Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100206
Hui Sin Lim , Christopher J. Serpell , Satoshi Ogawa , Yong Yu Hu , Eng Hwa Wong
Animal-derived products, such as organs, secretions, and mucus, have been part and parcel of traditional medicine and are often overlooked in the modern healthcare system. Nevertheless, researchers have begun to explore the untapped potential of bioactive compounds from marine organisms, reptiles, amphibians, and insects, thus offering innovative solutions for wound care. This review delved into the medicinal properties of animal-based bioactive compounds in wound healing based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A comparative analysis of the empirical evidence was performed to determine the benefits and limitations of animal-derived bioactive compounds. In summary, the literature suggests that animal-derived products could regulate biological pathways involved in inflammation and tissue regeneration. Clinical trials are underway to affirm the feasibility and safety of these compounds for human health applications.
{"title":"From Fins to Furs: Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Animal-derived Bioactives for Wound Care","authors":"Hui Sin Lim , Christopher J. Serpell , Satoshi Ogawa , Yong Yu Hu , Eng Hwa Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animal-derived products, such as organs, secretions, and mucus, have been part and parcel of traditional medicine and are often overlooked in the modern healthcare system. Nevertheless, researchers have begun to explore the untapped potential of bioactive compounds from marine organisms, reptiles, amphibians, and insects, thus offering innovative solutions for wound care. This review delved into the medicinal properties of animal-based bioactive compounds in wound healing based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A comparative analysis of the empirical evidence was performed to determine the benefits and limitations of animal-derived bioactive compounds. In summary, the literature suggests that animal-derived products could regulate biological pathways involved in inflammation and tissue regeneration. Clinical trials are underway to affirm the feasibility and safety of these compounds for human health applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent advances in targeted drug delivery system (DDS) have generated high expectations for the treatment of various diseases. The main advantages of DDS are precise and efficient drug delivery, increased concentration and effectiveness of drugs at the site of action, minimal systemic distribution of harmful drugs, and reduced side effects. The choice of DDS often depends on the specific disease being treated, with common options including liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and various biomaterials such as cell lines and microbial components.
DDS is most prominent in cancer therapy, where challenges such as limited access to tumor tissues and drug-inactivating environments complicate treatment. However, in recent decades, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the therapeutic difficulties associated with chronic and intracellular bacterial infections have made infectious diseases a key focus for DDS development. Initial DDS approaches for bacterial infections were based on nano-derivatives. During more advanced stages of research, even the bacteria themselves became vehicles for DDS focused on microbial infections. All aspects of the bacteria- cell lysates, envelopes, derived vesicles, spores, and so forth-have been evaluated as DDS. This form of DDS does not only promote the immediate treatment of an infection but also expedites recovery times through immunological manipulation. Despite these advancements, there remains a lack of cohesive data regarding bacterial DDS in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the various types of bacterial DDS, their applications, advancements, and the challenges they face.
靶向给药系统（targeted drug delivery system， DDS）近年来的进展使人们对多种疾病的治疗产生了很高的期望。DDS的主要优点是给药精确和高效，增加作用部位药物的浓度和有效性，减少有害药物的全身分布，减少副作用。DDS的选择通常取决于所治疗的特定疾病，常见的选择包括脂质体、纳米颗粒、微球和各种生物材料，如细胞系和微生物成分。DDS在癌症治疗中最为突出，在癌症治疗中，诸如限制进入肿瘤组织和药物失活环境等挑战使治疗复杂化。然而，近几十年来，抗生素耐药性的出现以及与慢性和细胞内细菌感染相关的治疗困难使传染病成为DDS发展的关键焦点。最初用于细菌感染的DDS方法是基于纳米衍生物的。在更高级的研究阶段，甚至细菌本身也成为专注于微生物感染的DDS的载体。细菌的所有方面——细胞裂解物、包膜、衍生囊泡、孢子等等——都被评估为DDS。这种形式的DDS不仅促进感染的立即治疗，而且通过免疫操作加快恢复时间。尽管取得了这些进展，但仍然缺乏关于细菌DDS治疗传染病的一致数据。因此，本文就不同类型的细菌DDS及其应用、进展和面临的挑战进行综述。
{"title":"Bacterial-based drug delivery systems: A new way to combat infectious disease","authors":"Parastoo TabibzadehTehrani , Mina Nazari , Pedram Rastgoo , Niloofar Seyed Bolouri , Reyhaneh HeydariKarsaf , Abtin Hadiani , Zeinab Mohsenipour","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advances in targeted drug delivery system (DDS) have generated high expectations for the treatment of various diseases. The main advantages of DDS are precise and efficient drug delivery, increased concentration and effectiveness of drugs at the site of action, minimal systemic distribution of harmful drugs, and reduced side effects. The choice of DDS often depends on the specific disease being treated, with common options including liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and various biomaterials such as cell lines and microbial components.</div><div>DDS is most prominent in cancer therapy, where challenges such as limited access to tumor tissues and drug-inactivating environments complicate treatment. However, in recent decades, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the therapeutic difficulties associated with chronic and intracellular bacterial infections have made infectious diseases a key focus for DDS development. Initial DDS approaches for bacterial infections were based on nano-derivatives. During more advanced stages of research, even the bacteria themselves became vehicles for DDS focused on microbial infections. All aspects of the bacteria- cell lysates, envelopes, derived vesicles, spores, and so forth-have been evaluated as DDS. This form of DDS does not only promote the immediate treatment of an infection but also expedites recovery times through immunological manipulation. Despite these advancements, there remains a lack of cohesive data regarding bacterial DDS in the treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the various types of bacterial DDS, their applications, advancements, and the challenges they face.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool in the field of drug delivery, offering targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents. However, the increasing use of nanoparticles has raised concerns about their potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health and the environment. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent approaches in nanotoxicity assessment for drug delivery applications, highlighting the challenges and future prospects in this rapidly evolving field. The article explores into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nanoparticle toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The importance of nanoparticle characterization and the role of physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, and composition, in determining their toxicological profile are emphasized. The article also discusses the current trends in nanotoxicity assessment, focusing on advanced in vitro and in vivo models, high-throughput screening techniques, and the use of alternative animal models, such as zebrafish and C. elegans. The regulatory landscape surrounding nanotoxicology is explored, emphasizing the need for standardized testing protocols and risk assessment frameworks. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating expertise from fields such as material science, toxicology, and pharmacology, to address the complexities of nanotoxicity assessment. By providing a critical analysis of the current state of nanotoxicity research and identifying key knowledge gaps, this review article aims to guide future research efforts and contribute to the development of safer and more effective nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.
{"title":"Recent approaches in nanotoxicity assessment for drug delivery applications: Challenges and prospects","authors":"Jithin Thomas , Vinay Kumar , Neha Sharma , Nayomi John , Mridul Umesh , Lohith Kumar Dasarahally Huligowda , Komalpreet Kaur , Divya Utreja","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2025.100204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool in the field of drug delivery, offering targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents. However, the increasing use of nanoparticles has raised concerns about their potential toxicity and adverse effects on human health and the environment. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent approaches in nanotoxicity assessment for drug delivery applications, highlighting the challenges and future prospects in this rapidly evolving field. The article explores into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying nanoparticle toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The importance of nanoparticle characterization and the role of physicochemical properties, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, and composition, in determining their toxicological profile are emphasized. The article also discusses the current trends in nanotoxicity assessment, focusing on advanced in vitro and in vivo models, high-throughput screening techniques, and the use of alternative animal models, such as zebrafish and <em>C. elegans</em>. The regulatory landscape surrounding nanotoxicology is explored, emphasizing the need for standardized testing protocols and risk assessment frameworks. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating expertise from fields such as material science, toxicology, and pharmacology, to address the complexities of nanotoxicity assessment. By providing a critical analysis of the current state of nanotoxicity research and identifying key knowledge gaps, this review article aims to guide future research efforts and contribute to the development of safer and more effective nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 100204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100202
Sanjida Mir , Ryan J. Keenan , Romke Bron , Cameron J. Nowell , Catriona McLean , Leah C. Beauchamp , Laura J. Vella , Brian Dean , Daniel Hoyer , Laura H. Jacobson
Hypocretin (Hcrtr, HCRTR) / orexin (OX) receptors modulate a range of neurobiological functions and are drug targets for several disorders. Mapping the distribution of receptors in the brain can inform their function and guide targeting of specific disorders. Although studied in rodents, orexin receptor distribution has remained relatively unexplored in humans, and thus there is also a paucity of comparative anatomy. The aim of this study was therefore to map the distribution of hypocretin/orexin receptor mRNA in selected regions of the mouse and human brain by non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) using digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled cRNA anti-sense probes. Data revealed both distinct and overlapping patterns of distributions of Hcrtr1/HCRTR1 and Hcrtr2/HCRTR2 mRNA suggesting that the functions of the orexin system are mediated differently by each receptor. In the mouse brain, the highest expression of Hcrtr1 mRNA was in the locus coeruleus (LC) whereas Hcrtr2 mRNA was most abundant in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The human caudate nuclei showed significant expression of both HCRTR1 and HCRTR2 mRNA, whereas the mouse predominantly expressed Hcrtr2 mRNA. The noradrenergic neurons of the human LC showed high signals for both HCRTR1 (71.7%) and HCRTR2 (81.5%) mRNA. Expression of HCRTR2 mRNA in non-noradrenergic human LC cells was also notable. The distribution pattern in mouse and human brains is consistent with the involvement of the orexin system in arousal and the sleep/wake cycle in both species, however, variations in receptor subtype expression profiles suggests that species differences in responses to orexin receptor ligands may be expected.
{"title":"The distribution of Hypocretin/Orexin receptor mRNA in the mouse and human brain","authors":"Sanjida Mir , Ryan J. Keenan , Romke Bron , Cameron J. Nowell , Catriona McLean , Leah C. Beauchamp , Laura J. Vella , Brian Dean , Daniel Hoyer , Laura H. Jacobson","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypocretin (<em>Hcrtr, HCRTR</em>) / orexin (OX) receptors modulate a range of neurobiological functions and are drug targets for several disorders. Mapping the distribution of receptors in the brain can inform their function and guide targeting of specific disorders. Although studied in rodents, orexin receptor distribution has remained relatively unexplored in humans, and thus there is also a paucity of comparative anatomy. The aim of this study was therefore to map the distribution of hypocretin/orexin receptor mRNA in selected regions of the mouse and human brain by non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) using digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled cRNA anti-sense probes. Data revealed both distinct and overlapping patterns of distributions of <em>Hcrtr1/HCRTR1</em> and <em>Hcrtr2/HCRTR2</em> mRNA suggesting that the functions of the orexin system are mediated differently by each receptor. In the mouse brain, the highest expression of <em>Hcrtr1</em> mRNA was in the locus coeruleus (LC) whereas <em>Hcrtr2</em> mRNA was most abundant in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The human caudate nuclei showed significant expression of both <em>HCRTR1</em> and <em>HCRTR2</em> mRNA, whereas the mouse predominantly expressed <em>Hcrtr2</em> mRNA. The noradrenergic neurons of the human LC showed high signals for both <em>HCRTR1</em> (71.7%) and <em>HCRTR2</em> (81.5%) mRNA. Expression of <em>HCRTR2</em> mRNA in non-noradrenergic human LC cells was also notable. The distribution pattern in mouse and human brains is consistent with the involvement of the orexin system in arousal and the sleep/wake cycle in both species, however, variations in receptor subtype expression profiles suggests that species differences in responses to orexin receptor ligands may be expected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100201
Wenqin Xie , Jinglin Lai , Hongmin Cai , H. Eric Xu , Wanchao Yin
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a diverse and extensive array of cell surface receptors, rendering them essential targets for drugs aimed at various human diseases. Responding to a range of extracellular or intracellular cues, GPCRs regulate cellular signaling through downstream transducers such as heterotrimer G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. The wealth of 3D structures available for GPCRs and their signaling complexes significantly enhances our understanding of GPCR biology and expedites the development of structure-based drug discovery methods aimed at GPCR signaling. While the structural exploration of GPCR-G protein complexes has advanced, recent years have seen substantial breakthroughs in unraveling the mechanism behind arrestin-mediated GPCR signaling. This review aims to explore emerging insights into arrestin activation and its interaction with GPCRs, shedding light on the various ways GPCRs engage with arrestins both conservatively and diversely. Additionally, we summarize recent endeavors focused on designing functionally selective (’biased’) ligands targeting GPCRs, with desired effects on/off arrestin signaling. Our goal with this review is to spotlight studies investigating the structural aspects of GPCR activation and arrestin-binding modes, with a specific emphasis on arrestin-mediated GPCR signaling.
{"title":"Structural features of arrestin-mediated GPCR signaling","authors":"Wenqin Xie , Jinglin Lai , Hongmin Cai , H. Eric Xu , Wanchao Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a diverse and extensive array of cell surface receptors, rendering them essential targets for drugs aimed at various human diseases. Responding to a range of extracellular or intracellular cues, GPCRs regulate cellular signaling through downstream transducers such as heterotrimer G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. The wealth of 3D structures available for GPCRs and their signaling complexes significantly enhances our understanding of GPCR biology and expedites the development of structure-based drug discovery methods aimed at GPCR signaling. While the structural exploration of GPCR-G protein complexes has advanced, recent years have seen substantial breakthroughs in unraveling the mechanism behind arrestin-mediated GPCR signaling. This review aims to explore emerging insights into arrestin activation and its interaction with GPCRs, shedding light on the various ways GPCRs engage with arrestins both conservatively and diversely. Additionally, we summarize recent endeavors focused on designing functionally selective (’biased’) ligands targeting GPCRs, with desired effects on/off arrestin signaling. Our goal with this review is to spotlight studies investigating the structural aspects of GPCR activation and arrestin-binding modes, with a specific emphasis on arrestin-mediated GPCR signaling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-29DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100199
Fatimah Alharbi, Eyad Almanifi, Md. Ashrafuzzaman
Apoptosis plays a significant role in both carcinogenesis and cancer treatment. Apoptotic dysfunction may allow cancer cells to survive. Overexpression of anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family protein members is predicted to majorly contribute to apoptotic dysfunction. Therefore, targeting proteins in cancer has been of interest to scientists and drug developers. The most successful method to regulate apoptosis in cancer cells so far has been found in the development of BH3-mimetic drugs that may work towards downregulating anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein functions. Clinical trials have dealt with a few molecules that mimic the function of BH3-only proteins and therefore inhibit their anti-apoptotic functions. Currently, this approach is one of the most promising and effective strategies for cancer treatment. Since the family has more than fifteen protein members, this review will focus on three members that have garnered interest as therapeutic targets: Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and myeloid cell leukaemia 1 (Mcl-1), all are anti-apoptosis proteins. In addition, it covers the major functions of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and MCL-1, their implication in malignancy, as well as their pharmacologic inhibitors. The Food and Drug Administration has approved the first BH-3 mimetic, venetoclax, an oral Bcl-2 inhibitor shown to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This systematic review of clinical trials investigates the efficacy and clinical relevance of BCL-2 family protein inhibitors in managing malignancies.
{"title":"Targeting BCL-2 family proteins using BH3 mimetic drugs for cancer therapy: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","authors":"Fatimah Alharbi, Eyad Almanifi, Md. Ashrafuzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Apoptosis plays a significant role in both carcinogenesis and cancer treatment. Apoptotic dysfunction may allow cancer cells to survive. Overexpression of anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family protein members is predicted to majorly contribute to apoptotic dysfunction. Therefore, targeting proteins in cancer has been of interest to scientists and drug developers. The most successful method to regulate apoptosis in cancer cells so far has been found in the development of BH3-mimetic drugs that may work towards downregulating anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein functions. Clinical trials have dealt with a few molecules that mimic the function of BH3-only proteins and therefore inhibit their anti-apoptotic functions. Currently, this approach is one of the most promising and effective strategies for cancer treatment. Since the family has more than fifteen protein members, this review will focus on three members that have garnered interest as therapeutic targets: Bcl-2, Bcl-X<sub>L</sub>, and myeloid cell leukaemia 1 (Mcl-1), all are anti-apoptosis proteins. In addition, it covers the major functions of Bcl-2, Bcl-X<sub>L</sub>, and MCL-1, their implication in malignancy, as well as their pharmacologic inhibitors. The Food and Drug Administration has approved the first BH-3 mimetic, venetoclax, an oral Bcl-2 inhibitor shown to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This systematic review of clinical trials investigates the efficacy and clinical relevance of BCL-2 family protein inhibitors in managing malignancies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100200
Hui-juan Zhang , Kai-xuan Lin , Li-dan Fu , Francis Chanda , Abdallah Iddy Chaurembo , Jian-yuan Huang , Yun-jing Xu , Chi Shu , Ke Yang , Na Xing , Wei-bo Dai , Han-bin Lin
Dragon’s blood (Resina Draconis) is the red resin of Dracaena spp, which has a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects, including anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and immunosuppressive. In China, the main source of dragon’s blood is Dranaena Cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen. A wide array of studies have speculated that the dragon’s blood derived from Dranaena Cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen possesses cardiovascular protective effects. It has been reported that Chinese dragon’s blood can potentially alleviate and treat conditions such as coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which have not been systematically stated in previous reviews. Moreover, the precise underlying pharmacological mechanisms through which the Chinese dragon’s blood exhibits cardioprotective effects are not fully understood. Therefore, this article discusses the pharmacological action and biomolecular mechanism of dragon’s blood from Dranaena Cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen and how it prevents and protects against cardiovascular diseases. The review article concludes with prospects for further application of dragon’s blood in respect to cardiovascular diseases.
{"title":"Pharmacological effects of dragon’s blood from Dranaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen and its application in cardiovascular diseases","authors":"Hui-juan Zhang , Kai-xuan Lin , Li-dan Fu , Francis Chanda , Abdallah Iddy Chaurembo , Jian-yuan Huang , Yun-jing Xu , Chi Shu , Ke Yang , Na Xing , Wei-bo Dai , Han-bin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dragon’s blood (<em>Resina Draconis</em>) is the red resin of <em>Dracaena</em> spp, which has a variety of biological activities and pharmacological effects, including anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and immunosuppressive. In China, the main source of dragon’s blood is <em>Dranaena Cochinchinensis</em> (Lour.) S.C.Chen. A wide array of studies have speculated that the dragon’s blood derived from <em>Dranaena Cochinchinensis</em> (Lour.) S.C.Chen possesses cardiovascular protective effects. It has been reported that Chinese dragon’s blood can potentially alleviate and treat conditions such as coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which have not been systematically stated in previous reviews. Moreover, the precise underlying pharmacological mechanisms through which the Chinese dragon’s blood exhibits cardioprotective effects are not fully understood. Therefore, this article discusses the pharmacological action and biomolecular mechanism of dragon’s blood from <em>Dranaena Cochinchinensis</em> (Lour.) S.C.Chen and how it prevents and protects against cardiovascular diseases. The review article concludes with prospects for further application of dragon’s blood in respect to cardiovascular diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100198
Akmal M. Asrorov , Mirzakamol S. Ayubov , Bin Tu , Mingjie Shi , Huiyuan Wang , Sharafitdin Mirzaakhmedov , Amit Kumar Nayak , Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov , Yongzhuo Huang
Spike protein has been established as one of the molecules playing a pivotal role in coronavirus infection. On its bases, several vaccines have been developed, passed preclinical and clinical stages, and reached medical practice at the early stages of the pandemic. It was found efficient enough to induce various types of immunoglobulins. However, the missense mutations made it necessary to develop new sequences with adjuvants to enhance the efficacy against a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 and newly emerging variants. Some attempts were carried out to improve the vaccine efficiency by loading it into a delivery system, which caused a prolongation effect. In this paper, we reviewed data around spike protein-based vaccines in terms of their efficacy, which was analyzed based on enhanced quantities/titers of immunoglobulins/neutralizing antibodies. Our search on the PubMed database using ‘spike protein-based coronavirus vaccines’ keywords showed over 150 publications that were further filtered based on their relevance. Further, we added other relevant papers to support the expressed ideas. We compared the effects of various vaccines of different origins in clinical studies and animal experiments where relevant. The efficacy of adjuvants has been reviewed as a separate section. In several cases, we explained the significance of the spike protein trimeric structure. We also explained the essential role of mutation while developing protein vaccines. The contributions of adjuvants in inducing immune responses have been separated into one section. The outcomes of clinical studies were highlighted to prove their efficacies.
{"title":"Coronavirus spike protein-based vaccines. Vaccine delivery systems","authors":"Akmal M. Asrorov , Mirzakamol S. Ayubov , Bin Tu , Mingjie Shi , Huiyuan Wang , Sharafitdin Mirzaakhmedov , Amit Kumar Nayak , Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov , Yongzhuo Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spike protein has been established as one of the molecules playing a pivotal role in coronavirus infection. On its bases, several vaccines have been developed, passed preclinical and clinical stages, and reached medical practice at the early stages of the pandemic. It was found efficient enough to induce various types of immunoglobulins. However, the missense mutations made it necessary to develop new sequences with adjuvants to enhance the efficacy against a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 and newly emerging variants. Some attempts were carried out to improve the vaccine efficiency by loading it into a delivery system, which caused a prolongation effect. In this paper, we reviewed data around spike protein-based vaccines in terms of their efficacy, which was analyzed based on enhanced quantities/titers of immunoglobulins/neutralizing antibodies. Our search on the PubMed database using ‘spike protein-based coronavirus vaccines’ keywords showed over 150 publications that were further filtered based on their relevance. Further, we added other relevant papers to support the expressed ideas. We compared the effects of various vaccines of different origins in clinical studies and animal experiments where relevant. The efficacy of adjuvants has been reviewed as a separate section. In several cases, we explained the significance of the spike protein trimeric structure. We also explained the essential role of mutation while developing protein vaccines. The contributions of adjuvants in inducing immune responses have been separated into one section. The outcomes of clinical studies were highlighted to prove their efficacies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259009862400023X/pdfft?md5=1848354a80eb802b2c91988187479acd&pid=1-s2.0-S259009862400023X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100197
Girish B S Pharm.D, Nikitha B S Pharm.D, Roopa K Pharm.D, Meghana C S Pharm.D, Srinivasan R M.Pharm, PhD
GPCRs are a class of membrane proteins that are essential to signal transduction, and this is a vital process in many different physiologies. The significant mortality rate and widespread occurrence of stroke highlight the need to accelerate the research to develop viable treatment agents. A promising prospect for the development of new treatment approaches is the increasing comprehension of the pathophysiology of stroke and the crucial roles played by GPCRs. Because of the blood clot, the glial cells’ vascular supply is abruptly cut off, which sets off a series of events that include inflammation and neuronal damage and ultimately lead to cell death. Numerous therapeutic treatments, including thrombolytic agents like tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase, have been discovered as potential neuroprotective medicines; however, their use is restricted because of the modest therapeutic window. Accepting that GPCRs are the pertinent factors in ischemic stroke, we explore the potential medicinal promise of GPCR-targeted treatments and the shortcomings that ought to be resolved in order to translate these discoveries to clinical cases.
{"title":"Unlocking the therapeutic capabilities of GPCR in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A translational literature","authors":"Girish B S Pharm.D, Nikitha B S Pharm.D, Roopa K Pharm.D, Meghana C S Pharm.D, Srinivasan R M.Pharm, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>GPCRs are a class of membrane proteins that are essential to signal transduction, and this is a vital process in many different physiologies. The significant mortality rate and widespread occurrence of stroke highlight the need to accelerate the research to develop viable treatment agents. A promising prospect for the development of new treatment approaches is the increasing comprehension of the pathophysiology of stroke and the crucial roles played by GPCRs. Because of the blood clot, the glial cells’ vascular supply is abruptly cut off, which sets off a series of events that include inflammation and neuronal damage and ultimately lead to cell death. Numerous therapeutic treatments, including thrombolytic agents like tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase, have been discovered as potential neuroprotective medicines; however, their use is restricted because of the modest therapeutic window. Accepting that GPCRs are the pertinent factors in ischemic stroke, we explore the potential medicinal promise of GPCR-targeted treatments and the shortcomings that ought to be resolved in order to translate these discoveries to clinical cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590098624000228/pdfft?md5=7ea1babb292d6f267fc89fefc770927a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590098624000228-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142083841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100196
S. Akshatha, Uday B. Nayak
Non-adherence to antidiabetic medication remains the major factor contributing to poor clinical outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to investigate the cross-sectional association between psychological distress and medication adherence in T2DM patients. Participants were 100 adults with T2DM from a teaching hospital in South India. Psychological distress was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) was used to assess medication adherence. This study demonstrated that a high proportion of patients (70 %) with T2DM experience psychological distress. Higher self-reported distress was the strongest independent predictor of medication non-adherence (β = −0.1145; P=0.0002). The study highlights that psychological distress in T2DM patients meets important drug discovery criteria such as unmet medical need, disease prevalence, and success probability. Understanding the biological mechanisms that underpin psychological distress would aid in the development of mechanism-based therapies. Better integration of medical and psychosocial treatments in general medical practice may be important to improve treatment adherence and reduce disparities in chronic disease care.
{"title":"The psychological distress associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus represents an unmet need for drug discovery","authors":"S. Akshatha, Uday B. Nayak","doi":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.medidd.2024.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Non-adherence to antidiabetic medication remains the major factor contributing to poor clinical outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was designed to investigate the cross-sectional association between psychological distress and medication adherence in T2DM patients. Participants were 100 adults with T2DM from a teaching hospital in South India. Psychological distress was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) was used to assess medication adherence. This study demonstrated that a high proportion of patients (70 %) with T2DM experience psychological distress. Higher self-reported distress was the strongest independent predictor of medication non-adherence (β = −0.1145; P=0.0002). The study highlights that psychological distress in T2DM patients meets important drug discovery criteria such as unmet medical need, disease prevalence, and success probability. Understanding the biological mechanisms that underpin psychological distress would aid in the development of mechanism-based therapies. Better integration of medical and psychosocial treatments in general medical practice may be important to improve treatment adherence and reduce disparities in chronic disease care.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33528,"journal":{"name":"Medicine in Drug Discovery","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590098624000216/pdfft?md5=84ca60766df327a2a797407c7cac8d77&pid=1-s2.0-S2590098624000216-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142021477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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