Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574116
S. Zhong, J. Wang, H. Liu, S. Dou, M. Skyllas-Kazacos
Potentiodynamic measurements have been employed to study the electrooxidation-reduction reaction of PbSO/sub 4//PbO/sub 2/ on a common lead-calcium-tin-aluminum grid alloy in sulfuric acid solution from -10/spl deg/C to 50/spl deg/C. The logarithm of the peak current density of the electro-oxidation reduction of PbSO/sub 4//PbO/sub 2/ vs. The reciprocal of absolute test temperature has been plotted and presented in Arrhenius form. The effect of alloying with bismuth upon the electrochemical behaviors, in particularly the changes in the kinetics parameters as the electrodes were cycled at different temperature, have been examined.
{"title":"The kinetics of PbSO/sub 4//PbO/sub 2/ on Pb-Ca-Sn-Al grid alloys with bismuth additions at different temperature","authors":"S. Zhong, J. Wang, H. Liu, S. Dou, M. Skyllas-Kazacos","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574116","url":null,"abstract":"Potentiodynamic measurements have been employed to study the electrooxidation-reduction reaction of PbSO/sub 4//PbO/sub 2/ on a common lead-calcium-tin-aluminum grid alloy in sulfuric acid solution from -10/spl deg/C to 50/spl deg/C. The logarithm of the peak current density of the electro-oxidation reduction of PbSO/sub 4//PbO/sub 2/ vs. The reciprocal of absolute test temperature has been plotted and presented in Arrhenius form. The effect of alloying with bismuth upon the electrochemical behaviors, in particularly the changes in the kinetics parameters as the electrodes were cycled at different temperature, have been examined.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115671080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574118
H.I. Mohamed-Nour, J. Quigley, R. Das
This paper presents the design procedure and experimental evaluation of an economical electric motorcycle. A commercial motorcycle, powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE), has been converted to run an on a DC electric motor fed by sealed Pb-acid batteries. A theoretical model has been developed and applied for predicting the motorcycle performance. After conversion the motorcycle was thoroughly tested on surface streets as well as on highways. The performance results obtained from these road tests have been compared with those predicted based on the theoretical model and a strong correlation was found. Other energy conversion schemes may be used to convert existing ICE based transportation systems to battery based transportation systems that will meet zero emission standards.
{"title":"Design considerations in an efficient electric motorcycle","authors":"H.I. Mohamed-Nour, J. Quigley, R. Das","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574118","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design procedure and experimental evaluation of an economical electric motorcycle. A commercial motorcycle, powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE), has been converted to run an on a DC electric motor fed by sealed Pb-acid batteries. A theoretical model has been developed and applied for predicting the motorcycle performance. After conversion the motorcycle was thoroughly tested on surface streets as well as on highways. The performance results obtained from these road tests have been compared with those predicted based on the theoretical model and a strong correlation was found. Other energy conversion schemes may be used to convert existing ICE based transportation systems to battery based transportation systems that will meet zero emission standards.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124960315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574115
D. Edwards, R. L. Cantrell, T. Dayton
This paper discusses how models previously developed at the University of Idaho can be used to design high performance batteries containing paste additives. One model characterizes the conductivity of the active material. With this model, the influence of different additives, both conductive and nonconductive, on the capacity of paste containing these additives can be evaluated. The results of this analysis is then used in a second model to characterize the performance of cells. The models are used in the paper to help design and evaluate a battery for a hybrid electric vehicle. This design example illustrates how the, models can be used to investigate unique designs for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.
{"title":"Predicting the performance of batteries having paste additives","authors":"D. Edwards, R. L. Cantrell, T. Dayton","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574115","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses how models previously developed at the University of Idaho can be used to design high performance batteries containing paste additives. One model characterizes the conductivity of the active material. With this model, the influence of different additives, both conductive and nonconductive, on the capacity of paste containing these additives can be evaluated. The results of this analysis is then used in a second model to characterize the performance of cells. The models are used in the paper to help design and evaluate a battery for a hybrid electric vehicle. This design example illustrates how the, models can be used to investigate unique designs for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"422 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115594508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574104
L. W. Hruska
This paper addresses how the smart battery system specifications facilitate battery interchangeability in the light of differences in battery chemistry. Specifically it addresses differences among Li-ion battery manufacturers as well as differences between nickel metal hydride and lithium ion batteries. Examples of some of the "smart battery system" functions are given.
{"title":"Smart batteries and lithium ion voltage profiles","authors":"L. W. Hruska","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574104","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses how the smart battery system specifications facilitate battery interchangeability in the light of differences in battery chemistry. Specifically it addresses differences among Li-ion battery manufacturers as well as differences between nickel metal hydride and lithium ion batteries. Examples of some of the \"smart battery system\" functions are given.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116585102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574068
J. Timmons, E. Koss
Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries provide electrical performance that is virtually identical to sintered plate nickel-cadmium battery systems. In addition, the VRLA batteries offer the user a no maintenance battery and other enhanced features that make this a very desirable battery for aircraft applications. In field trials, where VRLA batteries were substituted for nickel-cadmium batteries, the VRLA provided the user with a high reliability turbine engine starting battery under a wide variety of climatic conditions.
{"title":"Operational testing of valve regulated lead acid batteries in commercial aircraft","authors":"J. Timmons, E. Koss","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574068","url":null,"abstract":"Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries provide electrical performance that is virtually identical to sintered plate nickel-cadmium battery systems. In addition, the VRLA batteries offer the user a no maintenance battery and other enhanced features that make this a very desirable battery for aircraft applications. In field trials, where VRLA batteries were substituted for nickel-cadmium batteries, the VRLA provided the user with a high reliability turbine engine starting battery under a wide variety of climatic conditions.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"06 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129429609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574074
L. Jarvis, T. Atwater, P. Cygan
A hybrid fuel cell demonstrated pulse power capability. It successfully ran a pulse power load simulation synonymous with electronics and communications equipment. The hybrid consisted of a 25 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in parallel with a 70 farad capacitor assembly. A cyclic regime of 18.0 W for 2 minutes followed by 2.5 W for 18 minutes was chosen as the basic test regime. The operating potential cut-off voltage for pass/failure was set to 3.0 V. At room temperature (23-25/spl deg/C), the PEMFC alone could not successfully power the baseline regime previously described. The PEMFC operating potential dropped below 3.0 V within 10 seconds. The hybrid continuously powered the cyclic regime for 25 hours. The hybrid's operating potential never reached the voltage cut-off, even during the high load of 18.0 W. The tests were aborted after 25 hours of operation with no signs of output degradation, suggesting that continuous operation is possible.
{"title":"Hybrid fuel cell for pulse power applications","authors":"L. Jarvis, T. Atwater, P. Cygan","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574074","url":null,"abstract":"A hybrid fuel cell demonstrated pulse power capability. It successfully ran a pulse power load simulation synonymous with electronics and communications equipment. The hybrid consisted of a 25 W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in parallel with a 70 farad capacitor assembly. A cyclic regime of 18.0 W for 2 minutes followed by 2.5 W for 18 minutes was chosen as the basic test regime. The operating potential cut-off voltage for pass/failure was set to 3.0 V. At room temperature (23-25/spl deg/C), the PEMFC alone could not successfully power the baseline regime previously described. The PEMFC operating potential dropped below 3.0 V within 10 seconds. The hybrid continuously powered the cyclic regime for 25 hours. The hybrid's operating potential never reached the voltage cut-off, even during the high load of 18.0 W. The tests were aborted after 25 hours of operation with no signs of output degradation, suggesting that continuous operation is possible.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132235599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574111
S. Lipka
The performance of electrochemical capacitors containing different commercial carbon fibers is reviewed. High specific capacitances (ca. 300 F/g) are obtained with low surface area carbon fiber (<1 m2/g) using a proprietary activation process. Capacitance is primarily achieved through pseudocapacitance resulting from surface functional groups. The performance of these devices is dependent on the type of carbon fiber, its carbon content, aspect ratio and microstructure. These devices can achieve high cycle life (ca. 100k) without significant loss in capacitance.
{"title":"Electrochemical capacitors utilizing low surface area carbon fiber","authors":"S. Lipka","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574111","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of electrochemical capacitors containing different commercial carbon fibers is reviewed. High specific capacitances (ca. 300 F/g) are obtained with low surface area carbon fiber (<1 m2/g) using a proprietary activation process. Capacitance is primarily achieved through pseudocapacitance resulting from surface functional groups. The performance of these devices is dependent on the type of carbon fiber, its carbon content, aspect ratio and microstructure. These devices can achieve high cycle life (ca. 100k) without significant loss in capacitance.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131079190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574123
J. Chen, S. Dou, D. Bradhurst, H. Liu
The impedance spectra of Zr(V/sub 0.4/Ni/sub 0.6/)/sub 2/, Zr(V/sub 0.2/Mn/sub 0.2/Ni/sub 0.6/)/sub 2/, Zr(V/sub 0.2/Mn/sub 0.2/Ni/sub 0.55/Si/sub 0.05/)/sub 2/ alloys for Ni-MH batteries have been investigated. An equivalent circuit for the reaction of an MH electrode is proposed. The results reveal that: (1) the additions of Mn and Si have significant effects on the reaction resistances of the alloys; (2) Ni powder is an appropriate additive material in the manufacturing process of an MH electrode; and (3) the amounts of Ni powder in the alloy electrode also should be considered in the practical utilisation.
{"title":"Studies on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of Zr-based Laves phase metal hydride electrodes","authors":"J. Chen, S. Dou, D. Bradhurst, H. Liu","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574123","url":null,"abstract":"The impedance spectra of Zr(V/sub 0.4/Ni/sub 0.6/)/sub 2/, Zr(V/sub 0.2/Mn/sub 0.2/Ni/sub 0.6/)/sub 2/, Zr(V/sub 0.2/Mn/sub 0.2/Ni/sub 0.55/Si/sub 0.05/)/sub 2/ alloys for Ni-MH batteries have been investigated. An equivalent circuit for the reaction of an MH electrode is proposed. The results reveal that: (1) the additions of Mn and Si have significant effects on the reaction resistances of the alloys; (2) Ni powder is an appropriate additive material in the manufacturing process of an MH electrode; and (3) the amounts of Ni powder in the alloy electrode also should be considered in the practical utilisation.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115038652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574088
V. L. Hammersley, S. Wharton, B. Winter
The present study consisted of analyzing zinc plates for the distribution of the NAVSEC-1 mixture. The mixture consists of 2% cadmium oxide and 1% lead oxide. The effectiveness of these additives to reduce hydrogen evolution and minimize shape change depends on the distribution of the components. Comparisons of virgin zinc plates with baseline and 50 cycle cell plates were made.
{"title":"Redistribution of NAVSEC-1 composition on zinc anodes during silver-zinc cell cycling","authors":"V. L. Hammersley, S. Wharton, B. Winter","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574088","url":null,"abstract":"The present study consisted of analyzing zinc plates for the distribution of the NAVSEC-1 mixture. The mixture consists of 2% cadmium oxide and 1% lead oxide. The effectiveness of these additives to reduce hydrogen evolution and minimize shape change depends on the distribution of the components. Comparisons of virgin zinc plates with baseline and 50 cycle cell plates were made.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116943825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-14DOI: 10.1109/BCAA.1997.574109
B. Tsenter, F. Schwartzmiller
Three chemistries are used extensively in today's portable telecommunication devices: nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries (also referred to as nickel-based batteries) are well known while lithium-ion batteries are less known. An universal charging algorithm should satisfactorily charge all chemistries while providing recognition among them. Total Battery Management, Inc. (TBM) has developed individual charging algorithms for nickel-based and lithium-ion batteries and a procedure for recognition, if necessary, to incorporate in an universal algorithm. TBM's charging philosophy is the first to understand the battery from the chemical point of view and then provide an electronic solution.
三种化学物质在当今的便携式通信设备中广泛使用:镍镉、镍氢和锂离子。镍镉电池和镍氢电池(也称为镍基电池)是众所周知的，而锂离子电池则鲜为人知。一种通用的充电算法既要对所有化学物质进行满意的充电，又要对化学物质进行识别。Total Battery Management, Inc. (TBM)已经为镍基电池和锂离子电池开发了单独的充电算法，并在必要时将其纳入通用算法。TBM的充电理念是首先从化学角度理解电池，然后提供电子解决方案。
{"title":"Universal charge algorithm for telecommunication batteries","authors":"B. Tsenter, F. Schwartzmiller","doi":"10.1109/BCAA.1997.574109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.1997.574109","url":null,"abstract":"Three chemistries are used extensively in today's portable telecommunication devices: nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries (also referred to as nickel-based batteries) are well known while lithium-ion batteries are less known. An universal charging algorithm should satisfactorily charge all chemistries while providing recognition among them. Total Battery Management, Inc. (TBM) has developed individual charging algorithms for nickel-based and lithium-ion batteries and a procedure for recognition, if necessary, to incorporate in an universal algorithm. TBM's charging philosophy is the first to understand the battery from the chemical point of view and then provide an electronic solution.","PeriodicalId":344507,"journal":{"name":"The Twelfth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128386130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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