Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0206
S. Arora
Abstract This chapter deals with the relationship between pesticide risk and body characteristics, discussing occupational health-related biological, psychological and social differences. The pesticide-induced health issues in men, women and infants are described, as well as the symptoms and harmful effects of some pesticide families. Tabulated data are given on signs and symptoms of acute exposure to several insecticide, fungicide and herbicide active ingredients.
{"title":"Co-relation of pesticide risk and body characteristics.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter deals with the relationship between pesticide risk and body characteristics, discussing occupational health-related biological, psychological and social differences. The pesticide-induced health issues in men, women and infants are described, as well as the symptoms and harmful effects of some pesticide families. Tabulated data are given on signs and symptoms of acute exposure to several insecticide, fungicide and herbicide active ingredients.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117051790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0221
S. Arora
Abstract This paper describes the establishment of restricted interval of time based on pesticide classification. The classification of pesticides (acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, nematicides and plant growth regulators) based on toxicity is also discussed. The hazard-based classification of active ingredient using environmental impact quotient tool is explained.
{"title":"Co-relation of toxicity and classification of pesticides.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0221","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This paper describes the establishment of restricted interval of time based on pesticide classification. The classification of pesticides (acaricides, bactericides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, nematicides and plant growth regulators) based on toxicity is also discussed. The hazard-based classification of active ingredient using environmental impact quotient tool is explained.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116098841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0038
S. Arora
Abstract The boon of pesticides is enhanced economic returns with increases in production of food, feed and fibre, and management of vector-borne diseases, while their bane is serious health implications for humans and adverse effects on the environment. This chapter discusses the direct impact on human beings; impact through food commodities; impact on environment (including surface and groundwater, soil health, atmosphere/air, and nontarget plants); impact on animals (including birds, aquatic, marine organisms and aquifers, wildlife, amphibians, endangered species and honeybees); adverse effects on physical and biological environment; storage; and other environment impacts (development of insect resistance and resurgence) of pesticides.
{"title":"Impact of pesticides on the environment.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The boon of pesticides is enhanced economic returns with increases in production of food, feed and fibre, and management of vector-borne diseases, while their bane is serious health implications for humans and adverse effects on the environment. This chapter discusses the direct impact on human beings; impact through food commodities; impact on environment (including surface and groundwater, soil health, atmosphere/air, and nontarget plants); impact on animals (including birds, aquatic, marine organisms and aquifers, wildlife, amphibians, endangered species and honeybees); adverse effects on physical and biological environment; storage; and other environment impacts (development of insect resistance and resurgence) of pesticides.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132926300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0181
S. Arora
Abstract Many pesticide risk assessment tools have been developed throughout the world over the past decade. Depending on the intended use of the resulting metrics, they have been variously called hazard rankings, yardsticks, indicators, screening benchmarks, relative risk rankings, risk assessment tools and many more. This chapter describes some techniques used for pesticide risk assessment. The four basic elements in risk assessment, i.e. hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization, are discussed. Risk characterization presents qualitative and quantitative estimates of the likelihood that any of the hazards associated with the pesticide will occur in exposed people. It is estimated using probabilistic and deterministic approaches, and cumulative risk assessment, which are also described in this chapter. The environmental risk assessment of pesticides in soil is mentioned, and risk management is explained.
{"title":"Techniques for pesticide risk assessment.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Many pesticide risk assessment tools have been developed throughout the world over the past decade. Depending on the intended use of the resulting metrics, they have been variously called hazard rankings, yardsticks, indicators, screening benchmarks, relative risk rankings, risk assessment tools and many more. This chapter describes some techniques used for pesticide risk assessment. The four basic elements in risk assessment, i.e. hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization, are discussed. Risk characterization presents qualitative and quantitative estimates of the likelihood that any of the hazards associated with the pesticide will occur in exposed people. It is estimated using probabilistic and deterministic approaches, and cumulative risk assessment, which are also described in this chapter. The environmental risk assessment of pesticides in soil is mentioned, and risk management is explained.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133734452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0243
S. Arora
Abstract This chapter presents some strategies to reducte pesticide use and associated risks, which include suitable agronomic practices, the use of resistant varieties, integrated pest management, biological control, the use of botanical pesticides, organic farming, and the use of less hazardous pesticides. International policies and instruments to reduce pesticide use and risks are also described. Some ecological ways (such as phytoremediation, bioremediation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation and biodegradation) to remove pesticides are suggested.
{"title":"Alternatives for reducing pesticide risk.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0243","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter presents some strategies to reducte pesticide use and associated risks, which include suitable agronomic practices, the use of resistant varieties, integrated pest management, biological control, the use of botanical pesticides, organic farming, and the use of less hazardous pesticides. International policies and instruments to reduce pesticide use and risks are also described. Some ecological ways (such as phytoremediation, bioremediation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation and biodegradation) to remove pesticides are suggested.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128891556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0147
S. Arora
Abstract Pesticides probably co-occur in the environment as mixtures, posing a risk to human beings and all other organisms present in the environment. Their number in the environment is too large to allow for all of them to be studied. However, single pesticides are assessed for their risk to the environment, ignoring the existence of their mixtures. This chapter describes some approaches used for predicting and assessing mixture toxicity, including the toxic unit model, concentration addition model, median effect/combination index model and toxic equivalence approach. It also discusses the interactions in pesticide mixtures; interactive effects of pesticide mixtures; toxicokinetic interactions between pesticides; risk of pesticides mixtures to the environment; and the independent joint action of pesticides in mixtures.
{"title":"Toxicity of pesticides in mixtures with the same mode of action.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Pesticides probably co-occur in the environment as mixtures, posing a risk to human beings and all other organisms present in the environment. Their number in the environment is too large to allow for all of them to be studied. However, single pesticides are assessed for their risk to the environment, ignoring the existence of their mixtures. This chapter describes some approaches used for predicting and assessing mixture toxicity, including the toxic unit model, concentration addition model, median effect/combination index model and toxic equivalence approach. It also discusses the interactions in pesticide mixtures; interactive effects of pesticide mixtures; toxicokinetic interactions between pesticides; risk of pesticides mixtures to the environment; and the independent joint action of pesticides in mixtures.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133146702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0233
S. Arora
Abstract This chapter discusses the sources of exposure to pesticides, i.e. from application and residues. The effects of pesticide exposure to crop beneficials (including various insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms that feed on or parasitize pest species), pollinators and aquatic organisms are also described. The genotoxicity risk (including cancer and other chronic pathologies in humans, mainly in work places) of pesticide exposure and the regulation of pesticide exposure are explained.
{"title":"Pesticide risk - case studies.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0233","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses the sources of exposure to pesticides, i.e. from application and residues. The effects of pesticide exposure to crop beneficials (including various insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms that feed on or parasitize pest species), pollinators and aquatic organisms are also described. The genotoxicity risk (including cancer and other chronic pathologies in humans, mainly in work places) of pesticide exposure and the regulation of pesticide exposure are explained.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129422577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0279
S. Arora
Abstract Often farmers are not aware of the risks associated with pesticide use and become victims of pesticide hazards due to ignorance of safety measures in their handing, storage, application, transportation and disposal. This chapter deals with educating farmers by raising their awareness regarding pesticide use and associated risks. Some alternatives to chemical pesticides and safe use of pesticides are also suggested. Discussions are given on restriction in use of hazardous and banned pesticides, as well as use of risk indicator tools and pesticide risk reduction models/strategies. Economics has been observed as the major factor in why farmers ignore the dangers of pesticides. Proper mechanisms should be followed for dissemination of knowledge through farmer field schools, where farmers utilize the experiences and learning principles of the trainers, through a series of regular meetings and discussions, where farmers conduct their own field experiments, learn to diagnose and resolve their own problems. Pesticide reduction is a joint responsibility of all stakeholders and to implement conducive policies, policy makers must be acquainted with fact-based information on pesticides.
{"title":"Awareness for reducing pesticide risk.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0279","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Often farmers are not aware of the risks associated with pesticide use and become victims of pesticide hazards due to ignorance of safety measures in their handing, storage, application, transportation and disposal. This chapter deals with educating farmers by raising their awareness regarding pesticide use and associated risks. Some alternatives to chemical pesticides and safe use of pesticides are also suggested. Discussions are given on restriction in use of hazardous and banned pesticides, as well as use of risk indicator tools and pesticide risk reduction models/strategies. Economics has been observed as the major factor in why farmers ignore the dangers of pesticides. Proper mechanisms should be followed for dissemination of knowledge through farmer field schools, where farmers utilize the experiences and learning principles of the trainers, through a series of regular meetings and discussions, where farmers conduct their own field experiments, learn to diagnose and resolve their own problems. Pesticide reduction is a joint responsibility of all stakeholders and to implement conducive policies, policy makers must be acquainted with fact-based information on pesticides.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"13 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132870621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0290
S. Arora
Abstract This chapter discusses the requirements and steps in the registration process of pesticides; the management of harmful and toxic chemicals; and the application and regulation (based on plant protection and health hazard) of pesticides. Discussions are also given on pesticide disposal and regulation in risk reduction for agriculture workers.
{"title":"Regulation of pesticides and associated risks.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0290","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter discusses the requirements and steps in the registration process of pesticides; the management of harmful and toxic chemicals; and the application and regulation (based on plant protection and health hazard) of pesticides. Discussions are also given on pesticide disposal and regulation in risk reduction for agriculture workers.","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133603739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1079/9781780646336.0077
S. Arora
Abstract Pesticides have been reported as contaminants of food products, fruits, vegetables and cereals, processed food, baby food and drinking water; they can be neurotoxic, immunotoxic or endocrine disruptors. This chapter discusses the toxicity and mode of action of neurotoxic and immunotoxic pesticides (organochlorine compounds, organophosphate and carbamate compounds, pyrethroids, other insecticides, botanical insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), as well as endocrine and sex hormone disruptors, to target and non-target organisms (including humans, animals, plants, beneficials, and aquatic organisms).
{"title":"Toxicity of pesticides based on their mode of action.","authors":"S. Arora","doi":"10.1079/9781780646336.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0077","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Pesticides have been reported as contaminants of food products, fruits, vegetables and cereals, processed food, baby food and drinking water; they can be neurotoxic, immunotoxic or endocrine disruptors. This chapter discusses the toxicity and mode of action of neurotoxic and immunotoxic pesticides (organochlorine compounds, organophosphate and carbamate compounds, pyrethroids, other insecticides, botanical insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), as well as endocrine and sex hormone disruptors, to target and non-target organisms (including humans, animals, plants, beneficials, and aquatic organisms).","PeriodicalId":336224,"journal":{"name":"Pesticide risk assessment","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122479351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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