Islam, although it is the youngest religion among monotheistic religions, as is known, the text of its holy book, the Quran, is replete with allegories and metaphors. Reading the Quran and knowing some surahs by heart was the duty of every Muslim in the Middle Ages. In this regard, there is a need for a living teacher and mentor. The need for spiritual leadership prepared fertile ground for the emergence of Sufi tariqah orders. In the 14th century, Omar Sirajaddin al-Khalwati, using the method of seclusion (in Arabic, “halwat”), laid the foundation of the Khalwati order. However, the tariqa received its true development under Seyyid Yahya Shirvani-Bakuvi. Thanks to the religious and philosophical treatises he wrote, this order went beyond the borders of Azerbaijan and expanded its sphere of influence in the Crimea, Dagestan, the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, India, and Africa. The only copy of Sufi treatises by Seyyid Yahya Shirvani-Bakuvi called “Resayel” in Azerbaijan is kept at the Institute of Manuscripts of Azerbaijan Perublic. Written in 1672, this handwritten monument contains the religious and philosophical lyrical heritage of the great sheikh and the works of other authors.
{"title":"TREATISES BY SEYYID YAHYA BAKUVI IN THE HISTORY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KHALVATIYA SUFI ORDER","authors":"Irade Vezirova","doi":"10.54414/ihsk1752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/ihsk1752","url":null,"abstract":"Islam, although it is the youngest religion among monotheistic religions, as is known, the text of its holy book, the Quran, is replete with allegories and metaphors. Reading the Quran and knowing some surahs by heart was the duty of every Muslim in the Middle Ages. In this regard, there is a need for a living teacher and mentor. The need for spiritual leadership prepared fertile ground for the emergence of Sufi tariqah orders. In the 14th century, Omar Sirajaddin al-Khalwati, using the method of seclusion (in Arabic, “halwat”), laid the foundation of the Khalwati order. However, the tariqa received its true development under Seyyid Yahya Shirvani-Bakuvi. Thanks to the religious and philosophical treatises he wrote, this order went beyond the borders of Azerbaijan and expanded its sphere of influence in the Crimea, Dagestan, the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, India, and Africa. The only copy of Sufi treatises by Seyyid Yahya Shirvani-Bakuvi called “Resayel” in Azerbaijan is kept at the Institute of Manuscripts of Azerbaijan Perublic. Written in 1672, this handwritten monument contains the religious and philosophical lyrical heritage of the great sheikh and the works of other authors.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"224 S729","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141413339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is an attempt to revisit the Asian policy of the Russian Federation in the Post-Cold War era. More specifically, the aim of this article is to determine the origins of Moscow’s current strategic alliances with China and India in a historical trajectory from 1991 to 1999. To this end, the article focused on Russian diplomatic activities, state visits, cooperation strategies and signed agreements within this timeframe. Then, in the context of these diplomatic efforts, the article discussed how the priorities of each government could affect these initiatives with a focus on their national concerns, geopolitical imperatives and global strategies. Following these discussions, the article concluded that a revival of global status was at the heart of Russia’s Asian diplomacy. Moreover, it was concluded that while foreign relations with China and India had emerged from two different historical processes, the common interests and imperatives that were mutually perceived by these states were crucial in reaching strategic agreements and shaping post-Soviet alliances.
{"title":"POST-SOVIET ASIAN POLICY: RUSSIAN DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY IN CHINA AND INDIA (1991–1999)","authors":"Ebrahim Motlagh","doi":"10.54414/eocr7309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/eocr7309","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an attempt to revisit the Asian policy of the Russian Federation in the Post-Cold War era. More specifically, the aim of this article is to determine the origins of Moscow’s current strategic alliances with China and India in a historical trajectory from 1991 to 1999. To this end, the article focused on Russian diplomatic activities, state visits, cooperation strategies and signed agreements within this timeframe. Then, in the context of these diplomatic efforts, the article discussed how the priorities of each government could affect these initiatives with a focus on their national concerns, geopolitical imperatives and global strategies. Following these discussions, the article concluded that a revival of global status was at the heart of Russia’s Asian diplomacy. Moreover, it was concluded that while foreign relations with China and India had emerged from two different historical processes, the common interests and imperatives that were mutually perceived by these states were crucial in reaching strategic agreements and shaping post-Soviet alliances.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141403059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The issue of studying the history of diplomatic missions, consulates and embassies is particularly important for the study of international relations in the 18th century. In the absence at that time of a tradition of permanent diplomatic embassies in the Safavid empire, the exchange of missions and the establishment of consulates, together with and diplomatic correspondence were the main forms of establishing and maintaining intergovernmental contacts. This article describes the Russian diplomatic missions attempts’ to ratify the Treaty of St Petersburg in 1723, during a turbulent period for the Safavid dynasty offers a significant perspective on the region's history. The paper relies on official and semi-official historiography, contemporary mainly Russian accounts, and archival dates, as well some secondary sources.
{"title":"THE RUSSIAN-SAFAVID RELATIONS AND RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY IN 1715-1735","authors":"N. Gozalova","doi":"10.54414/gqhh5884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/gqhh5884","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of studying the history of diplomatic missions, consulates and embassies is particularly important for the study of international relations in the 18th century. In the absence at that time of a tradition of permanent diplomatic embassies in the Safavid empire, the exchange of missions and the establishment of consulates, together with and diplomatic correspondence were the main forms of establishing and maintaining intergovernmental contacts. This article describes the Russian diplomatic missions attempts’ to ratify the Treaty of St Petersburg in 1723, during a turbulent period for the Safavid dynasty offers a significant perspective on the region's history. The paper relies on official and semi-official historiography, contemporary mainly Russian accounts, and archival dates, as well some secondary sources.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"119 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141406946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper analyzes one of the priority aspects of Iraq's foreign policy during the reign of the Ba’ath Party (1968-2003), relations with Arab countries. This policy was elevated to the rank of the most important state strategy and was given a special role in the scale of foreign policy priorities. It was allocated to an exceptional part of state politics, called “Arab politics”, “al-siyasa al-arabiyya”. The research examines the basic ideological and theoretical principles of Ba’athism, which formed the basis of “Arab politics” and on the basis of which the ruling Baath of Iraq built its relations with Arab countries. In this vein, it considers the fundamental principle of Ba'athism, the idea of "Arab unity", which constituted the first element of the party's slogan "Unity, freedom, socialism" and within the framework of which, at certain stages, Ba'ath sought to closely interact with Arab countries. Analyzing official documents, the author concludes that on the issue of Arab unity, Iraq could only unite with those countries that had political systems identical to it. Based on this logic, it becomes clear that among the Arab countries with which Iraq shared common ideological and political principles, Syria, as well as one of the centers of Arab nationalism, Egypt could be natural partners of Iraq within the framework of integration processes in the Arab world. In addition, these countries were among the countries that Iraq considered as opposing Israel and with which it primarily sought to establish close cooperation, including in the military sphere, to resolve the Palestinian problem. It was noted, however, that the radicalism of official Baghdad on this issue not only placed Iraq in isolation in the Arab world, but also sometimes created obstacles to inter-Arab integration and cooperation. Often in his policies there was a deep gap between the declared principles and their practical implementation. Within the framework of “Arab politics”, the article examines in detail Iraqi-Syrian and Iraqi-Egyptian bilateral relations throughout the entire period of the Baath Party’s rule in Iraq, revealing their most characteristic features and peculiarities.
{"title":"THE ARAB POLITICS OF IRAQ DURING THE BAATH PARTY RULE: BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE","authors":"Aida Baghirova","doi":"10.54414/bgzo6098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/bgzo6098","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes one of the priority aspects of Iraq's foreign policy during the reign of the Ba’ath Party (1968-2003), relations with Arab countries. This policy was elevated to the rank of the most important state strategy and was given a special role in the scale of foreign policy priorities. It was allocated to an exceptional part of state politics, called “Arab politics”, “al-siyasa al-arabiyya”. The research examines the basic ideological and theoretical principles of Ba’athism, which formed the basis of “Arab politics” and on the basis of which the ruling Baath of Iraq built its relations with Arab countries. In this vein, it considers the fundamental principle of Ba'athism, the idea of \"Arab unity\", which constituted the first element of the party's slogan \"Unity, freedom, socialism\" and within the framework of which, at certain stages, Ba'ath sought to closely interact with Arab countries. Analyzing official documents, the author concludes that on the issue of Arab unity, Iraq could only unite with those countries that had political systems identical to it. Based on this logic, it becomes clear that among the Arab countries with which Iraq shared common ideological and political principles, Syria, as well as one of the centers of Arab nationalism, Egypt could be natural partners of Iraq within the framework of integration processes in the Arab world. In addition, these countries were among the countries that Iraq considered as opposing Israel and with which it primarily sought to establish close cooperation, including in the military sphere, to resolve the Palestinian problem. It was noted, however, that the radicalism of official Baghdad on this issue not only placed Iraq in isolation in the Arab world, but also sometimes created obstacles to inter-Arab integration and cooperation. Often in his policies there was a deep gap between the declared principles and their practical implementation. Within the framework of “Arab politics”, the article examines in detail Iraqi-Syrian and Iraqi-Egyptian bilateral relations throughout the entire period of the Baath Party’s rule in Iraq, revealing their most characteristic features and peculiarities.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"241 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141412917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The period, spanning between 1220 and 1250s in the South Caucasus, as well as in Azerbaijan, is marked by significant events, such as the Mongol campaigns and Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din's short rule in the region. The both Khwarazmshahs and Mongols established their rule here, having some similarities and differences of the governance. The Persian historical literature, as well as other textual sources contain various information concerning the period. The presented paper is devoted to investigating the mentioned issue, based on these sources. The study aims to examine the features of the Mongols and the Khwarazmshahs governing, and their consequences in the region. Azerbaijan became the target of Jalal al-Din’s campaign, after the fall Khwarazmshahs due to the Mongol conquest Jalal al-Din conquered cities such as Maragha, Tabriz, Ganja and compelled the Shirvanshahs to vassalage. As a consequence of the second campaign of the Mongol general Chormagan, Jalal al-Din withdrew from Azerbaijan, bringing the entire South Caucasus under the Mongol control. These historical events were scrutinized through a comparative analysis and interpretation of other textual sources and scholarly works. Examining these issues through contemporary sources enables the clarification and objective analysis of political events, as well as economic and social conditions in the South Caucasus during that era
{"title":"DOMINION OF KHWARAZMSHAH JALAL AL-DIN AND THE MONGOL RULE IN AZERBAIJAN","authors":"Khadija Karim","doi":"10.54414/qlrj7388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/qlrj7388","url":null,"abstract":"The period, spanning between 1220 and 1250s in the South Caucasus, as well as in Azerbaijan, is marked by significant events, such as the Mongol campaigns and Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din's short rule in the region. The both Khwarazmshahs and Mongols established their rule here, having some similarities and differences of the governance. The Persian historical literature, as well as other textual sources contain various information concerning the period. The presented paper is devoted to investigating the mentioned issue, based on these sources. The study aims to examine the features of the Mongols and the Khwarazmshahs governing, and their consequences in the region. Azerbaijan became the target of Jalal al-Din’s campaign, after the fall Khwarazmshahs due to the Mongol conquest Jalal al-Din conquered cities such as Maragha, Tabriz, Ganja and compelled the Shirvanshahs to vassalage. As a consequence of the second campaign of the Mongol general Chormagan, Jalal al-Din withdrew from Azerbaijan, bringing the entire South Caucasus under the Mongol control. These historical events were scrutinized through a comparative analysis and interpretation of other textual sources and scholarly works. Examining these issues through contemporary sources enables the clarification and objective analysis of political events, as well as economic and social conditions in the South Caucasus during that era","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"44 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141403367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rebellion of 852 in Armīniya (Abbasid province in the Caucasus) resulted in the assassination of the governor of the Abbasid Caliphate. Caliph al-Mutawwakil (r. 847-861) dispatched a punitive expedition with intention of conquering and subduing the areas that were out of Abbasid control. Bughā al-Kabir was appointed in command of the Abbasid army and was sent to the Caucasus in the same year. Bughā's Caucasian military campaign was of large scale, arguably the largest Caucasian military expedition organized by the Caliphate in the 9th century. The Abbasid army attacked, imprisoned, and killed the population of Armīniya involved in the assassination of the Abbasid governor; Muslim usurpers who were unwilling to yield the orders of the Caliphate got punished; the governor of Tbilisi Isḥāq b. Ismāʿīl was captured and beheaded while his residence and the center of Muslim position in Kartli, Tbilisi, was submitted. A large number of Christian Armenian and Arranian (Albanian) rulers were imprisoned. The Georgian rulers, who ruled the northern outskirts of the Caliphate, were divided. They mostly opposed the Abbasids, while some of them supported the Caliph. The 853- 854 campaigns were successful for Bughā and his Georgian allies, but other Georgian rulers asked for support from the Byzantines and the Khazars. According to al-Yaʿqūbī (the 9th c.), the Caucasian rulers who had escaped captivity called for the help of Khazars, Byzantines, and Slavs in the fight against the Abbasids. They received a positive response. A large force under Khazar leadership was sent against the Caliphate while the Byzantines launched an attack on the Eastern Mediterranean domains of the Caliphate. In 855, in the course of Khazar-Byzantine-Slav involvement in the Caucasian affairs, the Abbasids adopted a defensive stance. Derbent was successfully protected. The Khazars and their allies were unable to penetrate in the direction of Arran. In the direction of Kartli, the Khazars were more successful, probably with the support of local rulers.
{"title":"KHAZAR-BYZANTINE-SLAV COALITION AGAINST ABBASID CALIPHATE AND THE CAUCASUS IN THE 850s","authors":"Leri Tavadze","doi":"10.54414/ajcx9623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/ajcx9623","url":null,"abstract":"The rebellion of 852 in Armīniya (Abbasid province in the Caucasus) resulted in the assassination of the governor of the Abbasid Caliphate. Caliph al-Mutawwakil (r. 847-861) dispatched a punitive expedition with intention of conquering and subduing the areas that were out of Abbasid control. Bughā al-Kabir was appointed in command of the Abbasid army and was sent to the Caucasus in the same year. Bughā's Caucasian military campaign was of large scale, arguably the largest Caucasian military expedition organized by the Caliphate in the 9th century. The Abbasid army attacked, imprisoned, and killed the population of Armīniya involved in the assassination of the Abbasid governor; Muslim usurpers who were unwilling to yield the orders of the Caliphate got punished; the governor of Tbilisi Isḥāq b. Ismāʿīl was captured and beheaded while his residence and the center of Muslim position in Kartli, Tbilisi, was submitted. A large number of Christian Armenian and Arranian (Albanian) rulers were imprisoned. The Georgian rulers, who ruled the northern outskirts of the Caliphate, were divided. They mostly opposed the Abbasids, while some of them supported the Caliph. The 853- 854 campaigns were successful for Bughā and his Georgian allies, but other Georgian rulers asked for support from the Byzantines and the Khazars. According to al-Yaʿqūbī (the 9th c.), the Caucasian rulers who had escaped captivity called for the help of Khazars, Byzantines, and Slavs in the fight against the Abbasids. They received a positive response. A large force under Khazar leadership was sent against the Caliphate while the Byzantines launched an attack on the Eastern Mediterranean domains of the Caliphate. In 855, in the course of Khazar-Byzantine-Slav involvement in the Caucasian affairs, the Abbasids adopted a defensive stance. Derbent was successfully protected. The Khazars and their allies were unable to penetrate in the direction of Arran. In the direction of Kartli, the Khazars were more successful, probably with the support of local rulers.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"120 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141406704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The article examines the struggle of leading public and political figures of Azerbaijan, especially M.A. Rasulzadeh, one of the founders of the first republic and the ideology of Azerbaijanism, in the field of national identity and understanding of the national characteristics of the country at the turn of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These issues are interpreted on the basis of periodicals and archival materials. The article indicates that the basis for the formation of the idea of Azerbaijanism, created by M.A. Rasulzadeh, it was because after the split between Russia and Gajarid Iran at the beginning of the 19th century, when the Azerbaijanis felt themselves to be a single social organism, a society bearing the seeds of a particular culture, that is, a separate nation from the Russians. It is further noted that as social forces developed and wider sections of the population joined the social movement, the national movement in Azerbaijan became more European-oriented than in other places in the Muslim East.
{"title":"M.A. RASULZADEH IN SEARCH FOR NATIONAL IDENTITY: DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL IDEOLOGY FROM TURKISM TO AZERBAIJANISM","authors":"Sevda Sulaymanova","doi":"10.54414/ajyu5474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/ajyu5474","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The article examines the struggle of leading public and political figures of Azerbaijan, especially M.A. Rasulzadeh, one of the founders of the first republic and the ideology of Azerbaijanism, in the field of national identity and understanding of the national characteristics of the country at the turn of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These issues are interpreted on the basis of periodicals and archival materials. The article indicates that the basis for the formation of the idea of Azerbaijanism, created by M.A. Rasulzadeh, it was because after the split between Russia and Gajarid Iran at the beginning of the 19th century, when the Azerbaijanis felt themselves to be a single social organism, a society bearing the seeds of a particular culture, that is, a separate nation from the Russians. It is further noted that as social forces developed and wider sections of the population joined the social movement, the national movement in Azerbaijan became more European-oriented than in other places in the Muslim East.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"120 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: The article presents an overview on the “21 Azer” (December 12, 1945) movement in Iranian Azerbaijan1 , its national and cultural issues, including literature, based on the publications of the Soviet press. It especially focuses on the articles, published in the 1940s in the newspaper “Communist”, printed under the ideological control and run by the Communist Party of the Soviet Azerbaijan. The Soviet media publications of the time, expressing a condemnatory attitude towards the Pahlavi government, contains an analysis and critique of socio-political, economic and cultural processes, samples of the contemporary intellectuals’ pieces. They also reflected the activities of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party (ADP), national and ideological issues of the movement. Moreover, the subtext of these publications shows how the Soviet government exploited the fraternal feelings of Azerbaijanis on both sides of the Aras River. For a comprehensive exposition of the topic, this research paper considers diverse sources and scholarly literature that shed light on the historical context of the period.
{"title":"REVIEW OF THE IRANIAN AZERBAIJAN IN THE SOVIET PRESS IN THE 1940S","authors":"Ali Farhadov","doi":"10.54414/kmqq9381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/kmqq9381","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The article presents an overview on the “21 Azer” (December 12, 1945) movement in Iranian Azerbaijan1 , its national and cultural issues, including literature, based on the publications of the Soviet press. It especially focuses on the articles, published in the 1940s in the newspaper “Communist”, printed under the ideological control and run by the Communist Party of the Soviet Azerbaijan. The Soviet media publications of the time, expressing a condemnatory attitude towards the Pahlavi government, contains an analysis and critique of socio-political, economic and cultural processes, samples of the contemporary intellectuals’ pieces. They also reflected the activities of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party (ADP), national and ideological issues of the movement. Moreover, the subtext of these publications shows how the Soviet government exploited the fraternal feelings of Azerbaijanis on both sides of the Aras River. For a comprehensive exposition of the topic, this research paper considers diverse sources and scholarly literature that shed light on the historical context of the period.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"158 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This exhaustive investigation thoroughly explores the complex economic history of ancient Egypt, providing insights into key components such as agriculture, trade, and inflation. The study illuminates the significant roles played by the state system in molding the economic landscape of this ancient civilization. The economic structure of ancient Egypt demonstrated a profound interdependence with its imperial dynastic structure and advanced technological capabilities. Agriculture, serving as the foundational element, prospered through the annual Nile inundation, yielding crucial surpluses essential for trade and taxation. Trade, predominantly conducted through barter, played a substantial role in the economic framework, with documented instances of both state-controlled and private enterprises. A central focus of the article entails a thorough exploration of the widespread social and economic ramifications resulting from inflation, particularly the noteworthy Ptolemaic copper inflation. This nuanced analysis significantly contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricacies inherent in the economic history of ancient Egypt. Precisely, the article conscientiously recognizes the significance of surplus generation and the assessment of labor value. It underscores the pivotal roles undertaken by both governmental and private entities in molding the economic dynamics of ancient Egypt
{"title":"ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS IN ANTIQUITY: A HISTORICAL EXPLORATION OF ANCIENT EGYPT","authors":"Ramil Hasanov","doi":"10.54414/jokx9485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/jokx9485","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This exhaustive investigation thoroughly explores the complex economic history of ancient Egypt, providing insights into key components such as agriculture, trade, and inflation. The study illuminates the significant roles played by the state system in molding the economic landscape of this ancient civilization. The economic structure of ancient Egypt demonstrated a profound interdependence with its imperial dynastic structure and advanced technological capabilities. Agriculture, serving as the foundational element, prospered through the annual Nile inundation, yielding crucial surpluses essential for trade and taxation. Trade, predominantly conducted through barter, played a substantial role in the economic framework, with documented instances of both state-controlled and private enterprises. A central focus of the article entails a thorough exploration of the widespread social and economic ramifications resulting from inflation, particularly the noteworthy Ptolemaic copper inflation. This nuanced analysis significantly contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricacies inherent in the economic history of ancient Egypt. Precisely, the article conscientiously recognizes the significance of surplus generation and the assessment of labor value. It underscores the pivotal roles undertaken by both governmental and private entities in molding the economic dynamics of ancient Egypt","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"72 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Many issues on the history of the Sharukanid dynasty, which led the Donetsk Kipchaks, among whom the Sharukanid clan and the Toksoba tribe dominated, are reflected in the Rus' chronicles. This research paper aims to give a detailed overview on the Sharukanid dynasty of Kipchaks, based on the Rus' chronicles and "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Relations with the Sharukanids were so important for Rus' that the chronicler recorded the complete genealogy of the representatives of this clan, from Sharukan to Yuri Konchakovich. Periods of peace alternated with periods of confrontation. Under Otrok (Atrak) and Yuri Konchakovich, the Kipchaks did not bother Rus', as they were busy with wars in Dashti-Kipchak. Confrontation with Rus' occurred during the reign of Sharukan and Konchak. Subsequently the Sharukanid clan was divided into smaller clans, and one of them was Eltukovo, near the borders of the Ryazan principality and Volga Bulgaria. The succession to the throne in the Donetsk union was ordered by Otrok, who secured it for his descendants, using experience borrowed from Georgia. During the reign of Otrok, the Sharukanids fought with the Kaepichis (rulers from the Kai clan), rivals of the Sharukanids. Yuri Konchakovich fought with other chiefdoms, the khanate of the Durut tribe and the confederation of Derbent Kipchaks. The stay of Otrok (Atrak) in Georgia can be dated back to 1118 - 1125, and the return to the Kipchak steppes was due to Syrchan’s request to help in the war with the Kaepichi, which lasted until 1160. Taking advantage, the Kaepichi seized dominance in the Don region at the beginning of the 12th century.
{"title":"THE SHARUKANIDS: HISTORY OF ONE KIPCHAK DYNASTY","authors":"Yaroslav Pylypchuk","doi":"10.54414/mtaq5968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54414/mtaq5968","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Many issues on the history of the Sharukanid dynasty, which led the Donetsk Kipchaks, among whom the Sharukanid clan and the Toksoba tribe dominated, are reflected in the Rus' chronicles. This research paper aims to give a detailed overview on the Sharukanid dynasty of Kipchaks, based on the Rus' chronicles and \"The Tale of Igor's Campaign\". Relations with the Sharukanids were so important for Rus' that the chronicler recorded the complete genealogy of the representatives of this clan, from Sharukan to Yuri Konchakovich. Periods of peace alternated with periods of confrontation. Under Otrok (Atrak) and Yuri Konchakovich, the Kipchaks did not bother Rus', as they were busy with wars in Dashti-Kipchak. Confrontation with Rus' occurred during the reign of Sharukan and Konchak. Subsequently the Sharukanid clan was divided into smaller clans, and one of them was Eltukovo, near the borders of the Ryazan principality and Volga Bulgaria. The succession to the throne in the Donetsk union was ordered by Otrok, who secured it for his descendants, using experience borrowed from Georgia. During the reign of Otrok, the Sharukanids fought with the Kaepichis (rulers from the Kai clan), rivals of the Sharukanids. Yuri Konchakovich fought with other chiefdoms, the khanate of the Durut tribe and the confederation of Derbent Kipchaks. The stay of Otrok (Atrak) in Georgia can be dated back to 1118 - 1125, and the return to the Kipchak steppes was due to Syrchan’s request to help in the war with the Kaepichi, which lasted until 1160. Taking advantage, the Kaepichi seized dominance in the Don region at the beginning of the 12th century.","PeriodicalId":345774,"journal":{"name":"Reconstructing the Past: Journal of Historical Studies","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140459207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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