Pub Date : 2014-07-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000163
A. Mishra
India has a unique climate system dominated by the monsoon, and the major physiographic features that drive this monsoon are its location in the globe, the Himalayas, the central plateau, the western and Eastern Ghats and the oceans surrounding the region. The country is considered highly vulnerable to climate change, not only because of high physical exposure to climate-related disasters, but also because of the dependency of its economy and majority of population on climate-sensitive sectors (e.g. agriculture, forests, tourism, animal husbandry and fisheries). The Himalayan Region comprises of the highest mountain system of the world, the Himalayas and the North- Eastern hill states. Being the home of some very large and important glaciers (viz. Gangotri, Ponting, Milam, Pindari etc) the state of Uttarakhand has remained in centre of climate change discussions since over three decades. In addressing this debate and to eliminate confusions, the paper examines emerging climate trend scenarios in the region by measuring temperature and rainfall variabilities during the past century. The results indicate unanimous warming of the entire region but are more critical in mountainous parts. On the other hand the plain areas have received more rainfall, while it has declined in hilly districts.
{"title":"Changing Climate of Uttarakhand, India","authors":"A. Mishra","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"India has a unique climate system dominated by the monsoon, and the major physiographic features that drive this monsoon are its location in the globe, the Himalayas, the central plateau, the western and Eastern Ghats and the oceans surrounding the region. The country is considered highly vulnerable to climate change, not only because of high physical exposure to climate-related disasters, but also because of the dependency of its economy and majority of population on climate-sensitive sectors (e.g. agriculture, forests, tourism, animal husbandry and fisheries). The Himalayan Region comprises of the highest mountain system of the world, the Himalayas and the North- Eastern hill states. Being the home of some very large and important glaciers (viz. Gangotri, Ponting, Milam, Pindari etc) the state of Uttarakhand has remained in centre of climate change discussions since over three decades. In addressing this debate and to eliminate confusions, the paper examines emerging climate trend scenarios in the region by measuring temperature and rainfall variabilities during the past century. The results indicate unanimous warming of the entire region but are more critical in mountainous parts. On the other hand the plain areas have received more rainfall, while it has declined in hilly districts.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129076087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000164
A. BakhtiariBandHajabolfath
Observations on the microstructure of a rock, in thin section, can be used to reconstruct its tectonic evolution. This paper presents deformation microstructures, which were observed in Plagioclase of the late precambrian Doran-granite at the type locality in south of Zanjan. Two sample-sets of central and marginal parts of the Doran intrusion show similar microstructures, which can be related to temperatures up to 500°C, believed as emplacement temperature of the Doran intrusion in shale of Kahar-formation. The former structures are affected, in some samples of marginal part of the intrusion, by cataclastic flow, formed at temperatures lower than 400°C, during subsequent uplift. The good preservation of the deformation microstructures, in the studied samples, can be referred to fast decrease of temperature, meaning quickly uplift process. Microscopic deformation-induced microstructures of minerals in rocks and set the conditions for reconstruction at the time of adoption of intrusive form used in the study, because the microstructure formation in minerals affected by the different conditions of temperature and pressure, and can be different stages of the fit mass to reflect stones. In this paper, the microscopic induced deformation microstructures in plagioclase White granite outcrop in the model presented, the analysis is presented on how to fit the masses.
{"title":"Deformation Microstructures in Plagioclases of the Doran Granite: An Interpretation to Emplacement of this Intrusion at the Type Locality, Zanjan","authors":"A. BakhtiariBandHajabolfath","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000164","url":null,"abstract":"Observations on the microstructure of a rock, in thin section, can be used to reconstruct its tectonic evolution. This paper presents deformation microstructures, which were observed in Plagioclase of the late precambrian Doran-granite at the type locality in south of Zanjan. Two sample-sets of central and marginal parts of the Doran intrusion show similar microstructures, which can be related to temperatures up to 500°C, believed as emplacement temperature of the Doran intrusion in shale of Kahar-formation. The former structures are affected, in some samples of marginal part of the intrusion, by cataclastic flow, formed at temperatures lower than 400°C, during subsequent uplift. The good preservation of the deformation microstructures, in the studied samples, can be referred to fast decrease of temperature, meaning quickly uplift process. Microscopic deformation-induced microstructures of minerals in rocks and set the conditions for reconstruction at the time of adoption of intrusive form used in the study, because the microstructure formation in minerals affected by the different conditions of temperature and pressure, and can be different stages of the fit mass to reflect stones. In this paper, the microscopic induced deformation microstructures in plagioclase White granite outcrop in the model presented, the analysis is presented on how to fit the masses.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122226573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-02DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000162
S. Aryal, T. Maraseni, G. Cockfield
Climate change poses differential vulnerability for different communities, sectors and regions. People, whose subsistence livelihood is based on the direct utilisation of natural resources are most affected by climate change and have different but accurate perceptions of climate change than those people following modern lifestyles. The herders of the higher Himalayas follow vertical transhumance and combine it with subsistence agriculture for their livelihood. Although, climate models have predicted pronounced warming in high altitude areas of the Himalayas and there are many indications that climate change impacts different aspects of transhumance, there is no information on how transhumant herders have perceived change in climate and how these changes might impact transhumance system. One hundred and forty five transhumant herders were interviewed from three Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely Khumjung in Solukhumbu, Kalinchok in Dolakhaand Majhigaun in Bajhang; representing Eastern, Central and far-Western mountainous areas of Nepal respectively to explore their perceptions about climate change and other observed changes in biophysical indicators. About 80% of the herders perceived increasing summer temperature, 92% decreasing winter rainfall and more than 93% noticed decreasing snowfall. Majority of the herders agreed that there was fast melting of snow in the rangelands, rainfall events were becoming more and more unpredictable, drought events increased, there was early induce in greenery and maturity of grasses in the rangelands and appearance of new livestock diseases. These observations suggest that transhumant herders in the Himalayas have experienced change in climatic variables and have noticed change in bio-physical indicators that have implications to the transhumance system. The findings help to devise adaptation strategies for indigenous communities and incorporate them in the climate change policies in the Himalayas.
{"title":"Climate Change and Indigenous People: Perceptions of Transhumant Herders and Implications to the Transhumance System in the Himalayas","authors":"S. Aryal, T. Maraseni, G. Cockfield","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000162","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change poses differential vulnerability for different communities, sectors and regions. People, whose subsistence livelihood is based on the direct utilisation of natural resources are most affected by climate change and have different but accurate perceptions of climate change than those people following modern lifestyles. The herders of the higher Himalayas follow vertical transhumance and combine it with subsistence agriculture for their livelihood. Although, climate models have predicted pronounced warming in high altitude areas of the Himalayas and there are many indications that climate change impacts different aspects of transhumance, there is no information on how transhumant herders have perceived change in climate and how these changes might impact transhumance system. One hundred and forty five transhumant herders were interviewed from three Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely Khumjung in Solukhumbu, Kalinchok in Dolakhaand Majhigaun in Bajhang; representing Eastern, Central and far-Western mountainous areas of Nepal respectively to explore their perceptions about climate change and other observed changes in biophysical indicators. About 80% of the herders perceived increasing summer temperature, 92% decreasing winter rainfall and more than 93% noticed decreasing snowfall. Majority of the herders agreed that there was fast melting of snow in the rangelands, rainfall events were becoming more and more unpredictable, drought events increased, there was early induce in greenery and maturity of grasses in the rangelands and appearance of new livestock diseases. These observations suggest that transhumant herders in the Himalayas have experienced change in climatic variables and have noticed change in bio-physical indicators that have implications to the transhumance system. The findings help to devise adaptation strategies for indigenous communities and incorporate them in the climate change policies in the Himalayas.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126473892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-06-27DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000161
Hitomi Nakamura, Y. Fujita, S. Nakai, T. Yokoyama, H. Iwamori
Rare earth elements (REEs) and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compsotions of the Arima hot spring waters, a specific type of deep-seated brine (up to 6 wt.% NaCl) in the non-volcanic fore-arc region of southwest Japan, have been analyzed in order to discuss their source materials and origins. We have first examined the matrix effect associated with variable salinity (0 to 5 wt.% NaCl), and found that above 1 wt.% NaCl, the intensity of REE in ICP-MS measurement is drastically reduced due to the matrix effect. Accordingly, we have diluted the sample waters to contain ~0.6 wt.% NaCl, and then analyzed them by the standard addition method. The result shows that the abundance is appreciably high compared to near-surface waters, and exhibits almost a flat DMM-normalized pattern, which can be explained by mixing of a slab-derived fluid at relatively low temparature (400 to 500oC) and a near-surface water. The Sr-Nd- Pb isotopic compositions of the brineare consistent with the above interpretation on REEs, in that the deep brine is isotopically similar to a slab-derived fluid of the subducted Philippine Sea slab. These evidences suggest that the slabderived fluid is upwelling even in the non-volcanic region possibly through a fault zone along the tectonic line.
{"title":"Rare Earth Elements and Sr-Nd-Pb Isotopic Analyses of the Arima Hot Spring Waters, Southwest Japan: Implications for Origin of the Arima-type Brine","authors":"Hitomi Nakamura, Y. Fujita, S. Nakai, T. Yokoyama, H. Iwamori","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"Rare earth elements (REEs) and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compsotions of the Arima hot spring waters, a specific type of deep-seated brine (up to 6 wt.% NaCl) in the non-volcanic fore-arc region of southwest Japan, have been analyzed in order to discuss their source materials and origins. We have first examined the matrix effect associated with variable salinity (0 to 5 wt.% NaCl), and found that above 1 wt.% NaCl, the intensity of REE in ICP-MS measurement is drastically reduced due to the matrix effect. Accordingly, we have diluted the sample waters to contain ~0.6 wt.% NaCl, and then analyzed them by the standard addition method. The result shows that the abundance is appreciably high compared to near-surface waters, and exhibits almost a flat DMM-normalized pattern, which can be explained by mixing of a slab-derived fluid at relatively low temparature (400 to 500oC) and a near-surface water. The Sr-Nd- Pb isotopic compositions of the brineare consistent with the above interpretation on REEs, in that the deep brine is isotopically similar to a slab-derived fluid of the subducted Philippine Sea slab. These evidences suggest that the slabderived fluid is upwelling even in the non-volcanic region possibly through a fault zone along the tectonic line.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130835962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quantitative evaluation of carbonate reservoir is one of the key issues of oil and gas exploitation. However, due to the characteristics of carbonate reservoir, such as diverse physical distribution, complex pore-throat structure and strong heterogeneity, its quantitative evaluation is relatively difficult. Take the Lei 1 Member carbonate reservoir of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the Moxi gas field of Sichuan Basin as the example. The improved analytic hierarchy process is adopted based on 9 prioritized parameters which have direct influence on the quality of carbonate reservoir, namely porosity, permeability, water saturation, displacement pressure, average pore-throat radius, effective reservoir thickness, permeability variation coefficient, permeability rush coefficient and permeability range, to build a multi-level hierarchical structure model and quantitatively determine the relative importance quantitative indicators of all the parameters for reservoir quality. And fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to build a quantitative evaluation model of carbonate reservoir. The evaluation results are well consistent with the actual gas capacity, which indicates that the mathematical model is available for quantitatively evaluating the carbonate reservoir and has relatively good feasibility.
{"title":"Quantitative Evaluation Model of Carbonate Reservoirs Based on Multi-Level Fuzzy Theory","authors":"Xiong Ding, X. Tan, Ling-na Li, Zhou Yan, Zhao Zihao, Qingsong Tang","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000149","url":null,"abstract":"The quantitative evaluation of carbonate reservoir is one of the key issues of oil and gas exploitation. However, due to the characteristics of carbonate reservoir, such as diverse physical distribution, complex pore-throat structure and strong heterogeneity, its quantitative evaluation is relatively difficult. Take the Lei 1 Member carbonate reservoir of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the Moxi gas field of Sichuan Basin as the example. The improved analytic hierarchy process is adopted based on 9 prioritized parameters which have direct influence on the quality of carbonate reservoir, namely porosity, permeability, water saturation, displacement pressure, average pore-throat radius, effective reservoir thickness, permeability variation coefficient, permeability rush coefficient and permeability range, to build a multi-level hierarchical structure model and quantitatively determine the relative importance quantitative indicators of all the parameters for reservoir quality. And fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to build a quantitative evaluation model of carbonate reservoir. The evaluation results are well consistent with the actual gas capacity, which indicates that the mathematical model is available for quantitatively evaluating the carbonate reservoir and has relatively good feasibility.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127017350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-21DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000146
Nooka Ratnam Kinthada, M. Gurram, Amminedu Eadara, Venkateswara Rao Velagala
The study has been undertaken to map the land use/land cover resource at a micro-watershed level in the Sarada river basin covering an area of 2634 km2. Multi-temporal remote sensing data acquired by the Landsat-7 ETM+ satellite sensor of 30m spatial resolution and IRS-P6 LISS-III satellite sensor of 23.5m resolution, respectively has been used for the study. Change analysis of the land use/land cover pattern in the basin was carried out to identify the impact of anthropogenic activities in each of the 60 micro-watersheds of the basin. The study has appraised the fact that, land use/land cover changes are affected by factors, such as, population growth, agricultural demand (food, bio-energy, forest, etc.), urbanization and economic development in the Sarada river basin. Simultaneously, NDVI was used to broadly monitor the vegetative vigor and imperviousness of the micro-watersheds. The combination of land use/land cover and NDVI analysis helped in identifying and measuring the impact of human induced change which may alter the hydrological setting, behaviour and environment of the Sarada river basin.
{"title":"Land Use/Land Cover and NDVI Analysis for Monitoring the Health of Micro-watersheds of Sarada River Basin, Visakhapatnam District, India","authors":"Nooka Ratnam Kinthada, M. Gurram, Amminedu Eadara, Venkateswara Rao Velagala","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000146","url":null,"abstract":"The study has been undertaken to map the land use/land cover resource at a micro-watershed level in the Sarada river basin covering an area of 2634 km2. Multi-temporal remote sensing data acquired by the Landsat-7 ETM+ satellite sensor of 30m spatial resolution and IRS-P6 LISS-III satellite sensor of 23.5m resolution, respectively has been used for the study. Change analysis of the land use/land cover pattern in the basin was carried out to identify the impact of anthropogenic activities in each of the 60 micro-watersheds of the basin. The study has appraised the fact that, land use/land cover changes are affected by factors, such as, population growth, agricultural demand (food, bio-energy, forest, etc.), urbanization and economic development in the Sarada river basin. Simultaneously, NDVI was used to broadly monitor the vegetative vigor and imperviousness of the micro-watersheds. The combination of land use/land cover and NDVI analysis helped in identifying and measuring the impact of human induced change which may alter the hydrological setting, behaviour and environment of the Sarada river basin.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"502 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116197695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-14DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000144
Seyed Ali Jafari Kenari, S. Mashohor
Committee Machine (CM) or ensemble introduces a machine learning technique that aggregates some learners or experts to improve generalization performance compared to single member. The constructed CMs are sometimes unnecessarily large and have some drawbacks such as using extra memories, computational overhead, and occasional decrease in effectiveness. Pruning some members of this committee while preserving a high diversity among the individual experts is an efficient technique to increase the predictive performance. The diversity between committee members is a very important measurement parameter which is not necessarily independent of their accuracy and essentially there is a tradeoff between them. In this paper, first we constructed a committee neural network with different learning algorithms and then proposed an expert pruning method based on diversity and accuracy tradeoff to improve the committee machine framework. Finally we applied this proposed structure to predict permeability values from well log data with the aid of available core data. The results show that our method gives the lowest error and highest correlation coefficient compared to the best expert and the initial committee machine and also produces significant information on the reliability of the permeability predictions.
{"title":"Pruned Committee Neural Network Based on Accuracy and Diversity Trade-off for Permeability Prediction","authors":"Seyed Ali Jafari Kenari, S. Mashohor","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000144","url":null,"abstract":"Committee Machine (CM) or ensemble introduces a machine learning technique that aggregates some learners or experts to improve generalization performance compared to single member. The constructed CMs are sometimes unnecessarily large and have some drawbacks such as using extra memories, computational overhead, and occasional decrease in effectiveness. Pruning some members of this committee while preserving a high diversity among the individual experts is an efficient technique to increase the predictive performance. The diversity between committee members is a very important measurement parameter which is not necessarily independent of their accuracy and essentially there is a tradeoff between them. In this paper, first we constructed a committee neural network with different learning algorithms and then proposed an expert pruning method based on diversity and accuracy tradeoff to improve the committee machine framework. Finally we applied this proposed structure to predict permeability values from well log data with the aid of available core data. The results show that our method gives the lowest error and highest correlation coefficient compared to the best expert and the initial committee machine and also produces significant information on the reliability of the permeability predictions.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128397723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000133
Sumita Gayen, G. Bhunia, P. Shit
The aim of the study is to delineate the morphometric characteristics of Kangshabati-Darkeswar Interfluves Area using remote sensing and GIS technology. 10 km2 grids were elaborate to delineate the relief characteristics using Advance Space Thermal Emission and Radiometer (ASTER) data. Drainage networks were automatically extracted from digital aster elevation models. Second order local polynomial (LP) interpolation technique was used to estimate the surface characteristics of the study area using ArcGIS 9.3. The absolute elevation of the study region is extended between 4.0-949.29 m with an average elevation of 484.50 m. The highest relative relief resulted 833.69 m, whereas the average ruggedness index of the study area is recorded as 0.09 per 10 km2 area. The average drainage density of the study area was computed 0.73/sq. km and the highest drainage intensity are recorded as 9.58/10 km2 grid area. The average length of overland flow of the study area was 2.56/10 km2 grid areas. The result of the study highlights an about the spatial distribution of relief and hydrological characteristics which may provide the knowledge to devise and accomplish an appropriate plan to progress agriculture and others allied activities. Hence, from the study, it can be concluded that remote sensing data (ASTER –DEM) coupled with GIS techniques prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis and the data can be used for basin or interfluves area management and other hydrological studies in future.
利用遥感和GIS技术对康沙巴堤-达克斯瓦尔流域的地貌特征进行了研究。利用ASTER (Advance Space Thermal Emission and Radiometer)数据，绘制了10 km2的网格来描绘地形特征。从数字aster高程模型中自动提取排水网络。利用ArcGIS 9.3软件，采用二阶局部多项式(LP)插值技术估算研究区地表特征。研究区绝对高程在4.0 ~ 949.29 m之间扩展，平均高程为484.50 m。研究区的最高相对起伏度为833.69 m，而平均崎岖度指数为0.09 / 10 km2。研究区平均排水密度为0.73/sq。最高排水强度为9.58/10 km2网格面积。研究区平均坡面流长度为2.56/10 km2。研究结果强调了关于地形和水文特征的空间分布，这可能为制定和完成适当的计划以推进农业和其他相关活动提供知识。因此，从研究中可以得出结论，遥感数据(ASTER -DEM)与GIS技术相结合被证明是一种有效的形态计量学分析工具，这些数据可以用于流域或流域管理以及未来的其他水文研究。
{"title":"Morphometric Analysis of Kangshabati-Darkeswar Interfluves Area in West Bengal, India using ASTER DEM and GIS Techniques","authors":"Sumita Gayen, G. Bhunia, P. Shit","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000133","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to delineate the morphometric characteristics of Kangshabati-Darkeswar Interfluves Area using remote sensing and GIS technology. 10 km2 grids were elaborate to delineate the relief characteristics using Advance Space Thermal Emission and Radiometer (ASTER) data. Drainage networks were automatically extracted from digital aster elevation models. Second order local polynomial (LP) interpolation technique was used to estimate the surface characteristics of the study area using ArcGIS 9.3. The absolute elevation of the study region is extended between 4.0-949.29 m with an average elevation of 484.50 m. The highest relative relief resulted 833.69 m, whereas the average ruggedness index of the study area is recorded as 0.09 per 10 km2 area. The average drainage density of the study area was computed 0.73/sq. km and the highest drainage intensity are recorded as 9.58/10 km2 grid area. The average length of overland flow of the study area was 2.56/10 km2 grid areas. The result of the study highlights an about the spatial distribution of relief and hydrological characteristics which may provide the knowledge to devise and accomplish an appropriate plan to progress agriculture and others allied activities. Hence, from the study, it can be concluded that remote sensing data (ASTER –DEM) coupled with GIS techniques prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis and the data can be used for basin or interfluves area management and other hydrological studies in future.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"501 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124450897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-01DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000132
Parviz Teymori, Azam Gohardoust
Close relationship between the hydrological cycle and climate system there. Water resources to reduce Middle East with regard to global climate change will be. Iran country and consequently Middle East in the semi arid region located in arid and water resources are limited. Runoff, river discharge, groundwater, flood and drought are all strongly influenced by rainfall, one of the most important elements are among climate, accommodation. In this paper, relying on staff information (IPCC) and obtaining information from relevant agencies to assess the effects of climate change on water resources, water crises in the Middle East and paid for Analytic Research enmity - are documents, the purpose of research, of climate change in recent years the Middle East and prevent the water crisis in Iran. Also provide part of the results of studies done on temperature and precipitation changes that indicated increased fluctuations in temperature and precipitation is in the country, the possible effects overset balance between the country’s climatic and hydrological systems, including increased flooding due to rainfall and temperature, changes in water levels of lakes and above all competition between water needs will be referred.
{"title":"General Attitude to the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Middle East (With Iran)","authors":"Parviz Teymori, Azam Gohardoust","doi":"10.4172/2329-6755.1000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000132","url":null,"abstract":"Close relationship between the hydrological cycle and climate system there. Water resources to reduce Middle East with regard to global climate change will be. Iran country and consequently Middle East in the semi arid region located in arid and water resources are limited. Runoff, river discharge, groundwater, flood and drought are all strongly influenced by rainfall, one of the most important elements are among climate, accommodation. In this paper, relying on staff information (IPCC) and obtaining information from relevant agencies to assess the effects of climate change on water resources, water crises in the Middle East and paid for Analytic Research enmity - are documents, the purpose of research, of climate change in recent years the Middle East and prevent the water crisis in Iran. Also provide part of the results of studies done on temperature and precipitation changes that indicated increased fluctuations in temperature and precipitation is in the country, the possible effects overset balance between the country’s climatic and hydrological systems, including increased flooding due to rainfall and temperature, changes in water levels of lakes and above all competition between water needs will be referred.","PeriodicalId":344421,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geology and Geosciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117009389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-09-09DOI: 10.4172/2329-6755.1000128
M. Gomo, G. V. Tonder
Geological characterization of a heterogeneous alluvial channel aquifer was conducted using outcrop mapping and analysis of lithological logs from 15 boreholes drilled at the site. The study was aimed at developing a preliminary hydrogeology conceptual model. A total of 12 lithological samples were tested in the laboratory using falling head permeameter to determine the hydraulic conductivity of each unconsolidated lithology unit. Shale and calcrete outcrops were observed on the study site. Outcrop mapping on the site also indicated the presence of a contact plane between the overlying unconsolidated sediments and the shale of the underlying bedrock where a groundwater discharge zone has been created. Geology logs show that the alluvial channel aquifer comprises of three distinct layered unconsolidated sediment materials (calcrete, clay-silt, sand-gravel deposited formations) that overlie low permeable shale formation. Geological lithology revealed the spatial variation in the nature and type of unconsolidated sediments deposits between boreholes that can influence groundwater occurrence and flow in the aquifer system. The gravel-sand aquifer layer that consists of medium to large pebbles is conceptually the main hydraulically conductive unit with an average laboratory determined hydraulic conductivity of 8.5 m/day. Hydraulic gradient calculated using a combination of boreholes ranges from 0.013-0.022.
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