Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-106-122
N. R. Kostik, S. A. Tarasov, G. Ye. Ayvasyan
Introduction . Solar energy is one of the leading renewable energy industries. Solar photovoltaic modules are most widely used to create hybrid autonomous electrification systems, since photovoltaics are not limited to specific limitations and can be applied almost everywhere. Aim . To determine the potential of meteorological and geographical features of the Republic of Armenia for the implementation of autonomous hybrid renewable energy sources systems (AHRESS) using solar photovoltaics (PV). To simulate operating conditions for various AHRESS configurations providing electric power to a cellular communication base station. Materials and methods . Climatic, geographical, social and economic features of the region of the Republic of Armenia are investigated. Regions are evaluated based on the key factors of AHRESS implementation potential and compared with studies performed by the Effergy-Irsolav. The simulations and technical and economic analysis were performed using the HOMER Pro software in Ttsovinar region. Results. The most efficient configuration is found to be B1, with an energy cost of 0.322 $/kW·h. The parameters of winning system: PV array with capacity of 4.5 kW, 12V battery with 100 A·h capacity, diesel generator with 3 kW capacity. The main efficiency criterion is the low economic costs for the implementation and operation of this AHRESS configuration. Ten additional variants of AHRESS were modeled in order to optimize the component base of the configuration. Conclusion . It was found that, depending on the consumer load, solar photovoltaic converters are limited and can only perform as supporting source of electricity. The use of the existing consumption load profile in the form of BSSS made it possible to cover the widest possible range of configurations of the component base, which indicates the high accuracy of the simulated results and, as a result, the technical and economic relevance of the study.
{"title":"Study of Renewable Potential of the Republic of Armenia for Implementation of Hybrid Autonomous Power Supply System Using Solar Photovoltaic Modules","authors":"N. R. Kostik, S. A. Tarasov, G. Ye. Ayvasyan","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-106-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-106-122","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction . Solar energy is one of the leading renewable energy industries. Solar photovoltaic modules are most widely used to create hybrid autonomous electrification systems, since photovoltaics are not limited to specific limitations and can be applied almost everywhere. Aim . To determine the potential of meteorological and geographical features of the Republic of Armenia for the implementation of autonomous hybrid renewable energy sources systems (AHRESS) using solar photovoltaics (PV). To simulate operating conditions for various AHRESS configurations providing electric power to a cellular communication base station. Materials and methods . Climatic, geographical, social and economic features of the region of the Republic of Armenia are investigated. Regions are evaluated based on the key factors of AHRESS implementation potential and compared with studies performed by the Effergy-Irsolav. The simulations and technical and economic analysis were performed using the HOMER Pro software in Ttsovinar region. Results. The most efficient configuration is found to be B1, with an energy cost of 0.322 $/kW·h. The parameters of winning system: PV array with capacity of 4.5 kW, 12V battery with 100 A·h capacity, diesel generator with 3 kW capacity. The main efficiency criterion is the low economic costs for the implementation and operation of this AHRESS configuration. Ten additional variants of AHRESS were modeled in order to optimize the component base of the configuration. Conclusion . It was found that, depending on the consumer load, solar photovoltaic converters are limited and can only perform as supporting source of electricity. The use of the existing consumption load profile in the form of BSSS made it possible to cover the widest possible range of configurations of the component base, which indicates the high accuracy of the simulated results and, as a result, the technical and economic relevance of the study.","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134934361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-81-94
O. N. Smirnova, A. A. Aleksandrov, Yu. S. Bobrova, K. M. Moiseev
Introduction. A review of foreign publications on 3D printing methods shows the possibility of their application for the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), while demonstrating the growth of interest in this field. One of the available methods is fused deposition modeling, which can be used to form substrates with channels for traces. At present, the minimum channel width comprises 100 µm, which corresponds to the 5th class of PCB accuracy. However, there is no data on how to obtain such dimensions or on the magnitude of their deviation from the given nominal values. Aim . To determine the influence of such factors as nozzle diameter and the number of contours on the dimensional characteristics of PCBs (linear dimensions; trace channel width; trace spacing; via diameters). Materials and methods . To obtain linear models, a full factorial experiment was carried out. The influence of the following materials was evaluated – polylactide (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and glass-filled ABS; slicers – Ultimaker Cura and PrusaSlicer; 3D printers – Picaso 3D Designer Classic 2016 and Hercules Strong 2017; brass nozzle with diameters ∅0.2 and ∅0.4 mm. The possibility of using brass nozzles coated with chemical nickel for printing with glass-filled filaments was considered. The study was conducted using the facilities of the "Center for Additive Technologies" of Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Results . The possibility of manufacturing PCBs up to the 2nd and 3rd accuracy classes using nozzles with a diameter of ∅0.4 and ∅0.2 mm, respectively, was shown. It was found that galvanic deposition of chemical nickel on a ∅0.2 mm brass nozzle makes it possible to increase the PCB wearability when printing with glass-filled filaments. Recommendations are proposed for selecting an optimal combination of nozzle diameter and the number of contours. Conclusion . The conducted analysis of mathematical models shows the significance of such parameters as nozzle diameter and the number of contours. The results can be used when creating new PCB layouts
{"title":"Evaluation of Dimensional Characteristics of Conductive Pattern Elements of 3D-Printed Circuit Boards","authors":"O. N. Smirnova, A. A. Aleksandrov, Yu. S. Bobrova, K. M. Moiseev","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-81-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-81-94","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. A review of foreign publications on 3D printing methods shows the possibility of their application for the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), while demonstrating the growth of interest in this field. One of the available methods is fused deposition modeling, which can be used to form substrates with channels for traces. At present, the minimum channel width comprises 100 µm, which corresponds to the 5th class of PCB accuracy. However, there is no data on how to obtain such dimensions or on the magnitude of their deviation from the given nominal values. Aim . To determine the influence of such factors as nozzle diameter and the number of contours on the dimensional characteristics of PCBs (linear dimensions; trace channel width; trace spacing; via diameters). Materials and methods . To obtain linear models, a full factorial experiment was carried out. The influence of the following materials was evaluated – polylactide (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and glass-filled ABS; slicers – Ultimaker Cura and PrusaSlicer; 3D printers – Picaso 3D Designer Classic 2016 and Hercules Strong 2017; brass nozzle with diameters ∅0.2 and ∅0.4 mm. The possibility of using brass nozzles coated with chemical nickel for printing with glass-filled filaments was considered. The study was conducted using the facilities of the \"Center for Additive Technologies\" of Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Results . The possibility of manufacturing PCBs up to the 2nd and 3rd accuracy classes using nozzles with a diameter of ∅0.4 and ∅0.2 mm, respectively, was shown. It was found that galvanic deposition of chemical nickel on a ∅0.2 mm brass nozzle makes it possible to increase the PCB wearability when printing with glass-filled filaments. Recommendations are proposed for selecting an optimal combination of nozzle diameter and the number of contours. Conclusion . The conducted analysis of mathematical models shows the significance of such parameters as nozzle diameter and the number of contours. The results can be used when creating new PCB layouts","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134935284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-133-148
Ya. I. Binder, I. A. Khazov
Introduction. Currently, the versatility and reliability of gyroscopic inclinometers (GI), more than accuracy, determine their configuration and design. Imperative conditions for versatility include a diameter of 42…44.5 mm and a combination of point and continuous survey modes. Reliability is primarily determined by the robustness of the main elements. The fundamental parameter is adaptability to the trajectory, in other words, equal accuracy in the operating range of zenith angles, which determines the choice of orientation of the angular velocity sensors (ARS) with incomplete (< 3) number of their axis. Presently, biaxial dynamically tuned gyroscopes (DNG) are widely used due to their dimension and accuracy criteria; however, their elastic suspension gradually degrades as a result of frequent sidetracking operations (from previously drilled ones) accompanied by high-intensity impacts. Aim . To develop an inexpensive versatile GI that maintains a balance between shock resistance and accuracy (com[1]parable to fiber-optic ARS) based on a single-axis vibrating ring gyroscope (VRG) with an induction-type resonator made using MEMS technology. Materials and methods . The method of multi-position compassing with a single uniaxial ARS was implemented by transition from simultaneous biaxial measurements to uniaxial measurements in five successive positions of the frame (through 90°) along the toolface angle. Experimental data on the drifts of the selected VRG allow statistical methods to be used to construct an Allan-variance plot to confirm that the proposed method does not increase the total compassing time compared to the basic one. The continuous mode of such a GI, studied by solving differential equations, requires holding the input axis of the ARS near the apsidal plane using the same rotating frame. Results. The obtained ratios confirm that the performance characteristics of a GI with a uniaxial ARS approximately correspond to the conventional biaxial scheme. These conclusions were also confirmed by the mathematical modeling of a survey of a typical oil and gas well. Conclusion . The described GI containing a single ARS with indirect stabilization of the input axis is the result of a consistent development of the approach to the use of incomplete information
{"title":"Versatile Gyroinclinometer Based on a Single Axis Angular Rate Sensor","authors":"Ya. I. Binder, I. A. Khazov","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-133-148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-133-148","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Currently, the versatility and reliability of gyroscopic inclinometers (GI), more than accuracy, determine their configuration and design. Imperative conditions for versatility include a diameter of 42…44.5 mm and a combination of point and continuous survey modes. Reliability is primarily determined by the robustness of the main elements. The fundamental parameter is adaptability to the trajectory, in other words, equal accuracy in the operating range of zenith angles, which determines the choice of orientation of the angular velocity sensors (ARS) with incomplete (< 3) number of their axis. Presently, biaxial dynamically tuned gyroscopes (DNG) are widely used due to their dimension and accuracy criteria; however, their elastic suspension gradually degrades as a result of frequent sidetracking operations (from previously drilled ones) accompanied by high-intensity impacts. Aim . To develop an inexpensive versatile GI that maintains a balance between shock resistance and accuracy (com[1]parable to fiber-optic ARS) based on a single-axis vibrating ring gyroscope (VRG) with an induction-type resonator made using MEMS technology. Materials and methods . The method of multi-position compassing with a single uniaxial ARS was implemented by transition from simultaneous biaxial measurements to uniaxial measurements in five successive positions of the frame (through 90°) along the toolface angle. Experimental data on the drifts of the selected VRG allow statistical methods to be used to construct an Allan-variance plot to confirm that the proposed method does not increase the total compassing time compared to the basic one. The continuous mode of such a GI, studied by solving differential equations, requires holding the input axis of the ARS near the apsidal plane using the same rotating frame. Results. The obtained ratios confirm that the performance characteristics of a GI with a uniaxial ARS approximately correspond to the conventional biaxial scheme. These conclusions were also confirmed by the mathematical modeling of a survey of a typical oil and gas well. Conclusion . The described GI containing a single ARS with indirect stabilization of the input axis is the result of a consistent development of the approach to the use of incomplete information","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134935271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-123-132
M. A. Nazarov, E. V. Semyonov
Introduction. The general system of parameters, including compression points and intersection points of various harmonics, is unsuitable for devices operating under the influence of baseband pulses (for example, before the modulator in the transmitter, after the demodulator in the receiver). Previously, the authors have developed simple models in the form of nonlinear recursive filters, which give a satisfactory error in describing the response of a wide class of baseband pulse circuits. The system of nonlinear functions of such models can be considered as a new system of characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse circuits, for which it is necessary to develop a method that ensures their measurement with an acceptable error. In the general formulation, this problem is rather challenging; therefore, this article considers only a first-order nonlinear recursive filter. However, the obtained result gives satisfactory results for devices without flat top transient overshoot. Aim . To consider a method for measuring the characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse devices without overshoot on the flat top of the transient response. Materials and methods. The considered recursive filter is represented by an equivalent circuit consist of nonlinear resistive and capacitive elements. Therefore, the task is reduced to measuring their current-voltage characteristics (IV) and charge-voltage characteristics (CVC). IV characteristics are measured at the flat tops of the transient characteristics of the device. Having a certain IV, we obtain the opportunity to calculate the current (and then the charge) of the capacitive element. The experimental study was carried out on the example of a three-stage amplifier with an aperiodic transient response. Results. The transient characteristics of the filter are approximated by the model with an accuracy of no worse than 3.2 %. Conclusion . The considered system of functions can be obtained with a definable error that satisfactory for practice, which allows it to be considered as a new system of parameters for nonlinear baseband pulse devices.
{"title":"Minimalistic System of Characteristics of Non-linear Baseband Pulse Devices and Its Measurement","authors":"M. A. Nazarov, E. V. Semyonov","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-123-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-123-132","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The general system of parameters, including compression points and intersection points of various harmonics, is unsuitable for devices operating under the influence of baseband pulses (for example, before the modulator in the transmitter, after the demodulator in the receiver). Previously, the authors have developed simple models in the form of nonlinear recursive filters, which give a satisfactory error in describing the response of a wide class of baseband pulse circuits. The system of nonlinear functions of such models can be considered as a new system of characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse circuits, for which it is necessary to develop a method that ensures their measurement with an acceptable error. In the general formulation, this problem is rather challenging; therefore, this article considers only a first-order nonlinear recursive filter. However, the obtained result gives satisfactory results for devices without flat top transient overshoot. Aim . To consider a method for measuring the characteristics of nonlinear-dynamical baseband impulse devices without overshoot on the flat top of the transient response. Materials and methods. The considered recursive filter is represented by an equivalent circuit consist of nonlinear resistive and capacitive elements. Therefore, the task is reduced to measuring their current-voltage characteristics (IV) and charge-voltage characteristics (CVC). IV characteristics are measured at the flat tops of the transient characteristics of the device. Having a certain IV, we obtain the opportunity to calculate the current (and then the charge) of the capacitive element. The experimental study was carried out on the example of a three-stage amplifier with an aperiodic transient response. Results. The transient characteristics of the filter are approximated by the model with an accuracy of no worse than 3.2 %. Conclusion . The considered system of functions can be obtained with a definable error that satisfactory for practice, which allows it to be considered as a new system of parameters for nonlinear baseband pulse devices.","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134935274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-95-105
G. S. Gribov
Introduction. Achieving improved accuracy and sensitivity of the direction finding of radio signals represents a relevant research direction in the field of modern HF radio monitoring. HF radio waves propagate through ionospheric layers, which distorts the polarization parameters of the passing electromagnetic wave (EMW). One possible approach to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the direction finding of HF radio signals consists in the use of an antenna element capable of accepting both components of the electromagnetic field in the antenna array. Aim . A comparative analysis of the proposed triorthogonal antenna element with existing solutions for the tasks of HF band bearing. Materials and methods . Antenna elements and their spatial polarization characteristics were simulated in the MATLAB environment using the Phased Array toolbox. Results . The spatial polarization characteristics of the triorthogonal antenna under study were constructed and compared with an asymmetric vertical vibrator and a biorthogonal antenna. The comparison showed that at small elevation angles, the triorthogonal antenna ensures an energy gain of up to 4.5 dB compared to a biorthogonal antenna and an asymmetric vertical vibrator. At elevation angles of 30…60° and over 60°, the increase in the quality of a signal received by the triorthogonal antenna element reaches 3 dB and 2 dB, respectively. Conclusion. According to the obtained spatial polarization characteristics, the triorthogonal antenna under study can be part of a large-base antenna array of the HF band. The use of this antenna will increase the accuracy and sensitivity of direction finding by means of matching the antenna element with the EMW polarization
{"title":"Simulation of Spatial Polarization Characteristics of a Triorthogonal Antenna Element for the Tasks of HF Band Bearing","authors":"G. S. Gribov","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-95-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-95-105","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Achieving improved accuracy and sensitivity of the direction finding of radio signals represents a relevant research direction in the field of modern HF radio monitoring. HF radio waves propagate through ionospheric layers, which distorts the polarization parameters of the passing electromagnetic wave (EMW). One possible approach to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the direction finding of HF radio signals consists in the use of an antenna element capable of accepting both components of the electromagnetic field in the antenna array. Aim . A comparative analysis of the proposed triorthogonal antenna element with existing solutions for the tasks of HF band bearing. Materials and methods . Antenna elements and their spatial polarization characteristics were simulated in the MATLAB environment using the Phased Array toolbox. Results . The spatial polarization characteristics of the triorthogonal antenna under study were constructed and compared with an asymmetric vertical vibrator and a biorthogonal antenna. The comparison showed that at small elevation angles, the triorthogonal antenna ensures an energy gain of up to 4.5 dB compared to a biorthogonal antenna and an asymmetric vertical vibrator. At elevation angles of 30…60° and over 60°, the increase in the quality of a signal received by the triorthogonal antenna element reaches 3 dB and 2 dB, respectively. Conclusion. According to the obtained spatial polarization characteristics, the triorthogonal antenna under study can be part of a large-base antenna array of the HF band. The use of this antenna will increase the accuracy and sensitivity of direction finding by means of matching the antenna element with the EMW polarization","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134934383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-70-80
V. G. Koshkid’ko, Ya. O. Galtsov, D. A. Portnykh
Introduction. Slotted waveguide antenna arrays are widely used across centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength ranges due to numerous advantages, including their good directional properties, compact dimensions, flat shape, convenience of power supply, and high efficiency. At the same time, the current trend toward miniaturization of electronic devices and their integration requires new solutions, such as the development of devices based on wave-guides integrated into the substrate (Substrate Integrated Waveguide – SIW). Aim . To simulate a SIW-based slotted antenna with characteristics similar to those of a conventional antenna array based on a hollow metal waveguide. Materials and methods . The Ansys HFSS software was used to simulate the structure under study and to carry out electro-magnetic modeling and analysis of its directional properties. The energy method was used to determine the coordinates of longitudinal slots on the wide wall of the SIW waveguide. Macros were developed in the Visual Basic Scripting Edition language to automate routine operations for creating and deleting objects of the same type when constructing a model. The Arlon AD300C microwave material was used to manufacture a printed version of the SIW waveguide. Results . The process of developing a SIW slotted antenna was carried out in the following stages: construction of a reference model based on a hollow metal waveguide followed by creating a transition model based on a waveguide completely filled with a dielectric and the final SIW-based model. At each stage, the radiation pattern was monitored to obtain the directional properties of the SIW slotted antenna with characteristics identical to those of an antenna based on the reference hollow metal waveguide. Conclusion . A SIW slotted antenna with the required characteristics was simulated and tested in the Ansys HFSS environment. Such an antenna employs one of the main advantages of the SIW technology, i.e., the possibility of integrating all components on a single substrate, including antenna arrays, passive components, and active elements. This approach provides the basis for reducing the size of microwave devices and their miniaturization.
{"title":"A Substrate Integrated Waveguide Slotted Antenna","authors":"V. G. Koshkid’ko, Ya. O. Galtsov, D. A. Portnykh","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-70-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-70-80","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Slotted waveguide antenna arrays are widely used across centimeter- and millimeter-wavelength ranges due to numerous advantages, including their good directional properties, compact dimensions, flat shape, convenience of power supply, and high efficiency. At the same time, the current trend toward miniaturization of electronic devices and their integration requires new solutions, such as the development of devices based on wave-guides integrated into the substrate (Substrate Integrated Waveguide – SIW). Aim . To simulate a SIW-based slotted antenna with characteristics similar to those of a conventional antenna array based on a hollow metal waveguide. Materials and methods . The Ansys HFSS software was used to simulate the structure under study and to carry out electro-magnetic modeling and analysis of its directional properties. The energy method was used to determine the coordinates of longitudinal slots on the wide wall of the SIW waveguide. Macros were developed in the Visual Basic Scripting Edition language to automate routine operations for creating and deleting objects of the same type when constructing a model. The Arlon AD300C microwave material was used to manufacture a printed version of the SIW waveguide. Results . The process of developing a SIW slotted antenna was carried out in the following stages: construction of a reference model based on a hollow metal waveguide followed by creating a transition model based on a waveguide completely filled with a dielectric and the final SIW-based model. At each stage, the radiation pattern was monitored to obtain the directional properties of the SIW slotted antenna with characteristics identical to those of an antenna based on the reference hollow metal waveguide. Conclusion . A SIW slotted antenna with the required characteristics was simulated and tested in the Ansys HFSS environment. Such an antenna employs one of the main advantages of the SIW technology, i.e., the possibility of integrating all components on a single substrate, including antenna arrays, passive components, and active elements. This approach provides the basis for reducing the size of microwave devices and their miniaturization.","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134934601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-149-158
B. Nyamweru, E. V. Shishalova
Introduction. At present, measurement of angles with high accuracy is an essential task in various scientific and industrial fields. The goniometer is one of the most widespread high-precision angle measuring devices, which can incorporate various types of null indicators. In turn, null indicators (NI) are based on different operating principles and can be sensitive to external factors that contribute to the measurement error. Aim . Experimental comparison of two NI types: an interference NI with a Koester prism and an autocollimating NI based on a quadrant photodiode. Materials and methods . An experimental setup was assembled, including two NI that could be connected to one goniometer and measure the accumulated angles of one optical polygon under the same conditions. Results . As a result of conducting measurements and performing a cross-calibration procedure, four sets of data were obtained. An analysis of the processed data showed that the difference in the errors of the ring laser when using two NI did not exceed 0.06 arc seconds, being within the margin of random error. At the same time, the difference between the deviations of the reflecting faces from the nominal position for the two faces exceeded this limit, which confirms the effect of deviation of the surface from the plane on angular measurements with different types of null indicators. Conclusion. According to the results obtained, from the random error point of view, the interference null indicator NI showed higher performance, demonstrating the RMS of measured values of 0.02 angular seconds when measured during 25 prism revolutions. At the same time, the autocollimating null indicator NI had an RMS at the level of 0.04 angular seconds when measured during 64 revolutions. Presumably, this may be caused by the installation specifics of NI. It should also be noted that there is no correlation between the statistical characteristics of the reflecting face itself and the difference between its deviations determined by different NI types.
{"title":"Experimental Comparison of Interference and Autocollimating Null Indicators","authors":"B. Nyamweru, E. V. Shishalova","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-149-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-149-158","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. At present, measurement of angles with high accuracy is an essential task in various scientific and industrial fields. The goniometer is one of the most widespread high-precision angle measuring devices, which can incorporate various types of null indicators. In turn, null indicators (NI) are based on different operating principles and can be sensitive to external factors that contribute to the measurement error. Aim . Experimental comparison of two NI types: an interference NI with a Koester prism and an autocollimating NI based on a quadrant photodiode. Materials and methods . An experimental setup was assembled, including two NI that could be connected to one goniometer and measure the accumulated angles of one optical polygon under the same conditions. Results . As a result of conducting measurements and performing a cross-calibration procedure, four sets of data were obtained. An analysis of the processed data showed that the difference in the errors of the ring laser when using two NI did not exceed 0.06 arc seconds, being within the margin of random error. At the same time, the difference between the deviations of the reflecting faces from the nominal position for the two faces exceeded this limit, which confirms the effect of deviation of the surface from the plane on angular measurements with different types of null indicators. Conclusion. According to the results obtained, from the random error point of view, the interference null indicator NI showed higher performance, demonstrating the RMS of measured values of 0.02 angular seconds when measured during 25 prism revolutions. At the same time, the autocollimating null indicator NI had an RMS at the level of 0.04 angular seconds when measured during 64 revolutions. Presumably, this may be caused by the installation specifics of NI. It should also be noted that there is no correlation between the statistical characteristics of the reflecting face itself and the difference between its deviations determined by different NI types.","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134934582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-6-32
S. A. Vinokurov, V. N. Kochemasov, A. R. Safin
Introduction. At present, noise generators (noise signal generators) have a wide range of applications. For example, such devices can be used as sources of fluctuating interference when studying the limiting sensitivity of radio receivers and amplifying devices, as signal simulators of multi-channel communication equipment, as tools for measuring non-linear distortions and frequency characteristics of radio devices using spectrum analyzers with a constant bandwidth. Aim . Review of scientific achievements in the development of noise generators and their applications. Materials and methods . The material for analysis was collected using databases of scientific publications, online resources, and websites of noise generator manufacturers. The research spanned the timeframe of 60 years. Results . Various noise generators and their characteristics, currently available on the radio equipment market, are described. The analysis of their main technical characteristics is carried out; examples of their practical application are indicated. Conclusion. Noise signal generators are widely used in scientific research and are currently produced mainly by foreign companies. Domestic companies are poorly represented in this market, with little published information available. However, positive developments in this direction have recently been observed. Domestic manufacturers are launching R&D programs to develop noise signal generators, which could reduce dependence on imported products in the future
{"title":"Noise Generators (A Review)","authors":"S. A. Vinokurov, V. N. Kochemasov, A. R. Safin","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-6-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-6-32","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. At present, noise generators (noise signal generators) have a wide range of applications. For example, such devices can be used as sources of fluctuating interference when studying the limiting sensitivity of radio receivers and amplifying devices, as signal simulators of multi-channel communication equipment, as tools for measuring non-linear distortions and frequency characteristics of radio devices using spectrum analyzers with a constant bandwidth. Aim . Review of scientific achievements in the development of noise generators and their applications. Materials and methods . The material for analysis was collected using databases of scientific publications, online resources, and websites of noise generator manufacturers. The research spanned the timeframe of 60 years. Results . Various noise generators and their characteristics, currently available on the radio equipment market, are described. The analysis of their main technical characteristics is carried out; examples of their practical application are indicated. Conclusion. Noise signal generators are widely used in scientific research and are currently produced mainly by foreign companies. Domestic companies are poorly represented in this market, with little published information available. However, positive developments in this direction have recently been observed. Domestic manufacturers are launching R&D programs to develop noise signal generators, which could reduce dependence on imported products in the future","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135293811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-56-69
M. M. Zaslavskiy, K. E. Kryzhanovskiy, D. V. Ivanov
Introduction. The use of available satellite images and aerial photography by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the tasks of environmental monitoring is challenged by the imperfection of existing tools. Geographic information systems are characterized by insufficient flexibility to automatically work with heterogeneous sources. The latest models based on artificial intelligence in ecology require preliminary data preparation. The article presents the results of designing a software system for environmental monitoring based on machine vision sensor data, which provides data unification while being flexible both in terms of data sources and methods of their analysis. Aim . Creation of a generalized software system for coordinated spatial marking of heterogeneous machine vision data for environmental monitoring tasks. Materials and methods . Software engineering methods, database theory methods, spatial markup methods, image processing methods. Results . A generalized method for unifying data was developed. The method is based on the analysis of existing open data from remote sensing of the Earth, as well as UAV aerial photography and approaches to environmental monitoring. To implement the method, a flexible architecture of the software system was designed, and a data model for a document-oriented DBMS was developed, which allows storing data and scaling the data analysis procedure. Conclusion . The existing sources of data and tools for environmental monitoring were analyzed. A generalized method for unifying machine vision data, an architecture, and a data model was created. The method, architecture, and model were successfully implemented as a software system with a web interface
{"title":"Development of an Environmental Monitoring System Based on Spatial Marking and Machine Vision Technologies","authors":"M. M. Zaslavskiy, K. E. Kryzhanovskiy, D. V. Ivanov","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-56-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-56-69","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The use of available satellite images and aerial photography by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the tasks of environmental monitoring is challenged by the imperfection of existing tools. Geographic information systems are characterized by insufficient flexibility to automatically work with heterogeneous sources. The latest models based on artificial intelligence in ecology require preliminary data preparation. The article presents the results of designing a software system for environmental monitoring based on machine vision sensor data, which provides data unification while being flexible both in terms of data sources and methods of their analysis. Aim . Creation of a generalized software system for coordinated spatial marking of heterogeneous machine vision data for environmental monitoring tasks. Materials and methods . Software engineering methods, database theory methods, spatial markup methods, image processing methods. Results . A generalized method for unifying data was developed. The method is based on the analysis of existing open data from remote sensing of the Earth, as well as UAV aerial photography and approaches to environmental monitoring. To implement the method, a flexible architecture of the software system was designed, and a data model for a document-oriented DBMS was developed, which allows storing data and scaling the data analysis procedure. Conclusion . The existing sources of data and tools for environmental monitoring were analyzed. A generalized method for unifying machine vision data, an architecture, and a data model was created. The method, architecture, and model were successfully implemented as a software system with a web interface","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135294385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-33-55
A. S. Efimov
Introduction . Enhanced performance of electronic systems can be achieved by heterogeneous integration of different semiconductor technologies. The benefits of heterogeneous integration become obvious when close connections between the devices are provided. The development of integration approaches, enabling functionality and improved performance, appears a relevant task for modern microwave microelectronics. Aim . Review of state-of-the-art and promising heterogeneous integration concepts and techniques in microwave microelectronics. Materials and methods . Eight integration approaches that ensure the connection of devices based on different semiconductor technologies for microwave frequencies are considered: monolithic heterogeneous integration, wafer bonding, micro-transfer printing, embedded chip assembly, print additive manufacturing, wire bonding, flip-chip, and hotvia. The integration approaches are analyzed in terms of their implementation specifics, advantages and disadvantages. Results . Monolithic heterogeneous integration and wafer bonding, as well as micro-transfer printing, despite the minimum interconnections, have a number of fundamental limitations. These limitations are related to the compatibility of various semiconductor technologies and the necessity of high technological capabilities. The technology of embedded chip assembly enables the variability of implementation techniques, which makes it possible to provide unique characteristics, e.g., due to the integration of magnetic materials. However, this approach is associated with a high complexity of integration technological processes. Flip-chip integration ensures minimal interconnect losses due to bump miniaturization. Hot-via, as a modification of flip-chip, provides for a better compatibility with microstrip type circuitry. Their further improvement and mass application largely depends on the development of technologies for the formation of low-pitch interconnections. Conclusion. The development of close integration approaches in microwave microelectronics is proceeding both in the monolithic direction, i.e., monolithic heterogeneous integration wafer bonding, as well as in the quasi-monolithic direction, i.e., micro-transfer printing, embedded chip assembly, print additive manufacturing, flip-chip, and hot-via. The conducted comparative analysis of the presented methods has practical application.
{"title":"Approaches to Heterogeneous Integration for Millimeter-Wave Applications","authors":"A. S. Efimov","doi":"10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-33-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-33-55","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction . Enhanced performance of electronic systems can be achieved by heterogeneous integration of different semiconductor technologies. The benefits of heterogeneous integration become obvious when close connections between the devices are provided. The development of integration approaches, enabling functionality and improved performance, appears a relevant task for modern microwave microelectronics. Aim . Review of state-of-the-art and promising heterogeneous integration concepts and techniques in microwave microelectronics. Materials and methods . Eight integration approaches that ensure the connection of devices based on different semiconductor technologies for microwave frequencies are considered: monolithic heterogeneous integration, wafer bonding, micro-transfer printing, embedded chip assembly, print additive manufacturing, wire bonding, flip-chip, and hotvia. The integration approaches are analyzed in terms of their implementation specifics, advantages and disadvantages. Results . Monolithic heterogeneous integration and wafer bonding, as well as micro-transfer printing, despite the minimum interconnections, have a number of fundamental limitations. These limitations are related to the compatibility of various semiconductor technologies and the necessity of high technological capabilities. The technology of embedded chip assembly enables the variability of implementation techniques, which makes it possible to provide unique characteristics, e.g., due to the integration of magnetic materials. However, this approach is associated with a high complexity of integration technological processes. Flip-chip integration ensures minimal interconnect losses due to bump miniaturization. Hot-via, as a modification of flip-chip, provides for a better compatibility with microstrip type circuitry. Their further improvement and mass application largely depends on the development of technologies for the formation of low-pitch interconnections. Conclusion. The development of close integration approaches in microwave microelectronics is proceeding both in the monolithic direction, i.e., monolithic heterogeneous integration wafer bonding, as well as in the quasi-monolithic direction, i.e., micro-transfer printing, embedded chip assembly, print additive manufacturing, flip-chip, and hot-via. The conducted comparative analysis of the presented methods has practical application.","PeriodicalId":33242,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiia vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Rossii Radioelektronika","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135293810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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