Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91800
A. A. Siddiqui, A. K. Dubey
{"title":"Laser Surface Treatment","authors":"A. A. Siddiqui, A. K. Dubey","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91800","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127174715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89189
K. Guo
Pulsed Nd:YAG laser was taken to premicromachine DF2 (AISI-O1) cold work steel. The effect of laser-irradiated parameters on the morphology evolution of the processed surface was investigated by 3D profilometer, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy (OM). Results show that when DF2 (AISI-O1) specimens were irradiated with various parameters, the morphology of DF2 (AISI-O1) cold work steel was changed correspondingly. Moreover, it demonstrates that for a given laser, various kinds of morphology of a laser-machined surface could be established successfully to satisfy with the desired finish surface for the practical applications later.
{"title":"Morphology Evolution of DF2 (AISI-O1) Surface Micromachined by Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser","authors":"K. Guo","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89189","url":null,"abstract":"Pulsed Nd:YAG laser was taken to premicromachine DF2 (AISI-O1) cold work steel. The effect of laser-irradiated parameters on the morphology evolution of the processed surface was investigated by 3D profilometer, atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy (OM). Results show that when DF2 (AISI-O1) specimens were irradiated with various parameters, the morphology of DF2 (AISI-O1) cold work steel was changed correspondingly. Moreover, it demonstrates that for a given laser, various kinds of morphology of a laser-machined surface could be established successfully to satisfy with the desired finish surface for the practical applications later.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129324690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-20DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91468
F. Khan, H. Rashed
Phase transformation in crystalline solid is an important factor that designs the microstructure and plays a great role in alloy development. Iron has an allotropic form, and this unique metallurgical property leads to phase transformation. Addition of micro-alloying elements enhances the phase transformation scenarios in steels. Phase transformation due to the addition of micro-alloying elements, together with exceptional precipitation hardening capabilities, substantially improves mechanical properties of steels of different grades. Ferrite transforming to other phases reduces the hardenability of steels. Micro-addition of elements forms precipitation in ferrite and austenite, which controls the microstructure and hence the mechanical properties of steels. Besides, interactions between different deformation sequences used in the production of steel and addition of elements as solute or precipitates regulate the microstructure. Ferrite grain refinement depends on the refinement of austenite grain size in one case, and austenite grain size growth can be varied by addition of various elements. Thus, a variety of elements influences phase transformation that leads to significantly modified properties.
{"title":"Phase Transformation in Micro-Alloyed Steels","authors":"F. Khan, H. Rashed","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91468","url":null,"abstract":"Phase transformation in crystalline solid is an important factor that designs the microstructure and plays a great role in alloy development. Iron has an allotropic form, and this unique metallurgical property leads to phase transformation. Addition of micro-alloying elements enhances the phase transformation scenarios in steels. Phase transformation due to the addition of micro-alloying elements, together with exceptional precipitation hardening capabilities, substantially improves mechanical properties of steels of different grades. Ferrite transforming to other phases reduces the hardenability of steels. Micro-addition of elements forms precipitation in ferrite and austenite, which controls the microstructure and hence the mechanical properties of steels. Besides, interactions between different deformation sequences used in the production of steel and addition of elements as solute or precipitates regulate the microstructure. Ferrite grain refinement depends on the refinement of austenite grain size in one case, and austenite grain size growth can be varied by addition of various elements. Thus, a variety of elements influences phase transformation that leads to significantly modified properties.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128754918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-06DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91166
Ashutosh Sharma
The aim of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding of the metal-ceramic joints and high-entropy alloy (HEA) research in microjoining applications. We will first overview the issues in metal-ceramic brazing and solutions to overcome those issues using various fillers. Various approaches are available for joining ceramic to metallic materials. One approach will be to look for brazing alloys with the so-called high-entropy characteristics which exhibit a solid solution phase. The conventional alloy design and arc melting, Bridgman solidification, and advanced powder metallurgy techniques will be studied, including high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for the mechanical alloying process, and hot-press and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques are utilized for improved densification and phase transformation. We also summarize the various thermodynamic relations to obtain the high-entropy phase and present future possibilities of high-entropy alloys in microjoining research at the later stage of this chapter.
{"title":"High-Entropy Alloys for Micro- and Nanojoining Applications","authors":"Ashutosh Sharma","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91166","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding of the metal-ceramic joints and high-entropy alloy (HEA) research in microjoining applications. We will first overview the issues in metal-ceramic brazing and solutions to overcome those issues using various fillers. Various approaches are available for joining ceramic to metallic materials. One approach will be to look for brazing alloys with the so-called high-entropy characteristics which exhibit a solid solution phase. The conventional alloy design and arc melting, Bridgman solidification, and advanced powder metallurgy techniques will be studied, including high-energy ball milling (HEBM) for the mechanical alloying process, and hot-press and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques are utilized for improved densification and phase transformation. We also summarize the various thermodynamic relations to obtain the high-entropy phase and present future possibilities of high-entropy alloys in microjoining research at the later stage of this chapter.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116852967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91334
Z. Duriagina, T. Kovbasyuk, V. Kulyk, A. Trostianchyn, T. Tepla
For the use of chromium steels in instrumentation, microelectronics, and electrical engineering, their surfaces are additionally protected by coatings based on glass ceramics and other insulating materials. Such materials can operate at high temperatures for a long time under the influence of the electric current or magnetic field. This chapter describes the research results on synthesized coatings based on oxide glass ceramics and oxide materials obtained by plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the surfaces of stainless steels.
{"title":"Technologies of High-Temperature Insulating Coatings on Stainless Steels","authors":"Z. Duriagina, T. Kovbasyuk, V. Kulyk, A. Trostianchyn, T. Tepla","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91334","url":null,"abstract":"For the use of chromium steels in instrumentation, microelectronics, and electrical engineering, their surfaces are additionally protected by coatings based on glass ceramics and other insulating materials. Such materials can operate at high temperatures for a long time under the influence of the electric current or magnetic field. This chapter describes the research results on synthesized coatings based on oxide glass ceramics and oxide materials obtained by plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the surfaces of stainless steels.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126814067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-14DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91024
M. Tisza
The automotive industry plays a determinant role in the economy of developed countries. Sheet metal forming is one of the most important processes in car manufacturing. Recent trends in car production may be characterized by the application of lightweight principles. Its main priority is to fulfill both the customers’ demands and the increased legal requirements. The application of high strength steels may be regarded as one of the potential possibilities. Applying high strength steels has a positive response for many of the requirements: increasing the strength may lead to the application of thinner sheets resulting in significant mass reduction. Mass reduction is leading to lower consumption with increased environment protection. However, increasing the strength can often lead to the decrease of formability, which is very unfavorable for the forming processes. In this chapter, an overview of recent material developments in the automotive industry concerning the use of new-generation high strength steels will be given. In this paper, the material developments are emphasized from the point of view sheet metal forming; therefore, our focus is on the body-in-white manufacturing in the automotive industry.
{"title":"Development of Lightweight Steels for Automotive Applications","authors":"M. Tisza","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91024","url":null,"abstract":"The automotive industry plays a determinant role in the economy of developed countries. Sheet metal forming is one of the most important processes in car manufacturing. Recent trends in car production may be characterized by the application of lightweight principles. Its main priority is to fulfill both the customers’ demands and the increased legal requirements. The application of high strength steels may be regarded as one of the potential possibilities. Applying high strength steels has a positive response for many of the requirements: increasing the strength may lead to the application of thinner sheets resulting in significant mass reduction. Mass reduction is leading to lower consumption with increased environment protection. However, increasing the strength can often lead to the decrease of formability, which is very unfavorable for the forming processes. In this chapter, an overview of recent material developments in the automotive industry concerning the use of new-generation high strength steels will be given. In this paper, the material developments are emphasized from the point of view sheet metal forming; therefore, our focus is on the body-in-white manufacturing in the automotive industry.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133210969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-27DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90498
V. Loganina, Y. B. Mazhitov
Information is given on the strength of the coatings of cement concrete for the exterior walls of buildings. It was found that the strength of the coating depends on the quality of its appearance. A strength model is proposed depending on the surface roughness of the coating. The influence of the scale factor on the change in the strength of coatings is established. To assess the long-term strength of the coatings, we studied the temperature-time dependence of strength. The values of the activation energy of the destruction process of some coatings are experimentally determined. The dependence of the long-term strength of the coatings on tensions is given. The kinetics of changes in the short-term strength of coatings during aging is considered from the perspective of the kinetic concept of the strength of solids. The condition for coating cracking is obtained. Taking into account the influence of the scale factor and the conditions of brittle fracture of coatings, a method for choosing the optimal coating thickness is proposed. paint after 35 cycles is estimated as AD1 and AZ1, which corresponds to the state of coating with no discoloration, chalking, and dirt retention. Silicate-based coatings are more susceptible to degradation. The condition of coating based on silicate paint is estimated as AD3 and AZ3. The test results showed that the “ failure ” of coating based on silicate paint occurred after 40 freeze-thaw cycles, while the state of the coating based on polysilicate solution was evaluated as AD2 and AZ2. The “ failure ” of the coating based on the polysilicate solution occurred after 50 test cycles.
{"title":"Building and Architecture Paints and Coatings","authors":"V. Loganina, Y. B. Mazhitov","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90498","url":null,"abstract":"Information is given on the strength of the coatings of cement concrete for the exterior walls of buildings. It was found that the strength of the coating depends on the quality of its appearance. A strength model is proposed depending on the surface roughness of the coating. The influence of the scale factor on the change in the strength of coatings is established. To assess the long-term strength of the coatings, we studied the temperature-time dependence of strength. The values of the activation energy of the destruction process of some coatings are experimentally determined. The dependence of the long-term strength of the coatings on tensions is given. The kinetics of changes in the short-term strength of coatings during aging is considered from the perspective of the kinetic concept of the strength of solids. The condition for coating cracking is obtained. Taking into account the influence of the scale factor and the conditions of brittle fracture of coatings, a method for choosing the optimal coating thickness is proposed. paint after 35 cycles is estimated as AD1 and AZ1, which corresponds to the state of coating with no discoloration, chalking, and dirt retention. Silicate-based coatings are more susceptible to degradation. The condition of coating based on silicate paint is estimated as AD3 and AZ3. The test results showed that the “ failure ” of coating based on silicate paint occurred after 40 freeze-thaw cycles, while the state of the coating based on polysilicate solution was evaluated as AD2 and AZ2. The “ failure ” of the coating based on the polysilicate solution occurred after 50 test cycles.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116269525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85900
Sanjeev Kumar
In this present study, the transformation products in micro-alloyed steel have been examined as well as isothermal decomposition of austenite into various phase formation. The rapid cooling from austenitizing temperature 1200°C to 14 different isothermal temperatures between 750 and 100°C with 50°C intervals were carried out by using dilatometric strain dilatometer on thermo-mechanical simulator. The heat treatments were delayed at different times to examine the microstructure evolution at all isothermal temperatures. The transformation kinetics was recorded during isothermal treatments and designed an isothermal transformation diagram, which is verified by microstructural changes. The results show that the initial microstructure which consists of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite transforms into a combination of proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite, widmanstätten ferrite, upper or lower bainite, or martensite phases. The austenite grain size has been found to be decreased with a decrease in the isothermal holding temperature. The nose temperature was achieved at isothermal temperature 500°C which have been taking the least time for start and end of transformation of phases. It is also worth noticing that the start and end transformation times were observed decreasing with a decrease in the isothermal holding temperatures and after the nose transformation again gradually increased.
{"title":"Isothermal Transformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Micro-Alloyed Steel","authors":"Sanjeev Kumar","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.85900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85900","url":null,"abstract":"In this present study, the transformation products in micro-alloyed steel have been examined as well as isothermal decomposition of austenite into various phase formation. The rapid cooling from austenitizing temperature 1200°C to 14 different isothermal temperatures between 750 and 100°C with 50°C intervals were carried out by using dilatometric strain dilatometer on thermo-mechanical simulator. The heat treatments were delayed at different times to examine the microstructure evolution at all isothermal temperatures. The transformation kinetics was recorded during isothermal treatments and designed an isothermal transformation diagram, which is verified by microstructural changes. The results show that the initial microstructure which consists of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite transforms into a combination of proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite, widmanstätten ferrite, upper or lower bainite, or martensite phases. The austenite grain size has been found to be decreased with a decrease in the isothermal holding temperature. The nose temperature was achieved at isothermal temperature 500°C which have been taking the least time for start and end of transformation of phases. It is also worth noticing that the start and end transformation times were observed decreasing with a decrease in the isothermal holding temperatures and after the nose transformation again gradually increased.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134219261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89754
T. Aizawa, T. Shiratori, T. Komatsu
Austenitic stainless steels have been widely utilized in industries, infrastruc-tures, housing structures, kitchen components, and medical tools. Higher hardness and strength as well as more improvement of wear and corrosion toughness are often required in the industrial and medical applications. Fine-grained stainless steel (FGSS) provides a solution to increase the strength without loss of ductility and toughness. Deeper research and development in manufacturing of FGSS is required to make full use of its properties toward its applications in industries and medicals. First, its mechanical properties and microstructure is introduced as a basic knowledge of FGSS with comparison to the normal stainless steels. Mechanical and laser machinability of FGSS is stated and discussed to finish the products in seconds. Its performance in metal forming and diffusion bonding is explained to explore its applications in third. Its surface treatment and tooling is discussed to describe the grain-size effect on the low temperature plasma nitriding and to demonstrate its effectiveness in die-making in forth. Finally, every aspect in manufacturing of FGSS sheets and solids is summarized as a conclusion.
{"title":"Integrated Manufacturing of Fine-Grained Stainless Steels for Industries and Medicals","authors":"T. Aizawa, T. Shiratori, T. Komatsu","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89754","url":null,"abstract":"Austenitic stainless steels have been widely utilized in industries, infrastruc-tures, housing structures, kitchen components, and medical tools. Higher hardness and strength as well as more improvement of wear and corrosion toughness are often required in the industrial and medical applications. Fine-grained stainless steel (FGSS) provides a solution to increase the strength without loss of ductility and toughness. Deeper research and development in manufacturing of FGSS is required to make full use of its properties toward its applications in industries and medicals. First, its mechanical properties and microstructure is introduced as a basic knowledge of FGSS with comparison to the normal stainless steels. Mechanical and laser machinability of FGSS is stated and discussed to finish the products in seconds. Its performance in metal forming and diffusion bonding is explained to explore its applications in third. Its surface treatment and tooling is discussed to describe the grain-size effect on the low temperature plasma nitriding and to demonstrate its effectiveness in die-making in forth. Finally, every aspect in manufacturing of FGSS sheets and solids is summarized as a conclusion.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116408204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89527
S. Alvi, Hanzhu Zhang, F. Akhtar
High-entropy ceramics is an emerging class of high-entropy materials with properties superior to conventional ceramics. Recent research has been focused on the development of new high-entropy ceramic compositions. High-entropy oxides, carbides, borides, silicides, and boron carbides had been reported with superior mechanical, oxidation, corrosion, and wear properties. The research work on the processing and characterization of bulk high-entropy ceramics and coating systems has been summarized in this chapter. The composition design, structure, chemistry, composite processing of bulk high-entropy ceramics, and evolution of microstructure and properties are reported. The literature on the deposition of high-entropy ceramic coating and the influence of coating parameters have been discussed to produce high-entropy ceramic coatings with superior mechanical, oxidation, and wear properties.
{"title":"High-Entropy Ceramics","authors":"S. Alvi, Hanzhu Zhang, F. Akhtar","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89527","url":null,"abstract":"High-entropy ceramics is an emerging class of high-entropy materials with properties superior to conventional ceramics. Recent research has been focused on the development of new high-entropy ceramic compositions. High-entropy oxides, carbides, borides, silicides, and boron carbides had been reported with superior mechanical, oxidation, corrosion, and wear properties. The research work on the processing and characterization of bulk high-entropy ceramics and coating systems has been summarized in this chapter. The composition design, structure, chemistry, composite processing of bulk high-entropy ceramics, and evolution of microstructure and properties are reported. The literature on the deposition of high-entropy ceramic coating and the influence of coating parameters have been discussed to produce high-entropy ceramic coatings with superior mechanical, oxidation, and wear properties.","PeriodicalId":342991,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Steels and High Entropy-Alloys","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115127525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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