Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-19
P. Ekblom, P. Gill
Crime and terrorism are not static problems. They change on timescales from days to decades. In part, this flux stems from offenders adapting to exploit opportunities afforded by exogenous social and technological developments in society, and to cope with threats from other offenders. But significantly too it derives from arms races between offenders and those on the security side. On the security side, however, the consensus among change-minded commentators has been that ‘contemporary crime control policies are hopelessly static’ (Cohen et al., 1995:216; see also Dietl, 2008). Ekblom (1997, 2016a) argues that to win campaigns rather than merely individual battles against criminals and terrorists, we must routinely out-innovate adaptive offenders against a background of technological and social change that may first favour one side, and then the other. The classic example is Shover’s (1996) study of safes and safe-breakers, where new, emerging technologies including combination locks, cutting tools, new hardened alloy casings and so forth flipped the advantage back and forth between the opponents.
犯罪和恐怖主义不是一成不变的问题。它们在时间尺度上从几天到几十年都在变化。在某种程度上，这种变化源于犯罪者适应利用外部社会和技术发展所提供的机会，并应对来自其他犯罪者的威胁。但同样重要的是，它源于罪犯和安全部门之间的军备竞赛。然而，在安全方面，思想变革的评论家们的共识是“当代犯罪控制政策是无可救药的静态”(Cohen et al.， 1995:216;另见Dietl, 2008)。Ekblom (1999,2016a)认为，为了赢得战役，而不仅仅是与罪犯和恐怖分子的个人战斗，我们必须在技术和社会变革的背景下，在创新上经常超越适应性犯罪者，这种变革可能首先有利于一方，然后是另一方。一个典型的例子是Shover(1996)对保险柜和保险柜断路器的研究，其中包括密码锁，切割工具，新型硬化合金外壳等新兴技术在对手之间来回翻转优势。
{"title":"Evolution, crime science and terrorism","authors":"P. Ekblom, P. Gill","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-19","url":null,"abstract":"Crime and terrorism are not static problems. They change on timescales from days to decades. In part, this flux stems from offenders adapting to exploit opportunities afforded by exogenous social and technological developments in society, and to cope with threats from other offenders. But significantly too it derives from arms races between offenders and those on the security side. On the security side, however, the consensus among change-minded commentators has been that ‘contemporary crime control policies are hopelessly static’ (Cohen et al., 1995:216; see also Dietl, 2008). Ekblom (1997, 2016a) argues that to win campaigns rather than merely individual battles against criminals and terrorists, we must routinely out-innovate adaptive offenders against a background of technological and social change that may first favour one side, and then the other. The classic example is Shover’s (1996) study of safes and safe-breakers, where new, emerging technologies including combination locks, cutting tools, new hardened alloy casings and so forth flipped the advantage back and forth between the opponents.","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130524660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-17
A. Lavorgna
{"title":"Analysis and prevention of organised crime","authors":"A. Lavorgna","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114934323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-30
R. Morgan, H. Earwaker, Sherry Nakhaeizadeh, Adam J. L. Harris, Carolyn Rando, I. Dror
{"title":"Interpretation of forensic science evidence at every step of the forensic science process","authors":"R. Morgan, H. Earwaker, Sherry Nakhaeizadeh, Adam J. L. Harris, Carolyn Rando, I. Dror","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"174 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126744228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetics","authors":"Jamie M. Gajos, Cashen M. Boccio, Kevin M. Beaver","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"374 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114687931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-10
Martin A. Andresen, Kathryn Wuschke
GEOG 2302 (GEOL 1305) The Global Environment (3 semester credit hours) An introduction to the physical aspects of the world's geography emphasizing the interrelationships between the earth and its climate, vegetations, soils, and landforms. Provides a global perspective on the physical environment and the interactions between global systems to produce regional differences. (Same as ENVR 2302 and GEOS 2302) (3-0) Y
GEOG 2302 (GEOL 1305)全球环境(3个学期学分)介绍世界地理的物理方面，强调地球与气候，植被，土壤和地形之间的相互关系。提供了一个关于自然环境和全球系统之间产生区域差异的相互作用的全球视角。(同ENVR 2302和GEOS 2302) (3-0) Y
{"title":"Geography","authors":"Martin A. Andresen, Kathryn Wuschke","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-10","url":null,"abstract":"GEOG 2302 (GEOL 1305) The Global Environment (3 semester credit hours) An introduction to the physical aspects of the world's geography emphasizing the interrelationships between the earth and its climate, vegetations, soils, and landforms. Provides a global perspective on the physical environment and the interactions between global systems to produce regional differences. (Same as ENVR 2302 and GEOS 2302) (3-0) Y","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131387236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-28
W. Peveler, I. Parkin
This chapter describes the use of smell in detecting and preventing crime, and in particular the development of electronic noses (e-noses) for this purpose. The sense of smell and its relevance to crime and security are described, followed by an introduction to the design and applications of e-noses. Finally an in-depth case study of explosives detection with e-noses is presented.
{"title":"Electronic noses","authors":"W. Peveler, I. Parkin","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the use of smell in detecting and preventing crime, and in particular the development of electronic noses (e-noses) for this purpose. The sense of smell and its relevance to crime and security are described, followed by an introduction to the design and applications of e-noses. Finally an in-depth case study of explosives detection with e-noses is presented.","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116040597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-33
R. Wortley, A. Sidebottom, N. Tilley, G. Laycock
{"title":"Future directions for crime science","authors":"R. Wortley, A. Sidebottom, N. Tilley, G. Laycock","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114997153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disciplinary contributions to crime science","authors":"R. Wortley, A. Sidebottom, N. Tilley, G. Laycock","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134144618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.4324/9780203431405-23
J. Prichard, Tony Krone, Caroline Spiranovic, P. Watters
{"title":"Transdisciplinary research in virtual space","authors":"J. Prichard, Tony Krone, Caroline Spiranovic, P. Watters","doi":"10.4324/9780203431405-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203431405-23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":338555,"journal":{"name":"Routledge Handbook of Crime Science","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130022643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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