Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch002
David A. Sullivan, Benjamin Sullivan, Francoise Brignole, Tannin Schmidt, Simon Chandler, Stephen Richards, Jean-Frédéric Chibret, Shaohui Liu, Stephen From, Erich Knop, Kamran Hosseini, N. Knop, Ryo Kubota, Afsun Sahin, Alessandro Lambiase, R. R. Darabad, Xavier Mariette, Edward Truitt, Masatsugu Nakamura, Matthew Warman Charles Semba, D. Schaumberg
{"title":"Dry Eye Disease","authors":"David A. Sullivan, Benjamin Sullivan, Francoise Brignole, Tannin Schmidt, Simon Chandler, Stephen Richards, Jean-Frédéric Chibret, Shaohui Liu, Stephen From, Erich Knop, Kamran Hosseini, N. Knop, Ryo Kubota, Afsun Sahin, Alessandro Lambiase, R. R. Darabad, Xavier Mariette, Edward Truitt, Masatsugu Nakamura, Matthew Warman Charles Semba, D. Schaumberg","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133331266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch004
Non-inflammatory pathologies of conjunctiva refer to conjunctival diseases or conditions that do not have infectious or immune inflammatory origin. This chapter includes disorders such as conjunctivochalasis, conjunctival cysts, conjunctival lymphangiectasias, conjunctival lymphoma, dermoids, papilloma, intraepithelial neoplasia, nevi and other rarely seen tumors, conjunctival degenerations and changes related to aging, xerosis, as well as interesting cases of fastidious conjunctivitis. Some cases of neoplasia have before and after treatment illustration to highlight the possibility of medical treatment against surgical interventions. At the end of this chapter, some observations are added to show the anatomical changes of conjunctiva without any underlying disease or inflammation.
{"title":"Non-Inflammatory Pathologies of Conjunctiva","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"Non-inflammatory pathologies of conjunctiva refer to conjunctival diseases or conditions that do not have infectious or immune inflammatory origin. This chapter includes disorders such as conjunctivochalasis, conjunctival cysts, conjunctival lymphangiectasias, conjunctival lymphoma, dermoids, papilloma, intraepithelial neoplasia, nevi and other rarely seen tumors, conjunctival degenerations and changes related to aging, xerosis, as well as interesting cases of fastidious conjunctivitis. Some cases of neoplasia have before and after treatment illustration to highlight the possibility of medical treatment against surgical interventions. At the end of this chapter, some observations are added to show the anatomical changes of conjunctiva without any underlying disease or inflammation.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115645718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch013
This chapter includes corneal surgeries performed in the center such as corneal transplantation (PK, DALK, DSAEK, DMEK) with all possible complications: graft rejections, recurrence of previous diseases, reactivation of previous infection, and other rare complications. Photos of conjunctival limbal autotransplantation, Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis surgery, and corneal tattooing are included as well. Some interesting cases are discussed with management. Several possible complications after excimer laser procedures are also presented.
{"title":"Corneal Surgeries","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter includes corneal surgeries performed in the center such as corneal transplantation (PK, DALK, DSAEK, DMEK) with all possible complications: graft rejections, recurrence of previous diseases, reactivation of previous infection, and other rare complications. Photos of conjunctival limbal autotransplantation, Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis surgery, and corneal tattooing are included as well. Some interesting cases are discussed with management. Several possible complications after excimer laser procedures are also presented.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126185246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-03962-8.50022-8
J. Krachmer, D. Palay
{"title":"Disorders of the Sclera","authors":"J. Krachmer, D. Palay","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-03962-8.50022-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-03962-8.50022-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117263679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch006
This chapter discusses noninfectious corneal disorders, caused by an immune inflammation such as phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, marginal staphylococcal keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, interstitial keratitis, rosacea keratitis, etc. Mooren's ulcer, which is considered one of the most severe diseases, is presented with serial photos of follow-ups within 3 years with different complications, management of the condition, and results. A severe case of rosacea keratitis associated with anterior uveitis is included in this chapter too. Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis case is shown as well, but the disease is very rare in Middle Eastern populations. The material in this chapter also includes filamentary, neurotrophic, and exposure keratitis. A rare disorder like anesthetic abuse keratopathy, caused by topical excess use of anesthetic drops, is presented with before and after treatment photos to illustrate that the condition, if treated appropriately, can leave minimal scarring.
{"title":"Noninfectious Corneal Disorders","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses noninfectious corneal disorders, caused by an immune inflammation such as phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, marginal staphylococcal keratitis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, Mooren's ulcer, interstitial keratitis, rosacea keratitis, etc. Mooren's ulcer, which is considered one of the most severe diseases, is presented with serial photos of follow-ups within 3 years with different complications, management of the condition, and results. A severe case of rosacea keratitis associated with anterior uveitis is included in this chapter too. Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis case is shown as well, but the disease is very rare in Middle Eastern populations. The material in this chapter also includes filamentary, neurotrophic, and exposure keratitis. A rare disorder like anesthetic abuse keratopathy, caused by topical excess use of anesthetic drops, is presented with before and after treatment photos to illustrate that the condition, if treated appropriately, can leave minimal scarring.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125555066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch003
Conjunctivitis represents an inflammation of conjunctiva with cellular infiltration, exudation, and vascular dilation. According to the course of the disease, conjunctivitis can be acute, hyperacute, and chronic. Morphologically, conjunctivitis can appear with papillary reaction, follicular reaction, cicatrizing, granulomatous and membranous changes. This chapter discusses all types of conjunctivitis, their clinical signs and symptoms, and basic approaches of treatment. This chapter includes before and after treatment photos of atypical inferiorly localized shield ulcer, Tularemia-associated Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, and Stevens-Johnson disease. Pictures are included In the ligneous conjunctivitis patient's case taken at diagnosis as well as 10 years later, demonstrating stable condition with appropriate treatment throughout the period.
{"title":"Conjunctivitis","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch003","url":null,"abstract":"Conjunctivitis represents an inflammation of conjunctiva with cellular infiltration, exudation, and vascular dilation. According to the course of the disease, conjunctivitis can be acute, hyperacute, and chronic. Morphologically, conjunctivitis can appear with papillary reaction, follicular reaction, cicatrizing, granulomatous and membranous changes. This chapter discusses all types of conjunctivitis, their clinical signs and symptoms, and basic approaches of treatment. This chapter includes before and after treatment photos of atypical inferiorly localized shield ulcer, Tularemia-associated Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, and Stevens-Johnson disease. Pictures are included In the ligneous conjunctivitis patient's case taken at diagnosis as well as 10 years later, demonstrating stable condition with appropriate treatment throughout the period.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121394887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch010
This chapter illustrates photos of clinical signs seen in uveitis and interesting cases of lens pathologies. Anterior uveitis is the inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. Anterior uveitis can be idiopathic, isolated, or associated with systemic diseases. The clinical findings observed in anterior uveitis include keratic precipitates, inflammatory cells and flare in anterior chamber, hypopyon, rarely hyphema, miosis, iris nodules and atrophy, synechiae, and band keratopathy in chronic cases (shown in corneal degenerations chapter). The inflammation in anterior uveitis is almost always immune. Treatment includes steroid eye drops, cycloplegic drops, sub-Tenon steroid injections when cystoid macular edema is present. Chronic macular edema can be treated with intravitreal Triamcinolone injection and Dexamethasone implants. In cases of refractory anterior uveitis or associated immune systemic diseases, immunomodulatory treatment or biologic agents are prescribed.
{"title":"Lens and Anterior Uvea","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter illustrates photos of clinical signs seen in uveitis and interesting cases of lens pathologies. Anterior uveitis is the inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. Anterior uveitis can be idiopathic, isolated, or associated with systemic diseases. The clinical findings observed in anterior uveitis include keratic precipitates, inflammatory cells and flare in anterior chamber, hypopyon, rarely hyphema, miosis, iris nodules and atrophy, synechiae, and band keratopathy in chronic cases (shown in corneal degenerations chapter). The inflammation in anterior uveitis is almost always immune. Treatment includes steroid eye drops, cycloplegic drops, sub-Tenon steroid injections when cystoid macular edema is present. Chronic macular edema can be treated with intravitreal Triamcinolone injection and Dexamethasone implants. In cases of refractory anterior uveitis or associated immune systemic diseases, immunomodulatory treatment or biologic agents are prescribed.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134191135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch007
Degeneration of a tissue is defined as a deterioration that results in impaired structure and function. These changes occur at the cellular level and are caused by biomolecular alterations induced by aging, as well as a wide variety of adverse external and internal influences. Traditionally, degenerations have been classified as involutional (age-related) or non-involutional, depending on type of deposition (hyaline, amyloid, lipid, calcific), and by anatomic location (anterior, posterior, central or peripheral). Degenerations may be unilateral or bilateral, often with asymmetric involvement. Heredity does not play a direct role in these processes. The noninflammatory ectatic diseases of the cornea discussed in this chapter include keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, keratoglobus, and posterior keratoconus. An exceptional degeneration unreported in literature (presumed alimentary cuprum keratopathy) is presented in this chapter. Pseudogerontoxon is one of the characteristic degenerations commonly seen in Middle Eastern populations.
{"title":"Corneal Degenerations and Ectasias","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"Degeneration of a tissue is defined as a deterioration that results in impaired structure and function. These changes occur at the cellular level and are caused by biomolecular alterations induced by aging, as well as a wide variety of adverse external and internal influences. Traditionally, degenerations have been classified as involutional (age-related) or non-involutional, depending on type of deposition (hyaline, amyloid, lipid, calcific), and by anatomic location (anterior, posterior, central or peripheral). Degenerations may be unilateral or bilateral, often with asymmetric involvement. Heredity does not play a direct role in these processes. The noninflammatory ectatic diseases of the cornea discussed in this chapter include keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, keratoglobus, and posterior keratoconus. An exceptional degeneration unreported in literature (presumed alimentary cuprum keratopathy) is presented in this chapter. Pseudogerontoxon is one of the characteristic degenerations commonly seen in Middle Eastern populations.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115311819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch001
This chapter reviews eyelid malpositions, benign and malignant tumors, infections, and inflammatory diseases of the eyelid. Eyelid lesions can originate in any layer or structure within the eyelid and eyelid adnexa. Benign tumors of the eyelid can often be diagnosed based on their characteristic appearance. A biopsy should be performed if an eyelid lesion is not easily diagnosed based on clinical appearance. Blepharitis and meibomitis are very common disorders. Despite their prevalence, these diseases are often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Meibomian gland dysfunction is a major cause of evaporative dry eye and can occur along with aqueous deficient dry eye. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites can cause infection of the eyelids in different locations, anterior, posterior, angular, which can have different courses, acute, intermediate, or chronic. This chapter also contains photos with a rare disorder, Urbach-Wiethe disease, demonstrating the lesions of lipoid proteinosis at the lower and upper eyelids.
{"title":"Eyelid Diseases","authors":"","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews eyelid malpositions, benign and malignant tumors, infections, and inflammatory diseases of the eyelid. Eyelid lesions can originate in any layer or structure within the eyelid and eyelid adnexa. Benign tumors of the eyelid can often be diagnosed based on their characteristic appearance. A biopsy should be performed if an eyelid lesion is not easily diagnosed based on clinical appearance. Blepharitis and meibomitis are very common disorders. Despite their prevalence, these diseases are often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Meibomian gland dysfunction is a major cause of evaporative dry eye and can occur along with aqueous deficient dry eye. Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites can cause infection of the eyelids in different locations, anterior, posterior, angular, which can have different courses, acute, intermediate, or chronic. This chapter also contains photos with a rare disorder, Urbach-Wiethe disease, demonstrating the lesions of lipoid proteinosis at the lower and upper eyelids.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"4 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114012583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch012
D. Lazzaro
Trauma is often the main cause of unilateral loss of vision in developing countries. Although corneal trauma can range from tiny corneal abrasions to sight-threatening and penetrating ocular injuries, even minor corneal trauma that breaches the epithelium has the potential to result in microbial keratitis and its associated complications, up until complete loss of vision. Even though ocular trauma is a global problem, blindness from eye injuries occurs mostly in developing countries, especially those where wars and civil conflicts bring around eye traumas from various weapons such as land mines, chemical substances, etc. Chemical injuries from both acids and alkalies are common causes of corneal injury due to their easy availability and soft regulations regarding their use. This chapter includes photos of trauma cases of the anterior segment, corneal and conjunctival foreign bodies, sequelae of blunt and penetrating trauma, chemical injuries, as well as a case of posttraumatic iris cyst.
{"title":"Corneal Trauma","authors":"D. Lazzaro","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6937-5.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"Trauma is often the main cause of unilateral loss of vision in developing countries. Although corneal trauma can range from tiny corneal abrasions to sight-threatening and penetrating ocular injuries, even minor corneal trauma that breaches the epithelium has the potential to result in microbial keratitis and its associated complications, up until complete loss of vision. Even though ocular trauma is a global problem, blindness from eye injuries occurs mostly in developing countries, especially those where wars and civil conflicts bring around eye traumas from various weapons such as land mines, chemical substances, etc. Chemical injuries from both acids and alkalies are common causes of corneal injury due to their easy availability and soft regulations regarding their use. This chapter includes photos of trauma cases of the anterior segment, corneal and conjunctival foreign bodies, sequelae of blunt and penetrating trauma, chemical injuries, as well as a case of posttraumatic iris cyst.","PeriodicalId":333852,"journal":{"name":"Medical Atlas of Cornea and External Diseases in Middle Eastern Populations","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125114892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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