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Violence against women. 针对妇女的暴力。
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2016-05-13 DOI: 10.4324/9781315587493-11
S. Hessle
Domestic violence constitutes historical behavior in accord with patriarchal systems. Family and domestic violence includes female infanticide, higher female mortality, female genital mutilation, bride burning, rape, wife battering, and early marriage. These practices are commonly integrated into values and beliefs. Women accept domestic violence in violation of their basic human rights due to social prejudice and low self esteem. Mothers who perpetuate female genital mutilation believe that they are acting in the best interests of the child by adhering to centuries-long traditions. Women who allow female infanticide or female abortion are motivated to do so in order to maintain the security of their marriage. Women are in unequal power relationships and submit to their own detriment. Negative attitudes against women are perpetuated through incorrect interpretations of religious principles and myths. Economic self-reliance gives women the courage to stand up against domestic violence. Empowerment through education and appropriate and protective legislation also gives women the means to fight violence. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) at the national, regional, and international levels are active in creating awareness of domestic violence and influencing policy change. The NGO Working Group on Traditional Practices and the Inter-African Committee have a 10-year history of fighting against practices such as female genital mutilation. In order to bring about change, there must be cooperative and joint action among governmental and inter-governmental groups and NGOs.
家庭暴力是符合男权制度的历史行为。家庭和家庭暴力包括杀害女婴、提高女性死亡率、切割女性生殖器官、焚烧新娘、强奸、殴打妻子和早婚。这些实践通常被整合到价值观和信仰中。由于社会偏见和自尊心低下,妇女接受了侵犯其基本人权的家庭暴力。实施女性外阴残割的母亲们认为,坚持几个世纪以来的传统,是为了孩子的最大利益。允许杀女婴或堕胎的妇女是出于维持其婚姻安全的动机。女性处于不平等的权力关系中,服从于自身的损害。由于对宗教原则和神话的不正确解释,对妇女的消极态度得以延续。经济自立使妇女有勇气站出来反对家庭暴力。通过教育和适当的保护性立法赋予妇女权力也为妇女提供了打击暴力的手段。国家、区域和国际各级的非政府组织积极提高对家庭暴力的认识并影响政策变化。非政府组织传统习俗工作组和非洲间委员会在反对切割女性生殖器官等习俗方面已有10年的历史。为了实现变革,政府和政府间团体以及非政府组织之间必须采取合作和联合行动。
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引用次数: 0
Negotiating reproductive outcomes in Uganda. 乌干达生殖成果谈判。
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 1997-09-01 DOI: 10.2307/2137897
A. Blanc, B. Wolff, A. Gage, A. Ezeh, S. Neema, J. Ssekamatte-ssebuliba
In Uganda, the Negotiating Reproductive Outcomes study is investigating the nature of negotiation within sexual unions. Data were gathered from focus groups held in the Masaka and Lira districts during February and March 1995 and during surveys of women aged 20-44 and their male partners carried out from October 1995 to February 1996. The data suggest that much of the bargaining and negotiating that occurs is indirect and nonverbal and, thus, leads to a great deal of misinterpretation. Even direct communication is fraught with complexity, misinterpretation, and mistrust. These results indicate that male partners are important in influencing the reproductive attitudes and behavior of women and that further work should be undertaken to understand the roles of various actors in reproductive decision-making.
在乌干达,谈判生殖结果研究正在调查性结合中谈判的性质。1995年2月和3月期间在Masaka和Lira地区举行的焦点小组以及1995年10月至1996年2月期间对20-44岁妇女及其男性伴侣进行的调查收集了数据。数据表明,大多数讨价还价和谈判都是间接的和非语言的,因此会导致大量的误解。即使是直接的沟通也充满了复杂性、误解和不信任。这些结果表明,男性伴侣在影响妇女的生殖态度和行为方面很重要,应进一步开展工作,了解各种行为者在生殖决策中的作用。
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引用次数: 120
Abortion, church and politics in Poland. 波兰的堕胎、教会和政治。
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 1992-04-01 DOI: 10.2307/1395456
H. Jankowska
In early 1991 the abortion debate in Poland entered its new stage. The prolife and prochoice options had already clashed in the early 1930s over a new penal code and backstreet abortions. According to the code of 1932, induced abortion was allowed in cases of rape, incest, or for medical indications. Abortion was legalized in 1956, but subsequently it came under attack from Catholic circles, and by 1989 the Unborn Child Protection Bill was drafted which criminalized abortion. Only 11% of Polish women use modern contraceptives. The less efficient methods are the most prevalent: the natural method (Ogino-Knaus calendar), 35% of couples; coitus interruptus, 34%; condoms, 15%; oral contraceptives 7%; chemical spermicides, 2.5%; and the IUD 2%. According to size of Catholic Church estimate there are 600,000 abortions yearly. In contrast, official statistics indicate that the number of abortions is decreasing: 137,950 in 1980; 105,300 in 1988; 80,100 in 1989; 59,400 in 1990. In January 1991 the Constitutional Tribunal dismissed the motion of the Polish Feminist Association against the restrictive regulations of the Ministry of Health concerning abortion. After a parliamentary stalemate on the Unborn Child Protection Bill a commission consisting of 46 persona (1.2 of them women, 20 persons from the prochoice and 24 from the prolife lobby) continued the debate on the bill. Public opinion polls conducted by independent groups in November 1990 showed that about 60% of citizens were against the Senate's draft. Since then interest in the abortion issue has dwindled, and only 200 women and men took part in a prochoice demonstration in front of the parliament on January 25, 1991. In the spring of 1989 and in September 1990 thousands had participated in similar demonstrations. The prevailing attitude is that if the antiabortion bill is passed nothing can be done.
1991年初,波兰关于堕胎的辩论进入了新的阶段。早在20世纪30年代初,反堕胎和反堕胎就已经在新刑法和非法堕胎问题上发生了冲突。根据1932年的《法典》,在强奸、乱伦或医学指征的情况下允许人工流产。1956年堕胎合法化,但随后受到天主教界的攻击,到1989年,未出生儿童保护法案被起草,将堕胎定为犯罪。只有11%的波兰妇女使用现代避孕措施。效率较低的方法是最普遍的:自然方法(Ogino-Knaus日历),35%的夫妇;性交中断,34%;安全套,15%;口服避孕药7%;化学杀精剂,2.5%;宫内节育器占2%。根据天主教会的规模估计,每年有60万例堕胎。相比之下,官方统计数字表明堕胎数量正在减少:1980年为137,950例;1988年105,300人;1989年为80,100;1990年为59,400人。1991年1月,宪法法庭驳回了波兰女权主义协会反对卫生部关于堕胎的限制性规定的动议。在议会就《未出生儿童保护法案》僵持不下之后,一个由46人组成的委员会(其中1.2人是妇女,20人来自赞成堕胎,24人来自反对堕胎的游说团体)继续就该法案进行辩论。1990年11月由独立团体进行的民意调查显示,大约60%的公民反对参议院的草案。从那以后,人们对堕胎问题的兴趣逐渐减少,1991年1月25日,只有200名男女参加了在议会前举行的支持堕胎的示威活动。普遍的态度是,如果反堕胎法案通过,什么也做不了。
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引用次数: 12
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The Interpreters Newsletter
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