlarged over time. Taking into account our research, our suggestion is obligatory stride should be taken to keep away from the disastrous occurrence in the Shisper glacier.
{"title":"A Geospatial Analysis of Shishper Glacier Surge-Upper Hunza Gilgit Baltistan","authors":"Maham Sajjad, Faiza Sarwar, Sidra tul Ain","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040214","url":null,"abstract":"Glaciers can be an important indicator of climate change. In Pakistan, glaciers are found in the Northern Part of the country. In this study, we have discussed the occurrence of surge velocity, lake formation, and outburst of Shisper Glacier, Hunza, Gilgit, and Baltistan. To conduct this study satellite remote sensing techniques have been used. For this purpose, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 have been downloaded for 2015-2019. While to examine the elevation difference ASTER 2000 and SRTM 2014 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been downloaded, along with this other remote sensing analyses were applied including temporal change, land cover, and morphometric analysis including indices Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). It has been analyzed that Ice-Dammed Lake formed in November 2018, which is the greatest threat to the study area as it can cause glacial lake outbursts and the volume of the lake is showing a continuous increase from 2018- to 2020. The land cover change indicated that snow area has increased about 35% from 2015 to 2018 along with an increase in debris glacier by about 20%. Whereas, a decrease in vegetation was observed up to 2% in 3 years. This study concludes that snow and clear glacier are enlarged over time. Taking into account our research, our suggestion is obligatory stride should be taken to keep away from the disastrous occurrence in the Shisper glacier.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129378821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-13DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040213
Qamar Zaman, Muhammad Idrees, Athar Ashraf, Ashfaq Ahmad
Management of land records includes actions such as registration and transfer of property ownership. For many nations, land ownership and management are important sources of income. Corrupted spans from small-scale payments to large-scale cause an abuse for government. In the literature, a number of concerns have been raised about Land Record Management. There are several problems with Land Record Management in developing nations, such as tampering with land records and no methods of retrieving a full property ownership record, operating multiple linked Land Record Management Systems independently, etc. Traditional land record management solutions do not solve these challenges. We propose a Blockchain-based Land Record Management system for Pakistan to solve these concerns. It has been decided to use the suggested system, and the specifics of its implementation are described in this thesis.
{"title":"A Smart Contract Approach in Pakistan Using Blockchain for Land Management","authors":"Qamar Zaman, Muhammad Idrees, Athar Ashraf, Ashfaq Ahmad","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040213","url":null,"abstract":"Management of land records includes actions such as registration and transfer of property ownership. For many nations, land ownership and management are important sources of income. Corrupted spans from small-scale payments to large-scale cause an abuse for government. In the literature, a number of concerns have been raised about Land Record Management. There are several problems with Land Record Management in developing nations, such as tampering with land records and no methods of retrieving a full property ownership record, operating multiple linked Land Record Management Systems independently, etc. Traditional land record management solutions do not solve these challenges. We propose a Blockchain-based Land Record Management system for Pakistan to solve these concerns. It has been decided to use the suggested system, and the specifics of its implementation are described in this thesis.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131121646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040212
Muhammad Kamran, S. Ahmad, Khurram Chohan, Azeem Akhtar, Amna Hassan, Rao Mansor Ali Khan
Rice is considered as a major crop due to its demand globally. Pakistan is famous throughout the world to produce export quality rice which have healthy contribution in boosting the regional economy. Rice plant require plenty of water for its proper growth and development therefore, water conservation is significant to maintain water reserves for a sustainable future. The main objective of this study was to identify day-to-day availability of water in rice fields from Germination to Ripening (GTR) using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. CASA model incorporates real-time parameter e.g., temperature, pressure, extraterrestrial radiations, Leaf Area Index (LAI), vapor pressure and sunshine hours to compute net-shortwave radiations (Rns), net-longwave radiations (Rnl), net-radiations (Rn), actual incoming radiations (Rso), sensible heat flux (H), ground heat flux (Go) and finally the water stress (W). The averaged values of Rn, Rso, Rns, Rnl and H were computed as 206, 319, 178, 34 and 124 (wm-2) respectively for GTR. Total expected sunshine hours were 1584h but we could receive only 874 h during GTR due to “off and on” cloud activity. LAI and Go were observed in inverse relation to each other.
{"title":"Assessment of Water Stress in Rice Fields Incorporating Environmental Parameters","authors":"Muhammad Kamran, S. Ahmad, Khurram Chohan, Azeem Akhtar, Amna Hassan, Rao Mansor Ali Khan","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040212","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is considered as a major crop due to its demand globally. Pakistan is famous throughout the world to produce export quality rice which have healthy contribution in boosting the regional economy. Rice plant require plenty of water for its proper growth and development therefore, water conservation is significant to maintain water reserves for a sustainable future. The main objective of this study was to identify day-to-day availability of water in rice fields from Germination to Ripening (GTR) using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model. CASA model incorporates real-time parameter e.g., temperature, pressure, extraterrestrial radiations, Leaf Area Index (LAI), vapor pressure and sunshine hours to compute net-shortwave radiations (Rns), net-longwave radiations (Rnl), net-radiations (Rn), actual incoming radiations (Rso), sensible heat flux (H), ground heat flux (Go) and finally the water stress (W). The averaged values of Rn, Rso, Rns, Rnl and H were computed as 206, 319, 178, 34 and 124 (wm-2) respectively for GTR. Total expected sunshine hours were 1584h but we could receive only 874 h during GTR due to “off and on” cloud activity. LAI and Go were observed in inverse relation to each other.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128612071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-27DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040211
R. Rehman, Sumaira Mazhar, M. Gohar
Food borne illnesses are common in both developed as well as developing countries. The majority of foodborne diseases are caused by consuming contaminated meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial contamination in different meat samples. Chicken (n=20), Mutton (n=20) and beef (n=20) samples were collected from 10 towns. Total viable count (TVC) and Total coliform count (TCC) in different meat samples were checked. Microscopic, macroscopic and biochemical profiling of isolates (n=108) was done. It was observed that E. coli was the more common (34%) pathogenic bacteria found in raw chicken followed by Salmonella (28%), Staphylococcus (25%), Shigella (8%), Enterobacter (2%), and Bacillus (3%). In Beef Samples E. coli (39%) was more common followed by Salmonella (30%), Staphylococcus (18%) and Enterobacter (8%), and Shigella (5%). While in Mutton Samples E. coli (32%), Salmonella (32%), Staphylococcus (12%), Shigella (12%), Enterobacter (9%), and Bacillus (3%). Antibacterial activity of natural preservatives i.e., Ginger, Garlic, and Radish, and commonly used synthetic preservatives i.e., Sodium nitrite was also checked on isolated strains. It was observed that Ginger and Garlic showed maximum antibacterial activity at the highest concentration used up to 0.8g/ml. Radish showed no antibacterial activity at any concentration. Antibacterial activity of Sodium nitrite was also higher at the maximum concentration used (0.006mM). The renowned harmful effects of Sodium nitrite, make it necessary to devise the use of natural preservatives. It was observed that ginger and garlic may serve as natural preservatives for meat preservation without any side-effect. However, more research is required for the implementation of natural preservatives for meat storage and safety.
{"title":"Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Meat and its Control Using Preservatives","authors":"R. Rehman, Sumaira Mazhar, M. Gohar","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040211","url":null,"abstract":"Food borne illnesses are common in both developed as well as developing countries. The majority of foodborne diseases are caused by consuming contaminated meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial contamination in different meat samples. Chicken (n=20), Mutton (n=20) and beef (n=20) samples were collected from 10 towns. Total viable count (TVC) and Total coliform count (TCC) in different meat samples were checked. Microscopic, macroscopic and biochemical profiling of isolates (n=108) was done. It was observed that E. coli was the more common (34%) pathogenic bacteria found in raw chicken followed by Salmonella (28%), Staphylococcus (25%), Shigella (8%), Enterobacter (2%), and Bacillus (3%). In Beef Samples E. coli (39%) was more common followed by Salmonella (30%), Staphylococcus (18%) and Enterobacter (8%), and Shigella (5%). While in Mutton Samples E. coli (32%), Salmonella (32%), Staphylococcus (12%), Shigella (12%), Enterobacter (9%), and Bacillus (3%). Antibacterial activity of natural preservatives i.e., Ginger, Garlic, and Radish, and commonly used synthetic preservatives i.e., Sodium nitrite was also checked on isolated strains. It was observed that Ginger and Garlic showed maximum antibacterial activity at the highest concentration used up to 0.8g/ml. Radish showed no antibacterial activity at any concentration. Antibacterial activity of Sodium nitrite was also higher at the maximum concentration used (0.006mM). The renowned harmful effects of Sodium nitrite, make it necessary to devise the use of natural preservatives. It was observed that ginger and garlic may serve as natural preservatives for meat preservation without any side-effect. However, more research is required for the implementation of natural preservatives for meat storage and safety.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129741784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040210
R. Yasmeen, Saman Basharat, Sumaira Mazhar, Wajeeha Hamid
Wastewater from industrial discharged into other water bodies that pose serious risks to human health as well as the environment. The oil and ghee industries are also the main contributors to water pollution along with various other industries. The present study aimed to evaluate microbial load in waste water of oil industries in Lahore and its treatment using chemical and natural coagulants. Water samples were collected from three selected oil and ghee industries in Lahore. Physicochemical properties (Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity) and microbial contamination of water samples were analyzed before and after treatment. It was observed that samples treated with natural coagulants such as orange and banana peel, and date seeds showed a mild reduction in physicochemical parameters. Orange and banana peel coagulants caused a 30% reduction, while date seeds coagulants caused a 60% reduction in physicochemical parameters. A significant decrease in microbial load was noticed by using natural coagulants. However, for the chemical coagulants, it was observed that ferric chloride with alum and Ca+2 cation with bleaching powder caused an extreme reduction in physicochemical indicators and microbial load. While no significant decrease was observed in physicochemical indicators and microbial load when waste water samples were treated with Poly Aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum. It was concluded that chemical coagulants have a better ability to treat waste water as compared to natural coagulants.
{"title":"Evaluation of Microbial Contamination via Wastewater Collected from Different Oil Industries and its Treatment Using Various Coagulants","authors":"R. Yasmeen, Saman Basharat, Sumaira Mazhar, Wajeeha Hamid","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040210","url":null,"abstract":"Wastewater from industrial discharged into other water bodies that pose serious risks to human health as well as the environment. The oil and ghee industries are also the main contributors to water pollution along with various other industries. The present study aimed to evaluate microbial load in waste water of oil industries in Lahore and its treatment using chemical and natural coagulants. Water samples were collected from three selected oil and ghee industries in Lahore. Physicochemical properties (Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity) and microbial contamination of water samples were analyzed before and after treatment. It was observed that samples treated with natural coagulants such as orange and banana peel, and date seeds showed a mild reduction in physicochemical parameters. Orange and banana peel coagulants caused a 30% reduction, while date seeds coagulants caused a 60% reduction in physicochemical parameters. A significant decrease in microbial load was noticed by using natural coagulants. However, for the chemical coagulants, it was observed that ferric chloride with alum and Ca+2 cation with bleaching powder caused an extreme reduction in physicochemical indicators and microbial load. While no significant decrease was observed in physicochemical indicators and microbial load when waste water samples were treated with Poly Aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum. It was concluded that chemical coagulants have a better ability to treat waste water as compared to natural coagulants.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115724075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040208
Ali Sufyan, Khan Bahadur Khan, Waqar Aslam, Y. Salam
The dramatic growth of mobile users, IoT-based applications, and astounding channel capacity requirements to connect trillions of devices are some huge challenges of the previous mobile generations, 5G turned up the key solution. Although the 5G MIMO can boost channel capacity and spectrum efficiency, it is very challenging to integrate multiple antennas into a mobile phone with limited space. Therefore, we presented a multi-band 10-elements array antenna operating at the LTE (long term evolution) 42, 43, and 46 frequency spectrum (sub-6 GHz band) for MIMO applications in fourth/fifth generation (4G/5G) modern mobile phones in this paper. A simple T-shaped slot antenna is designed to acquire 10-element MIMO antenna implementation in LTE 42/43 and 46 bands. The presented antenna array is integrated using a low-priced FR-4 substrate which is typically used for 5.7- 6-inch smartphones and possesses dimensions of 150mm × 80mm × 0.8mm. The simulated results show superb impedance matching and isolation between ports (> -12 dB), radiation efficiency (>70 %), and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC< 0.05) over the operational frequency. Consequently, the designed MIMO antenna array is effectively favorable for the 5G MIMO smartphone to enhance data output and the spectrum efficiency.
{"title":"Dual-Band 10-Element MIMO Array for 5G Smartphones in Sub-6 GHz","authors":"Ali Sufyan, Khan Bahadur Khan, Waqar Aslam, Y. Salam","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040208","url":null,"abstract":"The dramatic growth of mobile users, IoT-based applications, and astounding channel capacity requirements to connect trillions of devices are some huge challenges of the previous mobile generations, 5G turned up the key solution. Although the 5G MIMO can boost channel capacity and spectrum efficiency, it is very challenging to integrate multiple antennas into a mobile phone with limited space. Therefore, we presented a multi-band 10-elements array antenna operating at the LTE (long term evolution) 42, 43, and 46 frequency spectrum (sub-6 GHz band) for MIMO applications in fourth/fifth generation (4G/5G) modern mobile phones in this paper. A simple T-shaped slot antenna is designed to acquire 10-element MIMO antenna implementation in LTE 42/43 and 46 bands. The presented antenna array is integrated using a low-priced FR-4 substrate which is typically used for 5.7- 6-inch smartphones and possesses dimensions of 150mm × 80mm × 0.8mm. The simulated results show superb impedance matching and isolation between ports (> -12 dB), radiation efficiency (>70 %), and Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC< 0.05) over the operational frequency. Consequently, the designed MIMO antenna array is effectively favorable for the 5G MIMO smartphone to enhance data output and the spectrum efficiency.","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"296 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114610753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-25DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040209
R. Zafar, M. J. U. Rehman, Hammad Dilpazir
Cognitive processes are constantly under critical relevance in the field of neuroscience. In the examination of Electroencephalogram (EEG) data, frequency bands are always significant because they determine how the brain responds to various activities and circumstances in different situations. However, it is usually accepted that each brain region is associated with a certain activity, such as auditory, visual, or cognitive tasks. Moreover, to retrieve additional information from the brain, it is often required to establish new neural connections. In this study, the researchers established a functional relationship between different EEG frequencies and the cognitive task under investigation. The frequencies of alpha, beta, and theta waves are often discussed in connection to cognitive tasks, but the frequency of the delta wave is seldom referenced throughout the cognitive process. We then focused on the frequency of delta waves in different parts of the brain, such as the occipital and front all regions
{"title":"Power Spectrum of Brain for Complex Task using Electroencephalogram","authors":"R. Zafar, M. J. U. Rehman, Hammad Dilpazir","doi":"10.33411/ijist/2022040209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040209","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitive processes are constantly under critical relevance in the field of neuroscience. In the examination of Electroencephalogram (EEG) data, frequency bands are always significant because they determine how the brain responds to various activities and circumstances in different situations. However, it is usually accepted that each brain region is associated with a certain activity, such as auditory, visual, or cognitive tasks. Moreover, to retrieve additional information from the brain, it is often required to establish new neural connections. In this study, the researchers established a functional relationship between different EEG frequencies and the cognitive task under investigation. The frequencies of alpha, beta, and theta waves are often discussed in connection to cognitive tasks, but the frequency of the delta wave is seldom referenced throughout the cognitive process. We then focused on the frequency of delta waves in different parts of the brain, such as the occipital and front all regions","PeriodicalId":330306,"journal":{"name":"Vol 4 Issue 2","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130195570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-23DOI: 10.33411/ijist/2022040206
Faisal Bukhari, M. Saleem, R. Zafar, M. Idrees, Waheed Iqbal, Zubair Nawaz, Saqib Saleem
Quackery is profoundly rooted in rural areas, , but cities are also considerably affected. Countries, whether developed or developing, are experiencing this curse. Quackery is one of the primary reasons for the recent AIDS epidemic among children in Pakistan. In this research, we have conducted two separate surveys to study the causes of quackery. The sample sizes for the public and physicians were 157 and 58, respectively. The first questionnaire was handed to the respondents based in Pakistan to reveal the reasons behind the quackery and its widespread existence. The second questionnaire was designed to examine physicians' perceptions of quackery. The data were analyzed and we physicians having permit granted by the PMDC (Pakistan Medical and Dental Council) should be placed in doctor's clinics to help people distinguish between quacks and physicians. According to the conducted survey government may be held accountable behind the spread of quackery whereas lack of awareness from the media and high illiteracy rates are also the lead causes. Moreover, according to doctor’s perspective, awareness campaigns will surely help us to overcome this menace. It is not simple for common people to differentiate a quack from a doctor. To assist the common person, we have created a prototype android app called "Quack Finder"' based on our survey outcomes to predict whether an individual is a quack or a doctor.
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