This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the migration, adjustment and integration of Indians into four large Canadian cities. The study explores several dimensions of the urbanization of Native people including: motivational determinants of the migration, employment and income structures, kinship networks, institutional participation, social adjustment, and return migration. The analysis demonstrates that Native people in urban areas exhibit low levels of economic adjustment and do not extend their participation into the institutions of the larger society. Rather, they appear to exhibit a “dual orientation” pattern of urban accommodation, exploiting the city for economic purposes but looking to the reserves for ideology, cultural identity, and social ties.
{"title":"The Urbanization of Indians in Winnipeg, Toronto, Edmonton and Vancouver: A Comparative Analysis","authors":"Don Mccaskill","doi":"10.7202/1077278ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077278ar","url":null,"abstract":"This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the migration, adjustment and integration of Indians into four large Canadian cities. The study explores several dimensions of the urbanization of Native people including: motivational determinants of the migration, employment and income structures, kinship networks, institutional participation, social adjustment, and return migration. The analysis demonstrates that Native people in urban areas exhibit low levels of economic adjustment and do not extend their participation into the institutions of the larger society. Rather, they appear to exhibit a “dual orientation” pattern of urban accommodation, exploiting the city for economic purposes but looking to the reserves for ideology, cultural identity, and social ties.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128835776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les paysans forment-ils un ensemble homogène et égalitaire ou un ensemble hétérogène composé de couches ou classes sociales distinctes ? Les culturalistes, les populistes et les marxistes russes du début du siècle apportent des réponses opposées au problème. L’examen de leurs prémisses et de leurs conclusions révèle que seule la théorie marxiste permet la reconnaissance du phénomène et sa mesure empirique. La critique des prémisses et de la méthodologie de Lénine nous conduit à proposer des moyens empiriques de mesurer la différentiation parmi les paysans québécois au cours du XIXe siècle en tenant compte de l’évolution spécifique de l’agriculture au Québec.
{"title":"La différenciation de la paysannerie montréalaise au XIXe siècle : le problème et les faits","authors":"Lise. Pilon-Lê","doi":"10.7202/1077272ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077272ar","url":null,"abstract":"Les paysans forment-ils un ensemble homogène et égalitaire ou un ensemble hétérogène composé de couches ou classes sociales distinctes ? Les culturalistes, les populistes et les marxistes russes du début du siècle apportent des réponses opposées au problème. L’examen de leurs prémisses et de leurs conclusions révèle que seule la théorie marxiste permet la reconnaissance du phénomène et sa mesure empirique. La critique des prémisses et de la méthodologie de Lénine nous conduit à proposer des moyens empiriques de mesurer la différentiation parmi les paysans québécois au cours du XIXe siècle en tenant compte de l’évolution spécifique de l’agriculture au Québec.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124203246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article examine la position des femmes par rapport à celle des hommes dans la société rukuba. En dépit d’une grande liberté matrimoniale, un code assez rigide réglemente les relations entre les sexes mais la division du travail qui en découle est bien acceptée bien que les femmes rukuba travaillent plus que leurs consoeurs d’autres populations voisines. Cependant, les femmes font à certaines occasions un rituel d’inversion dans lequel elles se moquent des hommes. Bien que ce rite ne puisse être considéré comme un rituel de rébellion, une version moderne qui en dérive fait état d’une protestation contre les hommes en général. L’article se termine par une analyse des revendications féministes des quelques femmes rukuba scolarisées et salariées.
{"title":"M.L.F. Rukuba : l’ancien et le nouveau","authors":"J. Muller","doi":"10.7202/1077268ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077268ar","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article examine la position des femmes par rapport à celle des hommes dans la société rukuba. En dépit d’une grande liberté matrimoniale, un code assez rigide réglemente les relations entre les sexes mais la division du travail qui en découle est bien acceptée bien que les femmes rukuba travaillent plus que leurs consoeurs d’autres populations voisines. Cependant, les femmes font à certaines occasions un rituel d’inversion dans lequel elles se moquent des hommes. Bien que ce rite ne puisse être considéré comme un rituel de rébellion, une version moderne qui en dérive fait état d’une protestation contre les hommes en général. L’article se termine par une analyse des revendications féministes des quelques femmes rukuba scolarisées et salariées.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127160666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last generation, the people of southern Labrador have enjoyed increasing contact with a number of sources of external information and, consequently, have developed middle class Canadian and American consumer desires. The degree to which these desires can be satisfied only partially determines the status of families in the community studied. This paper concerns how the community limits the definition of “success”. First, I briefly sketch the history and development of the community since its settlement to show the nature of traditional and modern values. Then the current community concept of “success” is examined with respect to its material and social constraints.
{"title":"Aspects of Socio-Economic Success in a Labrador Village","authors":"Frank E. Southard","doi":"10.7202/1077273ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077273ar","url":null,"abstract":"During the last generation, the people of southern Labrador have enjoyed increasing contact with a number of sources of external information and, consequently, have developed middle class Canadian and American consumer desires. The degree to which these desires can be satisfied only partially determines the status of families in the community studied. This paper concerns how the community limits the definition of “success”. First, I briefly sketch the history and development of the community since its settlement to show the nature of traditional and modern values. Then the current community concept of “success” is examined with respect to its material and social constraints.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134352440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reluctance to marry, urban migration and the pursuit of wealth on the part of contemporary Baule women are here examined in the light of historical and structural factors that play a decisive role in determining present goals and influencing behavior. Politically, economically and socially, women enjoyed high status in precolonial Baule society. Virilocal marriage restricted a woman’s access to political office, but did not prevent her from establishing a personal constituency of dependents and participating in the entrepreneurial activities through which one achieved prosperity and prestige. These opportunities were, however, contingent on a definition of conjugal rights and obligations which gave women, as well as men, control over basic resources. Colonization, by transforming productive relations, has broken down the equilibrium of the conjugal relationship and undermined the economic position of women in general and wives in particular. Yet, it has not destroyed the models and values which motivate many Baule women to pursue economic and personal autonomy, and which sometimes influence men to respect and support these goals.
{"title":"Gender Relations and Conjugality among the Baule (Ivory Coast)","authors":"M. Étienne","doi":"10.7202/1077269ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077269ar","url":null,"abstract":"Reluctance to marry, urban migration and the pursuit of wealth on the part of contemporary Baule women are here examined in the light of historical and structural factors that play a decisive role in determining present goals and influencing behavior. Politically, economically and socially, women enjoyed high status in precolonial Baule society. Virilocal marriage restricted a woman’s access to political office, but did not prevent her from establishing a personal constituency of dependents and participating in the entrepreneurial activities through which one achieved prosperity and prestige. These opportunities were, however, contingent on a definition of conjugal rights and obligations which gave women, as well as men, control over basic resources. Colonization, by transforming productive relations, has broken down the equilibrium of the conjugal relationship and undermined the economic position of women in general and wives in particular. Yet, it has not destroyed the models and values which motivate many Baule women to pursue economic and personal autonomy, and which sometimes influence men to respect and support these goals.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128500639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article tente de montrer dans un premier temps comment on a exclu les femmes de tout rôle actif dans la théorie de l’alliance : — par l’universalisation abusive de l’échange des femmes, — par la naturalisation des différences sexuelles et le présupposé qu’il existerait une solidarité naturelle de sexe qui interdirait d’être échangé et échangiste dans une même société, — enfin, par l’ignorance des formes dominées d’échange ou l’a priori qu’elles ont la même structure que la forme dominante. L’anthropologie des rôles sexuels est profondément inégale : alors que l’on a fait appel à ces formes dominées d’échange pour expliquer que l’échange des hommes n’était finalement pas vraiment un échange d’hommes ou au pire qu’il était aux mains des hommes, la mise à jour de ces formes dominées d’échange a rarement été effectuée dans le cas des femmes. La deuxième partie de cet article est consacrée à ces structures dominantes et dominées d’échange chez les Guidars du Cameroun septentrional.
{"title":"Échangés, échangistes : structures dominées et structures dominantes d’échange matrimonial — Le cas guidar","authors":"C. Collard","doi":"10.7202/1077267ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077267ar","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article tente de montrer dans un premier temps comment on a exclu les femmes de tout rôle actif dans la théorie de l’alliance : — par l’universalisation abusive de l’échange des femmes, — par la naturalisation des différences sexuelles et le présupposé qu’il existerait une solidarité naturelle de sexe qui interdirait d’être échangé et échangiste dans une même société, — enfin, par l’ignorance des formes dominées d’échange ou l’a priori qu’elles ont la même structure que la forme dominante. L’anthropologie des rôles sexuels est profondément inégale : alors que l’on a fait appel à ces formes dominées d’échange pour expliquer que l’échange des hommes n’était finalement pas vraiment un échange d’hommes ou au pire qu’il était aux mains des hommes, la mise à jour de ces formes dominées d’échange a rarement été effectuée dans le cas des femmes. La deuxième partie de cet article est consacrée à ces structures dominantes et dominées d’échange chez les Guidars du Cameroun septentrional.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123839568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The protest against the Newfoundland seal hunt has helped to put the hunt in a position of prominence as an important symbol of Newfoundland identity. This has given the sealers an extra set of motivations for participating in it, beyond economics. However, the sealers are reticent about revealing the non-economic motives for sealing. This paper proffers certain social and cultural motives and explains the methodology necessary to discover them.
{"title":"Why Do Sealers Seal? Cultural versus Economic Reasons for Participating in the Newfoundland Seal Hunt","authors":"G. Wright","doi":"10.7202/1077274ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077274ar","url":null,"abstract":"The protest against the Newfoundland seal hunt has helped to put the hunt in a position of prominence as an important symbol of Newfoundland identity. This has given the sealers an extra set of motivations for participating in it, beyond economics. However, the sealers are reticent about revealing the non-economic motives for sealing. This paper proffers certain social and cultural motives and explains the methodology necessary to discover them.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122084940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the past decade, following the loss of their traditional systems of social organization and lack of recognition as a native people, the Micmac Indians of Newfoundland have been engaged in a process of cultural revitalization. Utilizing their history in the re-creation of a cultural identity, an important symbol has been the land and their relationship to it. In this paper, the significance of the land provides a basis for the understanding of this political and cultural resurgence of Indian resurgence.
{"title":"The Micmacs of Newfoundland: A Resurgent Culture","authors":"Dorothy C. Anger","doi":"10.7202/1077277ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077277ar","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, following the loss of their traditional systems of social organization and lack of recognition as a native people, the Micmac Indians of Newfoundland have been engaged in a process of cultural revitalization. Utilizing their history in the re-creation of a cultural identity, an important symbol has been the land and their relationship to it. In this paper, the significance of the land provides a basis for the understanding of this political and cultural resurgence of Indian resurgence.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125507320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With an increasing public concern in the past decade over the socio-economic position of the native peoples of Canada, in large part a response to the politicization of native peoples themselves, special educational programmes have been initiated at several Canadian universities. The majority of students in the Special Mature Students Program of the University of Manitoba are of native background. This article examines some of the difficulties encountered during the first years of that program, ways in which they have been resolved, and factors related to the success of those students of native background who have completed first degrees and/or been admitted to professional faculties.
{"title":"Native Students and the Special Mature Students Program at the University of Manitoba: An Historical Examination","authors":"J. S. Matthiasson, Ron W. Kristjanson","doi":"10.7202/1077279ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077279ar","url":null,"abstract":"With an increasing public concern in the past decade over the socio-economic position of the native peoples of Canada, in large part a response to the politicization of native peoples themselves, special educational programmes have been initiated at several Canadian universities. The majority of students in the Special Mature Students Program of the University of Manitoba are of native background. This article examines some of the difficulties encountered during the first years of that program, ways in which they have been resolved, and factors related to the success of those students of native background who have completed first degrees and/or been admitted to professional faculties.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116267195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trois groupes de possession du Zaïre sont présentés en référence à la manière dont ils expriment et articulent le rapport des femmes à la société globale, dans un contexte rural traditionnel et en milieu urbain : le Zebola, le Mpombo et le Mizuka. L’accent est mis sur la manière dont ce rapport apparaît spécifiquement marqué par l’orientation de l’idiome culturel qui caractérise chacun des groupes. Cette spécificité est analysée ici à deux niveaux différents : la structure du système d’interprétation et la place qu’occupent les phénomènes de transe dans le rapport agi à la possession. En milieu rural traditionnel déjà, le langage de la possession institue pour les femmes la possibilité de s’inscrire dans un rapport à la société différent de celui que leur assigne la structure formelle des rapports entre les sexes. Ce caractère potentiellement contestataire de la possession est repris et amplifié en milieu urbain où les groupes de possession apparaissent comme un des points d’ancrage possibles d’une redéfinition des rapports entre les sexes et entre l’individu et la société globale.
{"title":"Possession féminine et structures de pouvoir dans les sociétés zaïroises","authors":"E. Corin","doi":"10.7202/1077270ar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1077270ar","url":null,"abstract":"Trois groupes de possession du Zaïre sont présentés en référence à la manière dont ils expriment et articulent le rapport des femmes à la société globale, dans un contexte rural traditionnel et en milieu urbain : le Zebola, le Mpombo et le Mizuka. L’accent est mis sur la manière dont ce rapport apparaît spécifiquement marqué par l’orientation de l’idiome culturel qui caractérise chacun des groupes. Cette spécificité est analysée ici à deux niveaux différents : la structure du système d’interprétation et la place qu’occupent les phénomènes de transe dans le rapport agi à la possession. En milieu rural traditionnel déjà, le langage de la possession institue pour les femmes la possibilité de s’inscrire dans un rapport à la société différent de celui que leur assigne la structure formelle des rapports entre les sexes. Ce caractère potentiellement contestataire de la possession est repris et amplifié en milieu urbain où les groupes de possession apparaissent comme un des points d’ancrage possibles d’une redéfinition des rapports entre les sexes et entre l’individu et la société globale.","PeriodicalId":339637,"journal":{"name":"I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT / DÉVELOPPEMENT POLITIQUE ET SOCIAL","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115211031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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