Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.1002/9781119602019.ch6
{"title":"Fading in Optical Communication Channels","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119602019.ch6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119602019.ch6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116310456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.1002/9781119602019.ch8
N. Blaunstein, S. Engelberg, E. Krouk, M. Sergeev
The light waves, as electromagnetic continuous waves, can be regarded as a probability function whose intensity at any point in space defines the probability of finding a photon there. According to this wave–particle dualism, the emission and/or the absorption spectrum of any material can be used for its identification and to determine the quantity present. The most commonly used light sources in optical communication are the light‐emitting diode and the laser diode. This chapter provides a discussion on different kinds of optical receivers and their operational characteristics that are based on similar basic physical parameters of both kinds of diodes. The most common photodetector for optical communications (fiber and wireless) is the semiconductor junction photodiode, which converts optical power to an electric current. There is a frequency “responsivity” spectrum for each type of photodiode, which, consequently, must be matched to the spectrum of the light which is to be detected.
{"title":"Optical Sources and Detectors","authors":"N. Blaunstein, S. Engelberg, E. Krouk, M. Sergeev","doi":"10.1002/9781119602019.ch8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119602019.ch8","url":null,"abstract":"The light waves, as electromagnetic continuous waves, can be regarded as a probability function whose intensity at any point in space defines the probability of finding a photon there. According to this wave–particle dualism, the emission and/or the absorption spectrum of any material can be used for its identification and to determine the quantity present. The most commonly used light sources in optical communication are the light‐emitting diode and the laser diode. This chapter provides a discussion on different kinds of optical receivers and their operational characteristics that are based on similar basic physical parameters of both kinds of diodes. The most common photodetector for optical communications (fiber and wireless) is the semiconductor junction photodiode, which converts optical power to an electric current. There is a frequency “responsivity” spectrum for each type of photodiode, which, consequently, must be matched to the spectrum of the light which is to be detected.","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123916470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.1002/9781119602019.ch4
{"title":"An Introduction to the Principles of Coding and Decoding of Discrete Signals","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119602019.ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119602019.ch4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"909 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116403618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.1002/9781119602019.ch3
{"title":"Types of Signals in Optical Communication Channels","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119602019.ch3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119602019.ch3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129304307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-25DOI: 10.1002/9781119602019.ch12
{"title":"Transmission of Information Data in Optical Channels: Atmospheric and Fiber Optics","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119602019.ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119602019.ch12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114175049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781316687109.004
Jia-Ming Liu
NORMAL MODES OF PROPAGATION The propagation of an optical wave is governed by Maxwell's equations. The propagation characteristics depend on the optical property and the physical structure of the medium. They also depend on the makeup of the optical wave, such as its frequency content and its temporal characteristics. In this chapter, we discuss the basic propagation characteristics of a monochromatic optical wave in three basic categories of medium: an infinite homogeneous medium, two semi-infinite homogeneous media separated by an interface, and an optical waveguide defined by a transverse structure. Some basic effects of dispersion and attenuation on the propagation of an optical wave are discussed in Sections 3.6 and 3.7. The optical property of a medium at a frequency of ω is fully described by its permittivity e( ω ), which is a tensor for an anisotropic medium but reduces to a scalar for an isotropic medium. For a homogeneous medium, e( ω ) is a constant of space; for an optical structure, it is a function of space variables. Without loss of generality, we designate the z coordinate axis to be the direction of optical wave propagation in an isotropic medium; thus the longitudinal axis of an optical waveguide that is fabricated in an isotropic medium is the z axis. For this reason, e( ω ) has only transverse spatial variations that are functions of the transverse coordinates, which are x and y in the rectilinear coordinate system, or Φ and r in the cylindrical coordinate system. We use the rectilinear coordinates for our general discussion. The exception is optical wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal, for which the natural coordinate system is that defined by its principal axes but an optical wave does not have to propagate along its principal z axis. For the following discussion in this section, we consider propagation in an isotropic medium, which is not necessarily homogeneous in space. The wave propagates in the z direction, and the possible inhomogeneity characterizing the optical structure is described by a scalar permittivity e( x , y ), as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. If the medium is homogeneous, then e( x , y ) = e is a constant of space, as shown in Fig. 3.1(a).
{"title":"Optical Wave Propagation","authors":"Jia-Ming Liu","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781316687109.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316687109.004","url":null,"abstract":"NORMAL MODES OF PROPAGATION The propagation of an optical wave is governed by Maxwell's equations. The propagation characteristics depend on the optical property and the physical structure of the medium. They also depend on the makeup of the optical wave, such as its frequency content and its temporal characteristics. In this chapter, we discuss the basic propagation characteristics of a monochromatic optical wave in three basic categories of medium: an infinite homogeneous medium, two semi-infinite homogeneous media separated by an interface, and an optical waveguide defined by a transverse structure. Some basic effects of dispersion and attenuation on the propagation of an optical wave are discussed in Sections 3.6 and 3.7. The optical property of a medium at a frequency of ω is fully described by its permittivity e( ω ), which is a tensor for an anisotropic medium but reduces to a scalar for an isotropic medium. For a homogeneous medium, e( ω ) is a constant of space; for an optical structure, it is a function of space variables. Without loss of generality, we designate the z coordinate axis to be the direction of optical wave propagation in an isotropic medium; thus the longitudinal axis of an optical waveguide that is fabricated in an isotropic medium is the z axis. For this reason, e( ω ) has only transverse spatial variations that are functions of the transverse coordinates, which are x and y in the rectilinear coordinate system, or Φ and r in the cylindrical coordinate system. We use the rectilinear coordinates for our general discussion. The exception is optical wave propagation in an anisotropic crystal, for which the natural coordinate system is that defined by its principal axes but an optical wave does not have to propagate along its principal z axis. For the following discussion in this section, we consider propagation in an isotropic medium, which is not necessarily homogeneous in space. The wave propagates in the z direction, and the possible inhomogeneity characterizing the optical structure is described by a scalar permittivity e( x , y ), as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. If the medium is homogeneous, then e( x , y ) = e is a constant of space, as shown in Fig. 3.1(a).","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"695 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116115885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1002/9781119602019.ch5
N. Blaunstein, S. Engelberg, E. Krouk, M. Sergeev
Cyclic codes were introduced as a classical result of coding theory. The relation between these codes and the algebra of polynomials allows us to obtain polynomial‐based procedures for decoding cyclic codes. The development of coding theory has been characterized by dealing with semicontinuous communication channels. Making use of turbo‐codes or low‐density parity check (LDPC) codes, coding schemes that are much more effective than classical cyclic codes with “hard” block‐to‐block decoding can be achieved. LDPC codes are particularly effective when used for transmission along an optical channel. LDPC codes are seen both as a powerful error correction technique used in many standards and as a fertile research topic with many potential applications. These codes are used in many places to transfer information through optical communication channels. Historically, the use of codes for transmission along optical channels can be divided into several stages or “generations”. .
{"title":"Coding in Optical Communication Channels","authors":"N. Blaunstein, S. Engelberg, E. Krouk, M. Sergeev","doi":"10.1002/9781119602019.ch5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119602019.ch5","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclic codes were introduced as a classical result of coding theory. The relation between these codes and the algebra of polynomials allows us to obtain polynomial‐based procedures for decoding cyclic codes. The development of coding theory has been characterized by dealing with semicontinuous communication channels. Making use of turbo‐codes or low‐density parity check (LDPC) codes, coding schemes that are much more effective than classical cyclic codes with “hard” block‐to‐block decoding can be achieved. LDPC codes are particularly effective when used for transmission along an optical channel. LDPC codes are seen both as a powerful error correction technique used in many standards and as a fertile research topic with many potential applications. These codes are used in many places to transfer information through optical communication channels. Historically, the use of codes for transmission along optical channels can be divided into several stages or “generations”. .","PeriodicalId":345187,"journal":{"name":"Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129547608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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