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Optimization Model of Duties as a Means of Labour Regulation of Engineers - Designers 作为工程设计人员劳动规制手段的职责优化模型
Pub Date : 2016-08-31 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2832871
F. Davydovskij
The article deals with issues related to the implementation in practice of the method of constructing an effective model of work of employees of the design bureau. In solving this problem, it should be noted that the theory and practice of the scientific organization of administrative work in the course of its development, has developed a variety of different methods, including special interest, in our opinion, is the regulation of engineering work aimed, in turn, the creation of a certain system of norms for implementation of effective operation and full implementation of their duties. To this end, work is analyzed and formed the structure of the common and individual responsibilities of employees, their proposed classifier, held their grouping in relation to the implementation of activities for each specific job position, offered the optimal business model design office by type’s official duties as a whole. A system of key performance indicators based on the specified criteria of performance evaluation of their performance.
本文论述了如何在实践中实施构建设计局员工有效工作模式的方法。在解决这一问题时,应当看到,科学组织行政工作的理论和实践在其发展过程中,发展出了多种不同的方法,其中包括特殊利益,在我们看来,是以规范工程工作为目的,反过来又创造了一定的制度规范,以实现有效运行和充分履行自己的职责。为此,对工作进行分析,形成了员工共同职责和个人职责的结构,提出了员工的分类,对每个具体工作岗位的活动实施进行了分组,从整体上按类型的职责提供了最优的商业模式设计办公室。一种基于特定绩效标准的关键绩效指标体系,对其绩效进行评价。
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引用次数: 0
Personal Costs of Executive Turnovers 管理人员离职的个人成本
Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2926751
K. Nielsen
This study examines how costly forced turnover is for the CEO using income data from the official records at the Danish Tax Authorities. We find that ousted CEOs’ personal income is 40% lower in the five years following forced turnovers. The decline is driven by labor market outcomes: Labor and entrepreneurial incomes decline, while financial incomes increase. Consistent with the executive labor market being the main channel for the lower income, we find larger declines in income for executives with poor idiosyncratic firm performance during their tenures. Overall, the findings suggest that forced executive turnover is an important internal corporate governance mechanism.
本研究利用丹麦税务机关官方记录的收入数据,考察了强制离职对首席执行官来说代价有多高。我们发现,被迫离职的ceo在被迫离职后的5年里,个人收入下降了40%。这种下降是由劳动力市场的结果驱动的:劳动力和企业家收入下降,而金融收入增加。与高管劳动力市场是低收入的主要渠道相一致,我们发现,在其任期内,特质公司业绩不佳的高管收入下降幅度更大。总体而言,研究结果表明,强制高管离职是一种重要的公司内部治理机制。
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引用次数: 7
Dynamic Capabilities, Human Resources and Operating Routines: A New Product Development Approach 动态能力、人力资源和操作程序:一种新的产品开发方法
Pub Date : 2015-09-11 DOI: 10.1108/IMDS-02-2015-0058
Vanesa Barrales-Molina, F. J. L. Montes, L. Gutierrez
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the outcomes and role of dynamic capabilities (DCs). To explain the outcomes, the authors study the relationship between new product development (NPD) (an example of DCs) and metaflexibility. To explain the role of DCs, the authors study how human resources and operating routines moderate the role of DCs in achieving adaptation in the firm. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from 200 managers of Spanish firms, the authors apply regression analysis to test the moderating role of human resources and operating routines in the relationship between NPD and metaflexibility. Findings – The results demonstrate that highly qualified and committed workers enhance the effectiveness of NPD, while high frequency in repetition of operating routines significantly damages such effectiveness. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to analysing a unique DC (NPD), but future research could explore contributions on other consolidated DCs (e.g. allianc...
目的-本文的目的是解释动态能力(DCs)的结果和作用。为了解释这些结果,作者研究了新产品开发(NPD)(以DCs为例)与元灵活性之间的关系。为了解释DCs的作用,作者研究了人力资源和操作惯例如何调节DCs在公司实现适应中的作用。设计/方法/方法-使用来自200家西班牙公司经理的数据,作者应用回归分析来测试人力资源和操作惯例在新产品开发和元灵活性之间的关系中的调节作用。研究结果-研究结果表明,高素质和敬业的员工提高了新产品开发的有效性,而频繁重复的操作程序会严重损害这种有效性。研究局限性/影响-本研究仅限于分析一个独特的DC (NPD),但未来的研究可以探索对其他合并DC的贡献(例如联盟…
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引用次数: 30
A Tradable Employment Quota 可交易的就业配额
Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2548435
Metin Akyol, M. Neugart, Stefan Pichler
Discrimination of women in the labor market requires appropriate policy interventions. Affirmative action policies typically advocate the introduction of an employment quota uniformly applied to all firms. In a heterogeneous labor market such a policy may yield avoidable welfare losses. We propose a tradable employment quota showing its effects on wages, employment, and welfare in a labor market with search frictions and taste discrimination. A tradable employment quota appears to be a viable alternative yielding superior labor market outcomes.
劳动力市场上对妇女的歧视需要适当的政策干预。平权行动政策通常主张引入统一适用于所有公司的就业配额。在一个异质性的劳动力市场中,这样的政策可能会造成本可避免的福利损失。我们提出了一个可交易的就业配额,显示其对工资,就业和福利的影响,在一个劳动力市场的搜索摩擦和口味歧视。可交易的就业配额似乎是一种可行的替代方案,会产生更好的劳动力市场结果。
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引用次数: 5
Creating a Link between HR Department and Budgeting: What Do HR Managers Think? 在人力资源部门和预算之间建立联系:人力资源经理是怎么想的?
Pub Date : 2015-06-06 DOI: 10.3844/AJEBASP.2015.48.59
Sibtain Kazmi, Saf Hasnu, Raja Ahmed Jamil
This research endeavours to investigate the involvement of the Human Resources (HR) department throughout the budgeting process and the utilization of budgets to further perform HR activities. Study seeks empirical evidence based on the responses elicited from HR department managers in 100 Pakistani companies with a distinct HR department. Results suggest that the HR department has limited involvement in the budgeting procedures, which in turn could explain the limited use of budgets as a means of performance evaluation and communication. Evidence from survey showed that HR departments in Pakistan do fully capitalize on the budgets as a mean of achieving organizational goals. This study contributes to the literature by analysing the responses of HR department managers and their views towards the budgeting function from HR management perspective in Pakistani companies.
本研究旨在调查人力资源(HR)部门在整个预算编制过程中的参与情况,以及利用预算进一步执行人力资源活动的情况。该研究从100家拥有独立人力资源部门的巴基斯坦公司的人力资源部门经理那里得到的反馈中寻求经验证据。结果表明,人力资源部门对预算程序的参与有限,这反过来可以解释预算作为绩效评估和沟通手段的使用有限。来自调查的证据表明,巴基斯坦的人力资源部门确实充分利用预算作为实现组织目标的手段。本研究从人力资源管理的角度分析了巴基斯坦公司人力资源部门经理的反应和他们对预算职能的看法,为文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Traffic-Based Labor Planning in Retail Stores 基于流量的零售商店劳动力规划
Pub Date : 2015-05-15 DOI: 10.1111/POMS.12403
Howard Hao‐Chun Chuang, Rogelio Oliva, Olga Perdikaki
type="main" xml:id="poms12403-abs-0001"> Staffing decisions are crucial for retailers since staffing levels affect store performance and labor-related expenses constitute one of the largest components of retailers’ operating costs. With the goal of improving staffing decisions and store performance, we develop a labor-planning framework using proprietary data from an apparel retail chain. First, we propose a sales response function based on labor adequacy (the labor to traffic ratio) that exhibits variable elasticity of substitution between traffic and labor. When compared to a frequently used function with constant elasticity of substitution, our proposed function exploits information content from data more effectively and better predicts sales under extreme labor/traffic conditions. We use the validated sales response function to develop a data-driven staffing heuristic that incorporates the prediction loss function and uses past traffic to predict optimal labor. In counterfactual experimentation, we show that profits achieved by our heuristic are within 0.5% of the optimal (attainable if perfect traffic information was available) under stable traffic conditions, and within 2.5% of the optimal under extreme traffic variability. We conclude by discussing implications of our findings for researchers and practitioners.
type="main" xml:id="poms12403-abs-0001">人员配备决策对零售商来说至关重要,因为人员配备水平会影响商店业绩,而与劳动力相关的费用是零售商运营成本的最大组成部分之一。为了改善员工决策和商店绩效,我们利用一家服装零售连锁店的专有数据开发了一个劳动力规划框架。首先,我们提出了一个基于劳动力充足性(劳动力流量比)的销售响应函数,该函数在交通和劳动力之间表现出可变的替代弹性。与经常使用的具有恒定替代弹性的函数相比,我们提出的函数更有效地利用数据中的信息内容,并更好地预测极端劳动力/交通条件下的销售。我们使用经过验证的销售响应函数来开发数据驱动的人员配置启发式,该启发式包含预测损失函数,并使用过去的流量来预测最佳劳动力。在反事实实验中,我们表明,在稳定的交通条件下,我们的启发式方法获得的利润在最优利润(如果有完美的交通信息可获得)的0.5%以内,在极端的交通变化下,在最优利润的2.5%以内。最后,我们讨论了我们的发现对研究人员和从业人员的影响。
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引用次数: 49
Worker (Mis)Classification in the Sharing Economy: Trying to Fit Square Pegs in Round Holes 共享经济中的工人(Mis)分类:试图在圆孔里装上方钉
Pub Date : 2015-05-15 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2606600
R. Sprague
How is it that the world’s largest taxi service claims it is not a transportation company? How can an iconic worldwide package delivery company argue that it is not in the package delivery business? These are just two idiosyncrasies of the modern economy in which microentrepreneurial contractors using their own resources carry out the fundamental operations of enterprises. Businesses and courts have long struggled trying to determine whether certain workers are employees or independent contractors. Originally, the focus was on whether the employer should be held liable to third parties for injuries arising from the employer’s workers — it controlled the actions of the workers; it should therefore be responsible for those actions. More recently, however, the focus has been on whether the employer should be responsible to the worker for unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, tax responsibilities and compensation benefits, and other liabilities associated with employees. In this latter analysis, while the focus has been on the economic reality of the employment relationship — i.e., whether the independent contractor is truly economically independent — control is still a critical factor. If the employer controls the worker, how can the worker truly be independent?Part of the control factor in the economic reality test is the extent to which the worker is dependent upon the employer for his or her livelihood, under the argument that the more dependent the worker is the less independent he or she actually is. With the rise of the “sharing economy” where individuals are connected through online intermediaries with potential customers needing a task performed, a room to rent, or a ride to the airport, the workers are much less dependent on the intermediary employer. As such, the tests used to classify the workers — employees or independent contractors — which still fundamentally focus on control, are failing. There is still some control exercised by the employer, but less worker dependence on that employer. This paper argues that the nature of work exemplified by the sharing economy requires the classification tests adjust to focus not on the dependence of the workers on the employer, but the dependence of the employer on the workers. If the enterprise arranging all of these individualized tasks and services is dependent on the service providers for its existence, then those service providers should be considered employees of the enterprise.
世界上最大的出租车服务公司怎么会声称自己不是运输公司呢?一个标志性的全球包裹递送公司怎么能说自己不从事包裹递送业务?这只是现代经济的两个特点,在这些特点中,微型创业承包商利用自己的资源进行企业的基本业务。企业和法院长期以来一直在努力确定某些工人是雇员还是独立承包商。最初,焦点是雇主是否应该对由雇主的工人造成的伤害向第三方负责——它控制着工人的行为;因此,它应该对这些行动负责。然而,最近的焦点是雇主是否应该对工人负责失业保险、工人赔偿、纳税责任和补偿福利以及与雇员有关的其他责任。在后一种分析中,虽然重点是就业关系的经济现实- -即独立的承包者是否真正在经济上独立- -控制仍然是一个关键因素。如果雇主控制了工人,工人怎么能真正独立?在经济现实测试中,部分控制因素是工人在生计上依赖雇主的程度,根据这样的论点,工人越依赖雇主,他或她实际上就越不独立。随着“共享经济”的兴起,个人通过在线中介与需要完成任务、出租房间或乘车前往机场的潜在客户联系起来,工人对中介雇主的依赖程度大大降低。因此,用于对工人(雇员或独立承包商)进行分类的测试——从根本上讲仍然侧重于控制——正在失败。雇主仍然有一些控制,但工人对雇主的依赖减少了。本文认为,以共享经济为代表的工作性质要求分类测试调整,不再关注工人对雇主的依赖,而是关注雇主对工人的依赖。如果安排所有这些个性化任务和服务的企业依赖于服务提供者的存在,那么这些服务提供者应被视为企业的雇员。
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引用次数: 35
Designing the Human Resource Function at Micro- and Small-Enterprises 小微企业人力资源职能的设计
Pub Date : 2015-05-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3329435
Marcin Gołembski
The purpose of this article is to characterize the decision variables in the design process of the personnel function, specifically at micro- and small-enterprises. The problem is particularly relevant to micro- and small-enterprises at which, due to limited resources and relatively small (usually linear) structures, the organization of personnel processes is more difficult than at larger entities.
本文的目的是表征人事职能设计过程中的决策变量,特别是在微型和小型企业。这个问题与微型和小型企业特别有关,这些企业由于资源有限和结构相对较小(通常是线性的),组织人事程序比大型企业更困难。
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引用次数: 2
Irregular Work Scheduling and Its Consequences 不规律的工作安排及其后果
Pub Date : 2015-04-09 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2597172
L. Golden
The plight of employees with unstable work schedules is demonstrated here with new findings, using General Social Survey (GSS) data. These findings (as well as key findings from other research) are highlighted below. Irregular scheduling about 10 percent of the workforce is assigned to irregular and on-call work shift times and this figure is likely low. Add to this the roughly 7 percent of the employed who work split or rotating shifts and there are about 17 percent of the workforce with unstable work shift schedules.Six percent of hourly workers, 8 percent of salaried workers, and 30 percent of those paid on some other basis work irregular or on-call shifts. Adding in split or rotating shifts, the shares working unstable work schedules are 16 percent (hourly), 12 percent (salaried) and 36 percent (other). By income level, the lowest income workers face the most irregular work schedules. Workers paid under $22,500 per year are more likely to work on irregular schedules than workers in the income bracket above that (workers in the latter bracket who are salaried would be just above the current salary minimum threshold for assured FLSA overtime coverage). Irregular shift work is associated with working longer weekly hours.By occupation type, about 15 percent of sales and related occupations have irregular or on-call schedules. By industry, irregular scheduling is most prevalent in agriculture, personal services, business/repair services, entertainment/recreation, finance/insurance/real estate, retail trade, and transportation communications. Estimates of the proportion of the workforce with “variable hours,” in terms of not being able to specify a “usual” workweek (according to Current Population Survey, not GSS data), are remarkably consistent — almost 10 percent of workers overall. Being part-time more than doubled the likelihood of having hours that vary weekly. The share with variable workweeks also is higher in certain occupations and industries, such as sales, and lower in others, such as professional, managerial, and administrative support. Also, the prevalence is reduced for union members, married workers, government employees, whites, men, and workers with a higher level of education.Employees who work irregular shift times, in contrast with those with more standard, regular shift times, experience greater work-family conflict, and sometimes experience greater work stress. Less than 11 percent of workers on “regular” work schedules report “often” experiencing work-family conflict in contrast with as many as 26 percent of irregular/on-call shift employees, and 19 percent of rotating/split shift workers. Similar differences appear for reporting that they “never” experience work-family interference. Overtime work that is required by the employer increases the likelihood of having an irregular schedule and particularly of working on rotating/split shifts.Overtime work that is mandatory is greatest among those who earn at least $22,500 but bel
这里用综合社会调查(GSS)数据的新发现展示了工作时间表不稳定的员工的困境。这些发现(以及其他研究的主要发现)在下面突出显示。大约10%的劳动力被分配到不定期和随叫随到的轮班时间,这个数字可能很低。除此之外,还有大约7%的雇员轮班或轮流工作,大约17%的劳动力轮班时间表不稳定。6%的小时工、8%的受薪工人和30%的按其他方式支付工资的工人不定期轮班或随叫随到。加上分班或轮岗,工作时间表不稳定的比例分别为16%(小时)、12%(领薪)和36%(其他)。按收入水平划分,收入最低的工人面临的工作时间表最不规律。年收入低于22,500美元的工人比收入高于此水平的工人更有可能在不定期的时间内工作(后一收入水平的工人将刚刚高于目前的最低工资门槛,以确保FLSA加班保险)。不规律的轮班工作意味着每周工作时间更长。按职业类型划分,大约15%的销售和相关职业的时间表不固定或随叫随到。从行业来看,不规律的调度在农业、个人服务、商业/维修服务、娱乐/休闲、金融/保险/房地产、零售贸易和运输通信中最为普遍。在无法确定“通常”工作周的情况下(根据当前人口调查,而不是GSS数据),对“可变工时”劳动力比例的估计非常一致——几乎占全体工人的10%。兼职使每周工作时间变化的可能性增加了一倍以上。在某些职业和行业(如销售),可变工作周的比例较高,而在其他职业和行业(如专业、管理和行政支持),可变工作周的比例较低。此外,工会成员、已婚工人、政府雇员、白人、男性和受教育程度较高的工人的患病率也有所降低。与那些轮班时间更规范、更规律的员工相比,不规律轮班的员工会经历更大的工作与家庭冲突,有时也会经历更大的工作压力。只有不到11%的“固定”工作时间的员工“经常”经历工作与家庭的冲突,而在不定期/随叫随到的轮班员工中,这一比例高达26%,在轮班/分班员工中,这一比例为19%。类似的差异也出现在报告中,他们“从未”经历过工作与家庭的干扰。雇主要求的加班增加了不规律工作时间表的可能性,特别是轮班/分班工作。在年收入至少22500美元但低于4万美元的人群中,强制性加班工作最多;每周工作时间更长;每天的工作时间不灵活(他们不能休息,也不能改变开始和结束的时间);或者他们报告说,员工太少,无法完成所有的工作。工作与家庭的冲突不仅会因为每周工作时间的延长而恶化,而且还会因为不规律的轮班工作而恶化。工作-家庭冲突和不定期轮班工作之间的联系对工薪阶层来说尤其强烈,即使考虑到他们相对较长的工作时间。轮班制加剧了工作与家庭的冲突,尽管比不定期/随叫随到的轮班和分班安排所造成的影响要小一些。不规律/随叫随到的工作与较高的工作压力有一定的关系,但轮岗和分班工作与此无关。小时工在不定期轮班的情况下会比工薪族承受更大的工作压力。强制性加班会导致工作与家庭的冲突和工作压力。未充分就业并不能显著减少工作与家庭的冲突,但选择兼职身份的兼职工作者经历的工作与家庭冲突较少。
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引用次数: 126
Personalities of Risk/Reward: Human Factors of Risk/Reward and Culture 风险/回报的个性:风险/回报与文化的人为因素
Pub Date : 2004-11-01 DOI: 10.1108/13581980410810885
M. Mainelli
There is a gap linking organisational risk profiles to real people. Yet people are core to all risk/reward decisions, both at an organisational and a personal level. If an organisation is the aggregate of the decisions made by its people, how can aggregation be carried out sensibly; how can concordance between the organisational risk/reward profile and its people’s be ensured; what tools might help? The paper concludes with suggestions for areas of potentially fruitful research into how personal risk/reward profiles can be assessed and analysed to inform organisational risk/reward decisions.
将组织风险概况与真实的人联系起来存在差距。然而,无论是在组织层面还是个人层面,人都是所有风险/回报决策的核心。如果一个组织是其员工所做决策的集合,那么如何明智地进行集合?如何确保组织的风险/回报概况与其员工的概况保持一致?有什么工具能帮上忙?论文最后提出了一些潜在的富有成效的研究领域的建议,即如何评估和分析个人风险/回报概况,以告知组织风险/回报决策。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
ERN: Personnel Policies (Topic)
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