L. Deb, Mia Jenkins, Malcolm Meredith, Katelyn Rennyson
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects many individuals worldwide and is associated with multiple long-term complications. The underlying pathophysiology of T1D involves an autoimmune process that leads to destruction of pancreatic β-islet cells, which are the sole cells responsible for producing the body’s insulin. Thus, the current recommended treatment for T1D is insulin therapy, which requires continuous awareness and monitoring throughout the day, placing a great deal of stress and responsibility on patients. Various modalities are under investigation to provide alternatives to treatment, or even a cure. Adult endogenous progenitor cells have been studied as one potential therapy for patients with T1D due to their ability to prevent an allogenic immune response in addition to an autoimmune response. Additionally, pancreatic ductal cells and bone marrow stem cells served as one of the first areas of research that demonstrated self-progenitor cells could regenerate pancreatic islet cells. A major limitation to stem cell therapy success is the risk of graft rejection. However, altering immune cell composition and creating physical barriers to protect the implanted cells from attack has been one successful solution to this by circumventing the pernicious immune response that is characteristic of T1D. Other limitations of these therapies include teratoma risk and the inability to reproduce the required signaling environment for cell differentiation ex vivo. Furthermore, stem cell therapy has shown promise in its applications for treatment of diabetes-associated complications including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. This article critically reviews previous research and current progress toward stem cell treatment options for patients with T1D.
{"title":"The Role of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications","authors":"L. Deb, Mia Jenkins, Malcolm Meredith, Katelyn Rennyson","doi":"10.52504/001c.29777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.29777","url":null,"abstract":"Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects many individuals worldwide and is associated with multiple long-term complications. The underlying pathophysiology of T1D involves an autoimmune process that leads to destruction of pancreatic β-islet cells, which are the sole cells responsible for producing the body’s insulin. Thus, the current recommended treatment for T1D is insulin therapy, which requires continuous awareness and monitoring throughout the day, placing a great deal of stress and responsibility on patients. Various modalities are under investigation to provide alternatives to treatment, or even a cure. Adult endogenous progenitor cells have been studied as one potential therapy for patients with T1D due to their ability to prevent an allogenic immune response in addition to an autoimmune response. Additionally, pancreatic ductal cells and bone marrow stem cells served as one of the first areas of research that demonstrated self-progenitor cells could regenerate pancreatic islet cells. A major limitation to stem cell therapy success is the risk of graft rejection. However, altering immune cell composition and creating physical barriers to protect the implanted cells from attack has been one successful solution to this by circumventing the pernicious immune response that is characteristic of T1D. Other limitations of these therapies include teratoma risk and the inability to reproduce the required signaling environment for cell differentiation ex vivo. Furthermore, stem cell therapy has shown promise in its applications for treatment of diabetes-associated complications including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. This article critically reviews previous research and current progress toward stem cell treatment options for patients with T1D.","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134580223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kahlo Baniadam, Stephen P Tranchina, Mary-Kate Lawlor, J. Kakazu
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the loss of particular nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neuron projections. Current treatments only address the symptoms of PD and do not work to repair the causative neurodegeneration. Using both Ovid MEDLINE (n = 10) and Google Scholar (n = 10), we conducted a literature search relevant to treating the underlying causes of this disease with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapy. In vitro studies of iPSC lines have demonstrated their ability to model neurodegeneration in DA neurons in addition to specific genetic risk factors, allowing for personalized pharmacological testing and treatment. In vivo studies have progressed over the last decade demonstrating the clinical safety and efficacy of iPSC transplantation in primate and human models. We present research that improves limitations of current methods, such as purification techniques, specific differentiation markers, cryopreservation of iPSCs, and CORIN sorting technology for large-scale production. Due to the evolution and improvement of these methods, we encourage the advancement and expansion of domestic PD-focused iPSC clinical trials. cells cell therapy
{"title":"Therapeutic Applications of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Use in Parkinson’s Disease Models","authors":"Kahlo Baniadam, Stephen P Tranchina, Mary-Kate Lawlor, J. Kakazu","doi":"10.52504/001c.29784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.29784","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the loss of particular nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neuron projections. Current treatments only address the symptoms of PD and do not work to repair the causative neurodegeneration. Using both Ovid MEDLINE (n = 10) and Google Scholar (n = 10), we conducted a literature search relevant to treating the underlying causes of this disease with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapy. In vitro studies of iPSC lines have demonstrated their ability to model neurodegeneration in DA neurons in addition to specific genetic risk factors, allowing for personalized pharmacological testing and treatment. In vivo studies have progressed over the last decade demonstrating the clinical safety and efficacy of iPSC transplantation in primate and human models. We present research that improves limitations of current methods, such as purification techniques, specific differentiation markers, cryopreservation of iPSCs, and CORIN sorting technology for large-scale production. Due to the evolution and improvement of these methods, we encourage the advancement and expansion of domestic PD-focused iPSC clinical trials. cells cell therapy","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123174769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why disaggregation of Asian American health data is critical in achieving health equity: A look into how the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected Asian Americans","authors":"E. Choe","doi":"10.52504/001c.26839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.26839","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124444529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Recently, the United States government resumed administration of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine after a temporary pause due to six cases of rare blood clots in women. Across several platforms, many shared the news about the vaccine and continue to have conversations about blood clots. The discussions surrounding cerebral sinus vein thrombosis, and blood clots in general, are encouraging, as blood clots impact the lives of countless patients and families. However, venous thromboembolism (VTE) should not be thought of solely as a rare side effect of a vaccine. Rather, VTE is a common phenomenon related to several aspects of daily lives: for example, oral contraceptive use among women, smoking, and obesity.1
{"title":"Today and Every Day: Blood Clot Concerns Beyond COVID-19","authors":"S. Rizzo","doi":"10.52504/001c.29781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.29781","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Recently, the United States government resumed administration of the Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine after a temporary pause due to six cases of rare blood clots in women. Across several platforms, many shared the news about the vaccine and continue to have conversations about blood clots. The discussions surrounding cerebral sinus vein thrombosis, and blood clots in general, are encouraging, as blood clots impact the lives of countless patients and families. However, venous thromboembolism (VTE) should not be thought of solely as a rare side effect of a vaccine. Rather, VTE is a common phenomenon related to several aspects of daily lives: for example, oral contraceptive use among women, smoking, and obesity.1","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115425982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bridging the Communication Gap: Addressing Linguistic Exclusion in Healthcare","authors":"Jordan Moliver","doi":"10.52504/001c.26841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.26841","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"168 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113996920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If you haven’t done so already, consider attempting a Google search for COVID-19 anti-vaccine discourse, not because I want you to find inspiration in that direction, but because I invite you to step into the shoes of someone afflicted with what some politely call “vaccine hesitancy.” I felt relief from completing the two-dose Pfizer vaccine and have become fascinated by those who might not have the same confidence in this feat of human engineering. Considering how widespread anti-vaccine attitudes are reported, I was surprised by the difficulty I had quenching my interest in learning about these perspectives.
{"title":"A medical student’s surprisingly difficult search for anti-vaccine sentiments online","authors":"Jonathan Weiss","doi":"10.52504/001c.28816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.28816","url":null,"abstract":"If you haven’t done so already, consider attempting a Google search for COVID-19 anti-vaccine discourse, not because I want you to find inspiration in that direction, but because I invite you to step into the shoes of someone afflicted with what some politely call “vaccine hesitancy.” I felt relief from completing the two-dose Pfizer vaccine and have become fascinated by those who might not have the same confidence in this feat of human engineering. Considering how widespread anti-vaccine attitudes are reported, I was surprised by the difficulty I had quenching my interest in learning about these perspectives.","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116809122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background Starting in 1990, the Human Genome Project set out with the ambitious goal to map the entire human genome. More specifically, the project’s primary objective was to determine the nucleotide base pair composition of the geneassociated DNA in Homo sapiens – the segments involved in encoding functional proteins and regulatory segments. This information would help scientists better comprehend the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, and potentially spark a new era of genetically targeted treatment.1 The cost of the project amounted to nearly $3 billion. Thirty years later, in 2020, technological advances in large-scale gene sequencing allow a patient to have his or her whole genome sequenced for less than $100.2 Various forms of genetic testing–including whole exome sequencing and microarray studies to ascertain copy number variants–are therefore now widely accessible. They have become, in effect, a bedrock of clinical testing among the broader menu of laboratory analyses available in a well-equipped hospital or clinic, capable of being ordered right alongside a blood smear or urinalysis.
{"title":"Privacy or Convenience? The Current State and Future of Commercial Genetics","authors":"D. Popovsky","doi":"10.52504/001c.28221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.28221","url":null,"abstract":"Background Starting in 1990, the Human Genome Project set out with the ambitious goal to map the entire human genome. More specifically, the project’s primary objective was to determine the nucleotide base pair composition of the geneassociated DNA in Homo sapiens – the segments involved in encoding functional proteins and regulatory segments. This information would help scientists better comprehend the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, and potentially spark a new era of genetically targeted treatment.1 The cost of the project amounted to nearly $3 billion. Thirty years later, in 2020, technological advances in large-scale gene sequencing allow a patient to have his or her whole genome sequenced for less than $100.2 Various forms of genetic testing–including whole exome sequencing and microarray studies to ascertain copy number variants–are therefore now widely accessible. They have become, in effect, a bedrock of clinical testing among the broader menu of laboratory analyses available in a well-equipped hospital or clinic, capable of being ordered right alongside a blood smear or urinalysis.","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132540740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"God was with us in the OR that day","authors":"Monica Soni","doi":"10.52504/001c.25144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.25144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132827133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acupuncture is an ancient medical practice looking to find a place in western clinics. This article details the history, proposed mechanisms of action, and efficacy of acupuncture.
针灸是一种古老的医学实践，希望在西方诊所找到一席之地。本文详细介绍了针灸的历史、作用机制和疗效。
{"title":"Acupuncture: A Clinical Option for Pain Management","authors":"M. Rao","doi":"10.52504/001c.25140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.25140","url":null,"abstract":"Acupuncture is an ancient medical practice looking to find a place in western clinics. This article details the history, proposed mechanisms of action, and efficacy of acupuncture.","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132998168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Physician’s Role in Political Advocacy","authors":"M. Rock","doi":"10.52504/001c.21357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52504/001c.21357","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":340325,"journal":{"name":"Georgetown Medical Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124452895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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