Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.329-337
R. Woods, Sara K. Mcbride, L. Wotherspoon, S. Beavan, S. Potter, D. Johnston, T. Wilson, D. Brunsdon, E. Grace, H. Brackley, J. Becker
The M7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake in 2016 presented a number of challenges to science agencies and institutions throughout New Zealand. The earthquake was complex, with 21 faults rupturing throughout the North Canterbury and Marlborough landscape, generating a localised seven metre tsunami and triggering thousands of landslides. With many areas isolated as a result, it presented science teams with logistical challenges as well as the need to coordinate efforts across institutional and disciplinary boundaries. Many research disciplines, from engineering and geophysics to social science, were heavily involved in the response. Coordinating these disciplines and institutions required significant effort to assist New Zealand during its most complex earthquake yet recorded. This paper explores that effort and acknowledges the successes and lessons learned by the teams involved.
{"title":"Science to emergency management response","authors":"R. Woods, Sara K. Mcbride, L. Wotherspoon, S. Beavan, S. Potter, D. Johnston, T. Wilson, D. Brunsdon, E. Grace, H. Brackley, J. Becker","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.329-337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.329-337","url":null,"abstract":"The M7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake in 2016 presented a number of challenges to science agencies and institutions throughout New Zealand. The earthquake was complex, with 21 faults rupturing throughout the North Canterbury and Marlborough landscape, generating a localised seven metre tsunami and triggering thousands of landslides. With many areas isolated as a result, it presented science teams with logistical challenges as well as the need to coordinate efforts across institutional and disciplinary boundaries. Many research disciplines, from engineering and geophysics to social science, were heavily involved in the response. Coordinating these disciplines and institutions required significant effort to assist New Zealand during its most complex earthquake yet recorded. This paper explores that effort and acknowledges the successes and lessons learned by the teams involved.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128634189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.187-193
A. Baird, Helen Ferner
This paper describes the damage to non-structural elements in buildings following the 14th November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. As has been observed in recent earthquakes in New Zealand and around the world, damage to non-structural elements is a major contributor to overall building damage. This paper focusses on damage to non-structural elements in multi-storey commercial buildings, in particular damage to the following: suspended ceilings, suspended services, glazing, precast panels, internal linings, seismic gaps and contents. The nature and extent of damage to each of these components is discussed in this paper with the help of typical damage photos taken after the earthquake. The paper also presents observations on the seismic performance of non-structural elements where seismic bracing was present. These observations suggest that seismic bracing is an effective means to improve seismic performance of non-structural elements.
{"title":"Damage to non-structural elements in the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake","authors":"A. Baird, Helen Ferner","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.187-193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.187-193","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the damage to non-structural elements in buildings following the 14th November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. As has been observed in recent earthquakes in New Zealand and around the world, damage to non-structural elements is a major contributor to overall building damage. This paper focusses on damage to non-structural elements in multi-storey commercial buildings, in particular damage to the following: suspended ceilings, suspended services, glazing, precast panels, internal linings, seismic gaps and contents. The nature and extent of damage to each of these components is discussed in this paper with the help of typical damage photos taken after the earthquake. The paper also presents observations on the seismic performance of non-structural elements where seismic bracing was present. These observations suggest that seismic bracing is an effective means to improve seismic performance of non-structural elements.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127305123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.352-362
T. Goded, N. Horspool, S. Canessa, M. Gerstenberger
This paper describes the shaking intensity levels caused by the M7.8 Kaikōura earthquake of 14/11/2016 according to the information from the two current GeoNet online questionnaires, ‘Felt Detailed’ and ‘Felt RAPID’. A recently developed method to extract intensity levels at a community scale using ‘Felt Detailed’ data is used. These are compared with individual intensities from ‘Felt RAPID’ survey, instrumental intensities from two recent ground motion to intensity conversion equations, and traditional intensity assignments. While maximum Modified Mercalli instrumental, traditional, ‘Felt RAPID’ and individual ‘Felt Detailed’ intensities go up to 8, community intensities using ‘Felt Detailed’ mostly only go up to 5, with only four communities with MM 6-7. Reasons for this discrepancy include a) lack of data around the epicentre; b) few reports from this event compared to other smaller recent earthquakes; and c) lack of public awareness of ‘Felt Detailed” surveys, released shortly after the earthquake. In addition, only 47% of reports were used to calculate community intensities, based on a minimum requirement for robust calculation of 5 reports. Although ‘Felt RAPID’ provided a much larger number of reports (more than 15,000) for this earthquake compared to ‘Felt Detailed’ (3500), the reliability of the former may be compromised by their lack of detail. Results from this paper suggest that, when enough reports are submitted, ‘Felt Detailed’ can provide good quality data that can be used in tools such as the near-real time shaking intensity maps provided in ShakeMapNZ.
{"title":"Modified Mercalli intensities for the M7.8 Kaikōura (New Zealand) 14 November 2016 earthquake derived from ‘felt detailed’ and ‘felt rapid’ online questionnaires","authors":"T. Goded, N. Horspool, S. Canessa, M. Gerstenberger","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.352-362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.352-362","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the shaking intensity levels caused by the M7.8 Kaikōura earthquake of 14/11/2016 according to the information from the two current GeoNet online questionnaires, ‘Felt Detailed’ and ‘Felt RAPID’. A recently developed method to extract intensity levels at a community scale using ‘Felt Detailed’ data is used. These are compared with individual intensities from ‘Felt RAPID’ survey, instrumental intensities from two recent ground motion to intensity conversion equations, and traditional intensity assignments. While maximum Modified Mercalli instrumental, traditional, ‘Felt RAPID’ and individual ‘Felt Detailed’ intensities go up to 8, community intensities using ‘Felt Detailed’ mostly only go up to 5, with only four communities with MM 6-7. Reasons for this discrepancy include a) lack of data around the epicentre; b) few reports from this event compared to other smaller recent earthquakes; and c) lack of public awareness of ‘Felt Detailed” surveys, released shortly after the earthquake. In addition, only 47% of reports were used to calculate community intensities, based on a minimum requirement for robust calculation of 5 reports. Although ‘Felt RAPID’ provided a much larger number of reports (more than 15,000) for this earthquake compared to ‘Felt Detailed’ (3500), the reliability of the former may be compromised by their lack of detail. Results from this paper suggest that, when enough reports are submitted, ‘Felt Detailed’ can provide good quality data that can be used in tools such as the near-real time shaking intensity maps provided in ShakeMapNZ.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122248086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.271-299
Alistair J. Davies, V. Sadashiva, M. Aghababaei, Danielle Barnhill, S. Costello, Briony Fanslow, Daniel C Headifen, M. Hughes, R. Kotze, Jan Mackie, P. Ranjitkar, James Thompson, Daniel R. Troitino, T. Wilson, S. Woods, L. Wotherspoon
At 00:02 on 14th November 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in and offshore of the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. Fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, and co-seismic landslides caused severe damage to distributed infrastructure, and particularly transportation networks; large segments of the country’s main highway, State Highway 1 (SH1), and the Main North Line (MNL) railway line, were damaged between Picton and Christchurch. The damage caused direct local impacts, including isolation of communities, and wider regional impacts, including disruption of supply chains. Adaptive measures have ensured immediate continued regional transport of goods and people. Air and sea transport increased quickly, both for emergency response and to ensure routine transport of goods. Road diversions have also allowed critical connections to remain operable. This effective response to regional transport challenges allowed Civil Defence Emergency Management to quickly prioritise access to isolated settlements, all of which had road access 23 days after the earthquake. However, 100 days after the earthquake, critical segments of SH1 and the MNL remain closed and their ongoing repairs are a serious national strategic, as well as local, concern. This paper presents the impacts on South Island transport infrastructure, and subsequent management through the emergency response and early recovery phases, during the first 100 days following the initial earthquake, and highlights lessons for transportation system resilience.
{"title":"Transport infrastructure performance and management in the South Island of New Zealand, during the first 100 days following the 2016 Mw 7.8 “Kaikōura” Earthquake","authors":"Alistair J. Davies, V. Sadashiva, M. Aghababaei, Danielle Barnhill, S. Costello, Briony Fanslow, Daniel C Headifen, M. Hughes, R. Kotze, Jan Mackie, P. Ranjitkar, James Thompson, Daniel R. Troitino, T. Wilson, S. Woods, L. Wotherspoon","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.271-299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.271-299","url":null,"abstract":"At 00:02 on 14th November 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in and offshore of the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. Fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, and co-seismic landslides caused severe damage to distributed infrastructure, and particularly transportation networks; large segments of the country’s main highway, State Highway 1 (SH1), and the Main North Line (MNL) railway line, were damaged between Picton and Christchurch. The damage caused direct local impacts, including isolation of communities, and wider regional impacts, including disruption of supply chains. Adaptive measures have ensured immediate continued regional transport of goods and people. Air and sea transport increased quickly, both for emergency response and to ensure routine transport of goods. Road diversions have also allowed critical connections to remain operable. This effective response to regional transport challenges allowed Civil Defence Emergency Management to quickly prioritise access to isolated settlements, all of which had road access 23 days after the earthquake. However, 100 days after the earthquake, critical segments of SH1 and the MNL remain closed and their ongoing repairs are a serious national strategic, as well as local, concern. \u0000This paper presents the impacts on South Island transport infrastructure, and subsequent management through the emergency response and early recovery phases, during the first 100 days following the initial earthquake, and highlights lessons for transportation system resilience.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128276661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.142-151
Rolando P Orense, Yasin Mirjafari, M. Asadi, M. Naghibi, Xiaoyu Chen, O. Altaf, Baqer Asadi
Although located about 200 km away from the epicentre of the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake, the waterfront areas of Wellington City suffered varying degrees of damage as a result of soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations. This paper presents a summary of the major observations made following reconnaissance inspections of the geotechnical effects caused by the earthquake, with emphasis on the ground performance in the affected areas near the waterfront. Except for CentrePort, summarised elsewhere in this Special Issue, the inspections concentrated mostly on the waterfront areas and the impact to buildings built on reclaimed lands. Cracks and minor ground subsidence were observed in many parts of the waterfront, but the damage was less than that in CentrePort where significant liquefaction-induced damage was evident. The age of reclamation appears to have significant effect on the distribution of liquefaction-induced damage, while reclaimed areas where improvement techniques have been implemented performed well.
{"title":"Ground performance in Wellington waterfront area following the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake","authors":"Rolando P Orense, Yasin Mirjafari, M. Asadi, M. Naghibi, Xiaoyu Chen, O. Altaf, Baqer Asadi","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.142-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.142-151","url":null,"abstract":"Although located about 200 km away from the epicentre of the 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake, the waterfront areas of Wellington City suffered varying degrees of damage as a result of soil liquefaction and associated ground deformations. This paper presents a summary of the major observations made following reconnaissance inspections of the geotechnical effects caused by the earthquake, with emphasis on the ground performance in the affected areas near the waterfront. Except for CentrePort, summarised elsewhere in this Special Issue, the inspections concentrated mostly on the waterfront areas and the impact to buildings built on reclaimed lands. Cracks and minor ground subsidence were observed in many parts of the waterfront, but the damage was less than that in CentrePort where significant liquefaction-induced damage was evident. The age of reclamation appears to have significant effect on the distribution of liquefaction-induced damage, while reclaimed areas where improvement techniques have been implemented performed well.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123520800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.237-252
R. Chandramohan, Q. Ma, L. Wotherspoon, B. Bradley, M. Nayyerloo, S. Uma, M. Stephens
Six buildings in the Wellington region and the upper South Island, instrumented as part of the GeoNet Building Instrumentation Programme, recorded strong motion data during the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake. The response of two of these buildings: the Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) Harbour Quays, and Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) buildings, are examined in detail. Their acceleration and displacement response was reconstructed from the recorded data, and their vibrational characteristics were examined by computing their frequency response functions. The location of the BNZ building in the CentrePort region on the Wellington waterfront, which experienced significant ground motion amplification in the 1–2 s period range due to site effects, resulted in the imposition of especially large demands on the building. The computed response of the two buildings are compared to the intensity of ground motions they experienced and the structural and nonstructural damage they suffered, in an effort to motivate the use of structural response data in the validation of performance objectives of building codes, structural modelling techniques, and fragility functions. Finally, the nature of challenges typically encountered in the interpretation of structural response data are highlighted.
{"title":"Response of instrumented buildings under the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake.","authors":"R. Chandramohan, Q. Ma, L. Wotherspoon, B. Bradley, M. Nayyerloo, S. Uma, M. Stephens","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.237-252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.237-252","url":null,"abstract":"Six buildings in the Wellington region and the upper South Island, instrumented as part of the GeoNet Building Instrumentation Programme, recorded strong motion data during the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake. The response of two of these buildings: the Bank of New Zealand (BNZ) Harbour Quays, and Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) buildings, are examined in detail. Their acceleration and displacement response was reconstructed from the recorded data, and their vibrational characteristics were examined by computing their frequency response functions. The location of the BNZ building in the CentrePort region on the Wellington waterfront, which experienced significant ground motion amplification in the 1–2 s period range due to site effects, resulted in the imposition of especially large demands on the building. The computed response of the two buildings are compared to the intensity of ground motions they experienced and the structural and nonstructural damage they suffered, in an effort to motivate the use of structural response data in the validation of performance objectives of building codes, structural modelling techniques, and fragility functions. Finally, the nature of challenges typically encountered in the interpretation of structural response data are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124888412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.300-305
Yang Liu, N. Nair, A. Renton, S. Wilson
This paper summarizes the impact the 2016 Kaikōura earthquakes have had on electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure performance. It also provides background context to the distribution network operator’s (i.e. MainPower’s) prior earthquake preparedness following the 2010 earthquakes in the region.
{"title":"Impact of the Kaikōura earthquake on the electrical power system infrastructure","authors":"Yang Liu, N. Nair, A. Renton, S. Wilson","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.300-305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.300-305","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the impact the 2016 Kaikōura earthquakes have had on electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure performance. It also provides background context to the distribution network operator’s (i.e. MainPower’s) prior earthquake preparedness following the 2010 earthquakes in the region.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114415275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.174-186
R. Henry, D. Dizhur, K. Elwood, J. Hare, D. Brunsdon
The 2016 Kaikoura earthquake resulted in shaking in excess of design level demands for buildings with periods of 1-2s at some locations in Wellington. This period range correlated to concrete moment frame buildings of 5-15 storeys, many of which had been built in Wellington since the early 1980s, and often with precast concrete floor units. The critical damage states used to assess buildings during the Wellington City Council Targeted Assessment Programme are described and examples of observed damage correlating to these damage states are presented. Varying degrees of beam hinging were observed, most of which are not expected to reduce the frame capacity significantly. Buildings exhibiting varying degrees of residual beam elongation were observed. Cases of significant beam elongation and associated support beam rotation resulted in damage to precast floor unit supports; in one case leading to loss of support for double-tee units. The deformation demands also resulted in damage to floor diaphragms, especially those with hollowcore floor units. Cracking in floor diaphragms was commonly concentrated in the corners of the building, but hollowcore damage was observed both at the corners and in other locations throughout several buildings. Transverse cracking of hollowcore floor units was identified as a particular concern. In some cases, transverse cracks occurred close to the support, as is consistent with previous research on hollowcore floor unit failure modes. However, transverse cracks were also observed further away from the support, which is more difficult to assess in terms of severity and residual capacity. Following the identification of typical damage, attention has shifted to assessment, repair, and retrofit strategies. Additional research may be required to determine the reduced capacity of cracked hollowcore floor units and verify commonly adopted repair and retrofit strategies.
{"title":"Damage to concrete buildings with precast floors during the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake","authors":"R. Henry, D. Dizhur, K. Elwood, J. Hare, D. Brunsdon","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.174-186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.174-186","url":null,"abstract":"The 2016 Kaikoura earthquake resulted in shaking in excess of design level demands for buildings with periods of 1-2s at some locations in Wellington. This period range correlated to concrete moment frame buildings of 5-15 storeys, many of which had been built in Wellington since the early 1980s, and often with precast concrete floor units. The critical damage states used to assess buildings during the Wellington City Council Targeted Assessment Programme are described and examples of observed damage correlating to these damage states are presented. Varying degrees of beam hinging were observed, most of which are not expected to reduce the frame capacity significantly. Buildings exhibiting varying degrees of residual beam elongation were observed. Cases of significant beam elongation and associated support beam rotation resulted in damage to precast floor unit supports; in one case leading to loss of support for double-tee units. The deformation demands also resulted in damage to floor diaphragms, especially those with hollowcore floor units. Cracking in floor diaphragms was commonly concentrated in the corners of the building, but hollowcore damage was observed both at the corners and in other locations throughout several buildings. Transverse cracking of hollowcore floor units was identified as a particular concern. In some cases, transverse cracks occurred close to the support, as is consistent with previous research on hollowcore floor unit failure modes. However, transverse cracks were also observed further away from the support, which is more difficult to assess in terms of severity and residual capacity. Following the identification of typical damage, attention has shifted to assessment, repair, and retrofit strategies. Additional research may be required to determine the reduced capacity of cracked hollowcore floor units and verify commonly adopted repair and retrofit strategies.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127886190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.152-173
M. Cubrinovski, J. Bray, C. D. L. Torre, M. Olsen, B. Bradley, G. Chiaro, E. Stocks, L. Wotherspoon
Widespread liquefaction occurred in the end-dumped gravelly fills and hydraulically-placed dredged sandy fill at the CentrePort of Wellington as a result of the 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake. This liquefaction resulted in substantial global (mass) settlement and lateral movement (spreading) of the fills towards the sea, which adversely affected wharf structures and buildings constructed on shallow and deep foundations. This paper presents key observations from the QuakeCoRE-GEER post-earthquake reconnaissance efforts at the CentrePort Wellington. The different materials and methods used to construct the reclaimed land at CentrePort influenced the patterns of observed liquefaction and its effects. Areas of gravel liquefaction at the port are especially important due to the limited number of these case histories in the literature. Liquefaction-induced ground deformations caused the wharves to displace laterally and damage their piles and offloading equipment. Lateral ground extension and differential settlement damaged buildings, whereas buildings in areas of uniform ground settlement without lateral extension performed significantly better.
{"title":"Liquefaction effects and associated damages observed at the Wellington CentrePort from the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake","authors":"M. Cubrinovski, J. Bray, C. D. L. Torre, M. Olsen, B. Bradley, G. Chiaro, E. Stocks, L. Wotherspoon","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.152-173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.152-173","url":null,"abstract":"Widespread liquefaction occurred in the end-dumped gravelly fills and hydraulically-placed dredged sandy fill at the CentrePort of Wellington as a result of the 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake. This liquefaction resulted in substantial global (mass) settlement and lateral movement (spreading) of the fills towards the sea, which adversely affected wharf structures and buildings constructed on shallow and deep foundations. This paper presents key observations from the QuakeCoRE-GEER post-earthquake reconnaissance efforts at the CentrePort Wellington. The different materials and methods used to construct the reclaimed land at CentrePort influenced the patterns of observed liquefaction and its effects. Areas of gravel liquefaction at the port are especially important due to the limited number of these case histories in the literature. Liquefaction-induced ground deformations caused the wharves to displace laterally and damage their piles and offloading equipment. Lateral ground extension and differential settlement damaged buildings, whereas buildings in areas of uniform ground settlement without lateral extension performed significantly better.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125855500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-30DOI: 10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.343-351
J. Stevenson, J. Becker, Nicholas A. Cradock-Henry, S. Johal, D. Johnston, Caroline Orchiston, E. Seville
This paper provides a near-term reconnaissance of the economic and social impacts of the November 14th, 2016 Kaikōura earthquakes and tsunami. The effect of this event on the national economy is relatively minimal. The main impacts at the national scale include short-term falls in tax revenues from the affected regions and the Government’s NZ$1 billion spending increase for reconstruction activities. Disruptions at the regional and industry-level are far more significant. Approximately 11 per cent of office space in the nation’s capital of Wellington was closed in the week following the event and cordons were erected around several city blocks due to safety concerns. Damage to transport infrastructure is having the most significant economic impact, both in terms of the direct cost of repair and the indirect impacts on businesses whose supply chains have been disrupted. The Kaikōura District’s two largest industries, tourism and primary production, lost important infrastructure and essential functions were hampered by transport disruptions. In the tourism industry, ongoing safety concerns and reduced amenities for tourists will reduce trade in the coming season. Primary production businesses face increased transportation and land remediation costs and the closure of fisheries while affected shellfish habitats recover. Communities in the districts most affected by the Kaikōura earthquakes experienced the loss of critical utility services, the loss of homes, and temporary isolation. The Kaikōura earthquake has starkly highlighted the vulnerability of key infrastructure and transportation routes to natural hazards. It is also a timely reminder of the need for New Zealand to be prepared and to continue efforts to build resilience.
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