Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_46_22
S. Visvanathan, L. Mathivadhani, T. Velmurugan, D. Sujitha, Heber Anandhan
Though it accounts for 8 to 14% of total injuries in children,[2] it can be prevented in 90% of the cases.[1],[2] The major anticipated problems in pediatric ocular trauma even with good healing response are amblyopia, dense fibrous reaction, cataract, and also the lower success rate of keratoplasty due to excessive fibrin formation.[2],[6] This study aims to determine the patterns of ocular trauma and analyze the mode of injury, its complications, and the visual prognosis after injury. Methods: This study was a prospective observational case study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, in a tertiary care center for 1 year from January 2020 to January 2021, which included all children below the age of 12 years with a history of ocular trauma. Data were collected on the demographic characteristics, mode of injury, place of injury, intervention done, the course in the hospital, its complications, and final visual outcome. The eye injuries were also classified using the international classification of ocular trauma, the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS), and Ocular Trauma Score have been given to each patient. The data were entered in an Excel sheet, and Snellen's visual acuity was converted to a Log MAR unit for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the continuous variables, whereas frequencies were used to describe the categorical and binary variables. Results: A total of 50 children presented to the Department of Ophthalmology with a history of ocular trauma during the study period. Out of 50 children, the mean age of presentation was 7.434. Children aged 9 to 12 years (48%) were most commonly affected followed by the age group 0 to 4 years and 5 to 8 were equally involved (26% each). Thirty-five (70%) of the children were male and 15 were female (30%). Forty-five (90%) children were from rural areas and 5 (10%) were from urban areas. The most common mode of injury was road traffic accidents and accidental falls which were about 24% (n = 12 each). Ocular trauma has been classified as closed or open injury based on BETTS, which showed only 6% (3 patients) had open globe injury and 84% (42 patients) had closed globe injury, 10% (5 patients) had an adnexal injury. 40 children were managed medically, and 10 children required surgical intervention. Discussion: Eye injuries are an important cause of ocular morbidity in children, being a leading cause of unilateral blindness in this age group. Timely referral and prompt management can help prevent blindness from ocular trauma. Follow-up plays a vital role in identifying the secondary complications earlier. It is a prerequisite to educate the children, parents and teachers concerning ocular health and hygiene to minimize eye injuries. Introduction: Pediatric ocular trauma is an important cause of eye morbidity. Epidemiology varies in different regions of the world.
{"title":"Patterns of paediatric ocular trauma in a tertiary care hospital in Southern Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"S. Visvanathan, L. Mathivadhani, T. Velmurugan, D. Sujitha, Heber Anandhan","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_46_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_46_22","url":null,"abstract":"Though it accounts for 8 to 14% of total injuries in children,[2] it can be prevented in 90% of the cases.[1],[2] The major anticipated problems in pediatric ocular trauma even with good healing response are amblyopia, dense fibrous reaction, cataract, and also the lower success rate of keratoplasty due to excessive fibrin formation.[2],[6] This study aims to determine the patterns of ocular trauma and analyze the mode of injury, its complications, and the visual prognosis after injury. Methods: This study was a prospective observational case study conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, in a tertiary care center for 1 year from January 2020 to January 2021, which included all children below the age of 12 years with a history of ocular trauma. Data were collected on the demographic characteristics, mode of injury, place of injury, intervention done, the course in the hospital, its complications, and final visual outcome. The eye injuries were also classified using the international classification of ocular trauma, the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System (BETTS), and Ocular Trauma Score have been given to each patient. The data were entered in an Excel sheet, and Snellen's visual acuity was converted to a Log MAR unit for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the continuous variables, whereas frequencies were used to describe the categorical and binary variables. Results: A total of 50 children presented to the Department of Ophthalmology with a history of ocular trauma during the study period. Out of 50 children, the mean age of presentation was 7.434. Children aged 9 to 12 years (48%) were most commonly affected followed by the age group 0 to 4 years and 5 to 8 were equally involved (26% each). Thirty-five (70%) of the children were male and 15 were female (30%). Forty-five (90%) children were from rural areas and 5 (10%) were from urban areas. The most common mode of injury was road traffic accidents and accidental falls which were about 24% (n = 12 each). Ocular trauma has been classified as closed or open injury based on BETTS, which showed only 6% (3 patients) had open globe injury and 84% (42 patients) had closed globe injury, 10% (5 patients) had an adnexal injury. 40 children were managed medically, and 10 children required surgical intervention. Discussion: Eye injuries are an important cause of ocular morbidity in children, being a leading cause of unilateral blindness in this age group. Timely referral and prompt management can help prevent blindness from ocular trauma. Follow-up plays a vital role in identifying the secondary complications earlier. It is a prerequisite to educate the children, parents and teachers concerning ocular health and hygiene to minimize eye injuries. Introduction: Pediatric ocular trauma is an important cause of eye morbidity. Epidemiology varies in different regions of the world.","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"46 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42061082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_83_22
P. Ramesh, S. Ramesh, Tamilselvan Subramanian, Prajnya Ray, A. Devadas, S. Ansar, R. Rajasekaran, S. Parthasarathi
Purpose: A novel convolutional neural network approach in detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR) was employed to overcome the black box dilemma in artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to identification and classification, this tool is intended to identify signs such as microaneurysms, hard exudates, dot-blot haemorrhages and flame-shaped haemorrhages, and neovascularisation with the help of customised human annotations. Design: This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Subjects: Eight thousand confocal high-resolution fundus images of 5,174 patients were included in this study. Methods: Dataset involved 8,000 fundus images of DR with 5,200 images for training, 1,400 images for validation and 1,400 images for the held-out test. The 1,400 images used for the held-out test were non-annotated fundus images. You Only Look Once (YOLO) 5 algorithms were used for detection. Main Outcome Measures: The AI tool was evaluated with mean average precision, objectness loss, classification loss, precision and recall. The number of images in which all the clinical signs of DR were correctly predicted, wrongly predicted and missed were also calculated. Results: Tests showed consistent increments from 79.5% to 91% accuracy in predicting the diagnosis, severity, and clinical fundus signs pertaining to DR. The overall sensitivity was 81.6% and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first paper to train fundus images with high-resolution confocal images and annotate every clinical sign of the DR fundus along with diagnosis and severity for accurate predictions with their various fundus signs, thus overcoming the black box dilemma. With constant training via a feedback mechanism, there was a continuous upsurge in prediction accuracy.
目的：采用一种新的卷积神经网络方法检测糖尿病视网膜病变（DR），以克服人工智能（AI）中的黑匣子困境。除了识别和分类外，该工具还旨在借助定制的人类注释识别微动脉瘤、硬渗出物、斑点印迹出血和火焰状出血以及新生血管形成等体征。设计：这是一项前瞻性的横断面研究。受试者：本研究包括5174名患者的8000张共焦高分辨率眼底图像。方法：数据集包括8000张DR眼底图像，其中5200张用于训练，1400张用于验证，1400张图像用于保持测试。用于保留测试的1400张图像是未注释的眼底图像。You Only Look Once（YOLO）5种算法用于检测。主要结果指标：人工智能工具采用平均精度、对象性损失、分类损失、精度和召回率进行评估。还计算了DR的所有临床体征被正确预测、错误预测和遗漏的图像数量。结果：测试显示，在预测DR的诊断、严重程度和临床眼底体征方面，准确率从79.5%到91%，总体敏感性为81.6%，特异性为100%。结论：据我们所知，这是第一篇用高分辨率共焦图像训练眼底图像的论文，并注释DR眼底的每一个临床体征以及诊断和严重程度，以准确预测其各种眼底体征，从而克服黑匣子困境。通过反馈机制不断进行训练，预测准确性不断提高。
{"title":"Customised artificial intelligence toolbox for detecting diabetic retinopathy with confocal truecolor fundus images using object detection methods","authors":"P. Ramesh, S. Ramesh, Tamilselvan Subramanian, Prajnya Ray, A. Devadas, S. Ansar, R. Rajasekaran, S. Parthasarathi","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_83_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_83_22","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: A novel convolutional neural network approach in detecting diabetic retinopathy (DR) was employed to overcome the black box dilemma in artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to identification and classification, this tool is intended to identify signs such as microaneurysms, hard exudates, dot-blot haemorrhages and flame-shaped haemorrhages, and neovascularisation with the help of customised human annotations. Design: This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Subjects: Eight thousand confocal high-resolution fundus images of 5,174 patients were included in this study. Methods: Dataset involved 8,000 fundus images of DR with 5,200 images for training, 1,400 images for validation and 1,400 images for the held-out test. The 1,400 images used for the held-out test were non-annotated fundus images. You Only Look Once (YOLO) 5 algorithms were used for detection. Main Outcome Measures: The AI tool was evaluated with mean average precision, objectness loss, classification loss, precision and recall. The number of images in which all the clinical signs of DR were correctly predicted, wrongly predicted and missed were also calculated. Results: Tests showed consistent increments from 79.5% to 91% accuracy in predicting the diagnosis, severity, and clinical fundus signs pertaining to DR. The overall sensitivity was 81.6% and the specificity was 100%. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first paper to train fundus images with high-resolution confocal images and annotate every clinical sign of the DR fundus along with diagnosis and severity for accurate predictions with their various fundus signs, thus overcoming the black box dilemma. With constant training via a feedback mechanism, there was a continuous upsurge in prediction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"57 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45484168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_117_22
Prakash Chermakani, P. Sundaresan
Traboulsi syndrome is a multi-organ disorder typically characterized by pleiotropic manifestations including facial dysmorphism, lens dislocation, anterior segment abnormalities, and spontaneous filtering blebs (FDLAB). It is caused by mutations in the candidate gene ASPH, which encodes an enzyme aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase involved in the hydroxylation of the epidermal growth factor domain (EGFD). It is a rare monogenic disorder, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. In recent years, many rare genetic disorders have been identified without established registries, which poses a major public health challenge. Consequently, diagnosing and treating rare disorders requires a thorough understanding of their predisposition factors. This review provides an in-depth understanding of genetic aetiology, pathophysiology, and possible disease management approaches contributing to Traboulsi syndrome.
{"title":"Traboulsi syndrome: A rare eye disease and its genetic association","authors":"Prakash Chermakani, P. Sundaresan","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_117_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_117_22","url":null,"abstract":"Traboulsi syndrome is a multi-organ disorder typically characterized by pleiotropic manifestations including facial dysmorphism, lens dislocation, anterior segment abnormalities, and spontaneous filtering blebs (FDLAB). It is caused by mutations in the candidate gene ASPH, which encodes an enzyme aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase involved in the hydroxylation of the epidermal growth factor domain (EGFD). It is a rare monogenic disorder, inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. In recent years, many rare genetic disorders have been identified without established registries, which poses a major public health challenge. Consequently, diagnosing and treating rare disorders requires a thorough understanding of their predisposition factors. This review provides an in-depth understanding of genetic aetiology, pathophysiology, and possible disease management approaches contributing to Traboulsi syndrome.","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"41 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47421949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: To assess the quality of life and contrast sensitivity (CS) pre- and post-laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) among subjects with low, moderate and high myopia. Materials: A total of 95 ubjects undergoing myopic LASIK during the study period from 2018 to 2019 among different grades of myopia were included. It was a prospective, non-randomised study. Quality of life was measured by NEI-RQL 42 (national eye institute refractive error quality of life) questionnaire. The Pelli-Robson chart measured contrast sensitivity and the visual outcomes before LASIK and at one week, one month and six months after LASIK. Results: One hundred and ninety eyes of 95 subjects were included in the study. Out of these, 93.5% of low myopia (n = 29/31), 85.7% of moderate myopia (n = 36/42) and 72.7% of high myopia (n = 16/22) improved to 6/6 at six month follow up. All 13 subscales of the NEI-RQL 42 questionnaire observed an increasing trend except glare (GL) which showed a decreasing trend over time, and the results were statistically significant at a 5% level. Concerning contrast sensitivity, low myopias had a better postoperative CS when compared to high myopia, and this finding was statistically significant (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Despite being a safe and effective procedure of refractive correction, LASIK has its setbacks, especially when compared with the quality of vision, and this can be minimized by careful preoperative assessment and in-depth patient counseling by the treating physicians.
{"title":"A study on quality of life and contrast sensitivity pre and post laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) between subjects with low, moderate and high myopia: A prospective, NEI-RQL 42 questionnaire based study","authors":"Venugopal Anitha, Aditee Madkaikar, Meenakshi Ravindran, Sandeep Bachu, MohammedSithiq Uduman","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_29_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_29_23","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To assess the quality of life and contrast sensitivity (CS) pre- and post-laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) among subjects with low, moderate and high myopia. Materials: A total of 95 ubjects undergoing myopic LASIK during the study period from 2018 to 2019 among different grades of myopia were included. It was a prospective, non-randomised study. Quality of life was measured by NEI-RQL 42 (national eye institute refractive error quality of life) questionnaire. The Pelli-Robson chart measured contrast sensitivity and the visual outcomes before LASIK and at one week, one month and six months after LASIK. Results: One hundred and ninety eyes of 95 subjects were included in the study. Out of these, 93.5% of low myopia (n = 29/31), 85.7% of moderate myopia (n = 36/42) and 72.7% of high myopia (n = 16/22) improved to 6/6 at six month follow up. All 13 subscales of the NEI-RQL 42 questionnaire observed an increasing trend except glare (GL) which showed a decreasing trend over time, and the results were statistically significant at a 5% level. Concerning contrast sensitivity, low myopias had a better postoperative CS when compared to high myopia, and this finding was statistically significant (P = 0.012). Conclusion: Despite being a safe and effective procedure of refractive correction, LASIK has its setbacks, especially when compared with the quality of vision, and this can be minimized by careful preoperative assessment and in-depth patient counseling by the treating physicians.","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136003208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_23_23
Jeyanthan Soundarapandian
{"title":"Bioprinting in ophthalmology – Is it a fad or the future?","authors":"Jeyanthan Soundarapandian","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_23_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_23_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42988740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_9_22
A. Mohankumar, R. Mohan
{"title":"Multi-Modal imaging of torpedo maculopathy","authors":"A. Mohankumar, R. Mohan","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_9_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_9_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"143 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44351618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_66_22
J. Anitha, M. Manasa, N. Khanna, N. Apoorva, Aathira Paul
Context: The use of smartphone-based peek acuity application to test the visual acuity will improve the time efficacy, availability, and utility of subjective results collections for the healthcare providers. Aims: To assess and compare the VA by Smartphone visual acuity chart and LogMAR visual acuity chart and to determine the significance of the peek acuity chart over the LogMAR chart. Settings and Design: Prospective study. Methods and Material: We analysed 50 subjects with their approval and informed consent, evaluated their visual acuity using a LogMAR chart at three metres, and performed subjective refraction, silt lamp examination, and fundus examination. VA measures were taken with a smartphone software called Peek acuity and subjective refraction was done with a smartphone-based visual acuity program. The results were then compared between the two techniques. Sample Size: Convenient sampling. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were entered in MS excel and the results were calculated using statistical software SPSS, version 20. The results were expressed in the form of descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, graphs, frequency, and percentage was performed and inferential statistics like corelation and paired t-test were performed wherever necessary to compare unaided visual acuity, visual acuity with pinhole, and with glasses in both the eyes using smartphone-based PEEK visual acuity app and LogMAR visual acuity chart. If P <.05, said to be statistically significant. Normality was checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: The visual acuity measurement using LogMAR and the peek acuity chart had a P value.0001 significant positive connection with correlative data with and without pinhole. In addition, when comparing the Peek acuity app and the LogMAR chart, it shows that the mean unaided visual acuity difference with pinhole in OD is 0.0200 and OS is 0.0100 and with full correction they read out all optotypes clearly and without lag or failure. Conclusion: We discovered a significant statistical association between visual acuity measurement using a standard logMAR chart and a smartphone-based visual acuity application in this study (peek acuity app). As a result, a smartphone visual acuity application can be used to assess vision instead of the logMAR chart.
{"title":"A comparative study on peek (Smartphone based) Visual acuity test and LogMAR visual acuity test","authors":"J. Anitha, M. Manasa, N. Khanna, N. Apoorva, Aathira Paul","doi":"10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_66_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_66_22","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The use of smartphone-based peek acuity application to test the visual acuity will improve the time efficacy, availability, and utility of subjective results collections for the healthcare providers. Aims: To assess and compare the VA by Smartphone visual acuity chart and LogMAR visual acuity chart and to determine the significance of the peek acuity chart over the LogMAR chart. Settings and Design: Prospective study. Methods and Material: We analysed 50 subjects with their approval and informed consent, evaluated their visual acuity using a LogMAR chart at three metres, and performed subjective refraction, silt lamp examination, and fundus examination. VA measures were taken with a smartphone software called Peek acuity and subjective refraction was done with a smartphone-based visual acuity program. The results were then compared between the two techniques. Sample Size: Convenient sampling. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were entered in MS excel and the results were calculated using statistical software SPSS, version 20. The results were expressed in the form of descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, graphs, frequency, and percentage was performed and inferential statistics like corelation and paired t-test were performed wherever necessary to compare unaided visual acuity, visual acuity with pinhole, and with glasses in both the eyes using smartphone-based PEEK visual acuity app and LogMAR visual acuity chart. If P <.05, said to be statistically significant. Normality was checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: The visual acuity measurement using LogMAR and the peek acuity chart had a P value.0001 significant positive connection with correlative data with and without pinhole. In addition, when comparing the Peek acuity app and the LogMAR chart, it shows that the mean unaided visual acuity difference with pinhole in OD is 0.0200 and OS is 0.0100 and with full correction they read out all optotypes clearly and without lag or failure. Conclusion: We discovered a significant statistical association between visual acuity measurement using a standard logMAR chart and a smartphone-based visual acuity application in this study (peek acuity app). As a result, a smartphone visual acuity application can be used to assess vision instead of the logMAR chart.","PeriodicalId":34180,"journal":{"name":"TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research","volume":"61 1","pages":"94 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48319414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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