Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483374.006
A. Haeri, K. Skonieczny
{"title":"Granular Flow Modeling of Robot-Terrain Interactions in Reduced Gravity","authors":"A. Haeri, K. Skonieczny","doi":"10.1061/9780784483374.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483374.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"245 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124706484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483374.111
M. Z. Naser, Qiushi Chen
Space exploration and terraforming nearby planets have been fascinating concepts for the longest time. Nowadays, that technological advancements in manufacturing, robotics and propellants are thriving, it is only a matter of time before humans can start colonizing nearby moons and planets. In recognition of the 50 th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), together with the European Space Agency (ESA), revealed plans to establish a permanent human presence (habitats) on the Moon and Mars by 2040. In order to facilitate feasible and sustainable space exploration, such habitats are envisioned to be primarily built from lunar and Martian in-situ resources. To date, our understanding of indigenous resources continues to be lacking and in order to bridge this knowledge gap, this paper explores the suitability of construction materials derived from lunar and Martian regolith, along with terrestrial derivatives, for interplanetary construction. This paper also identifies key processing techniques suitable to produce extraterrestrial construction materials under alien environments (i.e., vacuum, low gravity, etc.) and showcases prominent design concepts for “space - resilient” habitats and colonies.
{"title":"Extraterrestrial Construction in Lunar and Martian Environments","authors":"M. Z. Naser, Qiushi Chen","doi":"10.1061/9780784483374.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483374.111","url":null,"abstract":"Space exploration and terraforming nearby planets have been fascinating concepts for the longest time. Nowadays, that technological advancements in manufacturing, robotics and propellants are thriving, it is only a matter of time before humans can start colonizing nearby moons and planets. In recognition of the 50 th anniversary of the first manned lunar landing, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), together with the European Space Agency (ESA), revealed plans to establish a permanent human presence (habitats) on the Moon and Mars by 2040. In order to facilitate feasible and sustainable space exploration, such habitats are envisioned to be primarily built from lunar and Martian in-situ resources. To date, our understanding of indigenous resources continues to be lacking and in order to bridge this knowledge gap, this paper explores the suitability of construction materials derived from lunar and Martian regolith, along with terrestrial derivatives, for interplanetary construction. This paper also identifies key processing techniques suitable to produce extraterrestrial construction materials under alien environments (i.e., vacuum, low gravity, etc.) and showcases prominent design concepts for “space - resilient” habitats and colonies.","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131995594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483374.014
P. Metzger, J. Mantovani
This manuscript analyzes lunar lander soil erosion models and trajectory models to calculate how much damage will occur to spacecraft orbiting in the vicinity of the Moon. The soil erosion models have considerable uncertainty due to gaps in our understanding of the basic physics. The results for ~40 t landers show that the Lunar Orbital Gateway will be impacted by 1000s to 10,000s of particles per square meter but the particle sizes are very small and the impact velocity is low so the damage will be slight. However, a spacecraft in Low Lunar Orbit that happens to pass through the ejecta sheet will sustain extensive damage with hundreds of millions of impacts per square meter: although they are small, they are in the hypervelocity regime, and exposed glass on the spacecraft will sustain spallation over 4% of its surface.
{"title":"The Damage to Lunar Orbiting Spacecraft Caused by the Ejecta of Lunar Landers","authors":"P. Metzger, J. Mantovani","doi":"10.1061/9780784483374.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483374.014","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript analyzes lunar lander soil erosion models and trajectory models to calculate how much damage will occur to spacecraft orbiting in the vicinity of the Moon. The soil erosion models have considerable uncertainty due to gaps in our understanding of the basic physics. The results for ~40 t landers show that the Lunar Orbital Gateway will be impacted by 1000s to 10,000s of particles per square meter but the particle sizes are very small and the impact velocity is low so the damage will be slight. However, a spacecraft in Low Lunar Orbit that happens to pass through the ejecta sheet will sustain extensive damage with hundreds of millions of impacts per square meter: although they are small, they are in the hypervelocity regime, and exposed glass on the spacecraft will sustain spallation over 4% of its surface.","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130227628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483374.038
Stephen Gerdts, J. Breckenridge, Kyle Johnson
Robotic mobility systems expand the reach of future scientific and exploration missions to celestial bodies. Understanding the traction performance of these systems is necessary knowledge that informs mission-level requirements, such as power budgets and navigation envelopes. This paper covers the design, development, and verification of the four wheeled Lunar Rover Optimization Platform (LROP). This mass optimized platform is targeted to emulate future medium class rovers weighing up to 90 kg. The LROP has the ability to conduct various wheel design experiments such as obstacle traversal, slope ascent, and drawbar pull over a wheel loading range of 4.5 to 22.7 kg. The platform also has the ability to shift its center of gravity (CG) laterally and longitudinally to explore the CG shift effects on mobility performance. This knowledge is valuable for future rover designers exploring different payload packaging solutions. In this paper results from obstacle traversal test with varying angle of attack (AOA) and longitudinal CG position are reported along with results from slope ascent testing which proved-out the LROPs capabilities.
{"title":"Lunar Rover Optimization Platform for Wheel Traction Studies","authors":"Stephen Gerdts, J. Breckenridge, Kyle Johnson","doi":"10.1061/9780784483374.038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483374.038","url":null,"abstract":"Robotic mobility systems expand the reach of future scientific and exploration missions to celestial bodies. Understanding the traction performance of these systems is necessary knowledge that informs mission-level requirements, such as power budgets and navigation envelopes. This paper covers the design, development, and verification of the four wheeled Lunar Rover Optimization Platform (LROP). This mass optimized platform is targeted to emulate future medium class rovers weighing up to 90 kg. The LROP has the ability to conduct various wheel design experiments such as obstacle traversal, slope ascent, and drawbar pull over a wheel loading range of 4.5 to 22.7 kg. The platform also has the ability to shift its center of gravity (CG) laterally and longitudinally to explore the CG shift effects on mobility performance. This knowledge is valuable for future rover designers exploring different payload packaging solutions. In this paper results from obstacle traversal test with varying angle of attack (AOA) and longitudinal CG position are reported along with results from slope ascent testing which proved-out the LROPs capabilities.","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126338426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483381.051
Shi Yan, Xuenan Wang, Yaoyao Chen, Yuanyuan Yao
In offshore reinforced concrete (RC) structures, how to monitor early occurrences and developments of rebar corrosion is of great significance. However, the rebar corrosion in RC structures is localized and developed along interfaces, having great challenges to evaluations of rebar corrosion levels. In this paper, the theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and experiment validation are used to study the rebar local corrosion monitoring and evaluation of RC structures with piezoelectric ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs). A reasonable selection of the UGW excitation and reception method and corresponding experimental setup are studied. Frequency dispersion curves of the selected UGWs under different corrosion conditions are obtained by analyzing the wave dispersion and multimodal characteristics. Based on energy values and fractal dimension characteristic values of echo signals for different corrosion levels, a rebar corrosion evaluation index is proposed, and a corresponding evaluation algorithm is established. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by a rebar corrosion monitoring test based on the accelerated corrosion and guided wave technologies. A fitting relationship between corrosion levels (length and thickness) and basic characteristics of sensing signals is established. A corrosion evaluation method is established based on the corrosion index and algorithm. The results show that rebar corrosions have a sensitive effect on the energy and fractal characteristics of longitudinal UGWs. The larger corrosion length and the thicker corrosion layer result in the smaller energy value of echo signal and the smaller fractal characteristic value, and the larger corrosion index value.
{"title":"Rebar Local Corrosion Monitoring of RC Structures Based on Fractal Characteristics of Piezoelectric Guided Waves","authors":"Shi Yan, Xuenan Wang, Yaoyao Chen, Yuanyuan Yao","doi":"10.1061/9780784483381.051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483381.051","url":null,"abstract":"In offshore reinforced concrete (RC) structures, how to monitor early occurrences and developments of rebar corrosion is of great significance. However, the rebar corrosion in RC structures is localized and developed along interfaces, having great challenges to evaluations of rebar corrosion levels. In this paper, the theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, and experiment validation are used to study the rebar local corrosion monitoring and evaluation of RC structures with piezoelectric ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs). A reasonable selection of the UGW excitation and reception method and corresponding experimental setup are studied. Frequency dispersion curves of the selected UGWs under different corrosion conditions are obtained by analyzing the wave dispersion and multimodal characteristics. Based on energy values and fractal dimension characteristic values of echo signals for different corrosion levels, a rebar corrosion evaluation index is proposed, and a corresponding evaluation algorithm is established. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by a rebar corrosion monitoring test based on the accelerated corrosion and guided wave technologies. A fitting relationship between corrosion levels (length and thickness) and basic characteristics of sensing signals is established. A corrosion evaluation method is established based on the corrosion index and algorithm. The results show that rebar corrosions have a sensitive effect on the energy and fractal characteristics of longitudinal UGWs. The larger corrosion length and the thicker corrosion layer result in the smaller energy value of echo signal and the smaller fractal characteristic value, and the larger corrosion index value.","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131271870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483374.109
R. Mueller, R. W. Moses, David Wilson, P. Carrato, Troy King
{"title":"Lunar Mega Project: Processes, Work Flow, and Terminology of the Terrestrial Construction Industry versus the Space Industry","authors":"R. Mueller, R. W. Moses, David Wilson, P. Carrato, Troy King","doi":"10.1061/9780784483374.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483374.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125724162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-15DOI: 10.1061/9780784483381.020
C. Ruggeri, R. Haluza, J. M. Pereira, S. Miller, C. Bakis, K. Koudela
The Impact Dynamics Laboratory at NASA Glenn Research Center recently developed a pneumatically-actuated crash sled for investigating the crush behavior of structural elements for vehicular applications. The apparatus includes an adjustable striker mass and specimen support mass, which are mounted on separate rails. This setup provides two advantages over crash sleds with so-called fixed specimen supports: ( i ) it allows for multiple independent measurements of the crush response using different instruments, and ( ii ) the specimen support can be varied and its reaction can be explicitly measured. This paper describes the experimental setup and data analysis methodology and illustrates the capability of the sled for measuring the specific energy absorption (SEA) of triaxially-braided carbon/epoxy composite C-channels and corrugated plates. The corrugated plate had a higher SEA
{"title":"Crash Sled Testing of Triaxially Braided CFRP for Improved Vehicular Crashworthiness","authors":"C. Ruggeri, R. Haluza, J. M. Pereira, S. Miller, C. Bakis, K. Koudela","doi":"10.1061/9780784483381.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483381.020","url":null,"abstract":"The Impact Dynamics Laboratory at NASA Glenn Research Center recently developed a pneumatically-actuated crash sled for investigating the crush behavior of structural elements for vehicular applications. The apparatus includes an adjustable striker mass and specimen support mass, which are mounted on separate rails. This setup provides two advantages over crash sleds with so-called fixed specimen supports: ( i ) it allows for multiple independent measurements of the crush response using different instruments, and ( ii ) the specimen support can be varied and its reaction can be explicitly measured. This paper describes the experimental setup and data analysis methodology and illustrates the capability of the sled for measuring the specific energy absorption (SEA) of triaxially-braided carbon/epoxy composite C-channels and corrugated plates. The corrugated plate had a higher SEA","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121407818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interlock drive system generates traction by penetrating articulated spikes into the ground and by using the natural strength of the ground for traction. A fundamental problem of traction by interlocking spikes is how to penetrate the ground such that the spike will withstand the draft force. The theory of critical depth suggests that a high rake angle reduces soil fragmentation, while vehicle stability and demand for a high pull/weight ratio require a low thrust angle. To satisfy both requirements, we connect an interlocking spike with a high rake angle via a lever arm to a hinge close to the ground for a low thrust angle. The resulting friction of the spike with the soil increases the vertical penetration force during penetration. Experimental data shows that such a spike penetrates soil of a much higher penetration resistance than predicted from an analysis of the forces involved, possibly because the spike follows the path of least resistance. To better understand and improve the potential of interlocking spikes for mobility in extreme terrain, we need a comprehensive experimental analysis. Accepted Paper in Proc. Earth & Space 2020: 17th Biennial ASCE International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction and Operations in Challenging Environments, ASCE, Seattle WA.
{"title":"Interlocking Spikes for Extreme Mobility","authors":"Volker Nannen, D. Bover","doi":"10.31224/osf.io/h3t7r","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/h3t7r","url":null,"abstract":"The interlock drive system generates traction by penetrating articulated spikes into the ground and by using the natural strength of the ground for traction. A fundamental problem of traction by interlocking spikes is how to penetrate the ground such that the spike will withstand the draft force. The theory of critical depth suggests that a high rake angle reduces soil fragmentation, while vehicle stability and demand for a high pull/weight ratio require a low thrust angle. To satisfy both requirements, we connect an interlocking spike with a high rake angle via a lever arm to a hinge close to the ground for a low thrust angle. The resulting friction of the spike with the soil increases the vertical penetration force during penetration. Experimental data shows that such a spike penetrates soil of a much higher penetration resistance than predicted from an analysis of the forces involved, possibly because the spike follows the path of least resistance. To better understand and improve the potential of interlocking spikes for mobility in extreme terrain, we need a comprehensive experimental analysis. Accepted Paper in Proc. Earth & Space 2020: 17th Biennial ASCE International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction and Operations in Challenging Environments, ASCE, Seattle WA.","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127241646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.1061/9780784483374.059
{"title":"This paper’s contents have been removed","authors":"","doi":"10.1061/9780784483374.059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784483374.059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345627,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space 2021","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126630994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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