Pub Date : 2018-09-10DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.31
S. Davies
In a world of fast-paced, globalised travel and trade, early detection of communicable disease outbreaks has become ever more important to prevent the rapid spread of disease. To facilitate surveillance and reporting, detection and communication must be as fast paced as the movement of the outbreak. This sense of urgency has prompted a pivot to technology as the best solution to keep up with the spread of disease. Reliance on a variety of state and nonstate informants with access to surveillance platforms to report potential disease outbreak events to the World Health Organization (WHO) has led to its formal recognition in the revised International Health Regulations (IHRs). However, as this chapter discusses, the inclusion of nonstate reports in disease surveillance and reporting remains a practical and political challenge.
{"title":"Reporting Disease Outbreaks in a World with No Digital Borders","authors":"S. Davies","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"In a world of fast-paced, globalised travel and trade, early detection of communicable disease outbreaks has become ever more important to prevent the rapid spread of disease. To facilitate surveillance and reporting, detection and communication must be as fast paced as the movement of the outbreak. This sense of urgency has prompted a pivot to technology as the best solution to keep up with the spread of disease. Reliance on a variety of state and nonstate informants with access to surveillance platforms to report potential disease outbreak events to the World Health Organization (WHO) has led to its formal recognition in the revised International Health Regulations (IHRs). However, as this chapter discusses, the inclusion of nonstate reports in disease surveillance and reporting remains a practical and political challenge.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132763458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-10DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.13
A. Kamradt-Scott, F. Smith
The participation of military personnel in health-related activities remains highly controversial. Drawing on four case studies that extend from peacetime to post-conflict situations, this chapter analyses where, and under what circumstances, military actors have previously engaged in providing health assistance. It also examines the controversies, criticisms, and perceived benefits that have accompanied that activity. The chapter advances an analytical framework for understanding the types of situations in which military actors have been called upon to assist, and what these signal for future health crises.
{"title":"Military Assistance during Health Emergencies","authors":"A. Kamradt-Scott, F. Smith","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"The participation of military personnel in health-related activities remains highly controversial. Drawing on four case studies that extend from peacetime to post-conflict situations, this chapter analyses where, and under what circumstances, military actors have previously engaged in providing health assistance. It also examines the controversies, criticisms, and perceived benefits that have accompanied that activity. The chapter advances an analytical framework for understanding the types of situations in which military actors have been called upon to assist, and what these signal for future health crises.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130907222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.32
A. Kamradt-Scott
This chapter explores the ideas, concepts, norms, and agendas that have shaped the structures and actors governing the field of pandemic influenza preparedness. It begins by tracing the historical origins of the disease, then discusses the World Health Organization’s attempts to better respond to influenza pandemics through the development of biomedical knowledge and tools. The chapter then examines how, since the end of the Cold War, pandemic influenza has gained new prominence, in part as a result of its portrayal as a social, economic and political ‘threat’, which has prompted a transformation in the governance arrangements regarding the disease. The governance of pandemic influenza thus serves as a microcosm of the trends, actors, challenges and obstacles confronting global health governance more broadly.
{"title":"The Politics of Pandemic Influenza Preparedness","authors":"A. Kamradt-Scott","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the ideas, concepts, norms, and agendas that have shaped the structures and actors governing the field of pandemic influenza preparedness. It begins by tracing the historical origins of the disease, then discusses the World Health Organization’s attempts to better respond to influenza pandemics through the development of biomedical knowledge and tools. The chapter then examines how, since the end of the Cold War, pandemic influenza has gained new prominence, in part as a result of its portrayal as a social, economic and political ‘threat’, which has prompted a transformation in the governance arrangements regarding the disease. The governance of pandemic influenza thus serves as a microcosm of the trends, actors, challenges and obstacles confronting global health governance more broadly.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115032230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.27
S. Benatar, D. Sanders, Stephen R. Gill
This chapter analyses the political influences that shaped reform of healthcare service provision and financing during four decades of neoliberal capitalist dominance, with its emphasis on individualism, consumerism, competitiveness, and the capitalist market in determining social needs and healthcare priorities. New financing sources and market competition, which shaped adoption of reforms, are contrasted with earlier reform efforts that were premised on the socialisation of risk and the universalisation of healthcare provision on an equitable basis for all. Transformation of state forms promoted the market and substantially weakened capacities to provide for basic needs. Controversy over these outcomes has coincided with astounding increases in global inequality, particularly since the 2008 global financial meltdown, with devastating and unequal effects on the health of populations. The chapter concludes by returning to the quest for universal health coverage by reaffirming the “Health for All” principles of social justice and solidarity within a ‘post-Washington consensus’.
{"title":"The Global Politics of Healthcare Reform","authors":"S. Benatar, D. Sanders, Stephen R. Gill","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses the political influences that shaped reform of healthcare service provision and financing during four decades of neoliberal capitalist dominance, with its emphasis on individualism, consumerism, competitiveness, and the capitalist market in determining social needs and healthcare priorities. New financing sources and market competition, which shaped adoption of reforms, are contrasted with earlier reform efforts that were premised on the socialisation of risk and the universalisation of healthcare provision on an equitable basis for all. Transformation of state forms promoted the market and substantially weakened capacities to provide for basic needs. Controversy over these outcomes has coincided with astounding increases in global inequality, particularly since the 2008 global financial meltdown, with devastating and unequal effects on the health of populations. The chapter concludes by returning to the quest for universal health coverage by reaffirming the “Health for All” principles of social justice and solidarity within a ‘post-Washington consensus’.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125794883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.40
Diego S. Silva, Jeremy Snyder
Globalization in the health sector has led to increased interest in identifying and articulating global bioethical frameworks to guide health practices. The ‘Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights’ (UDBHR) attempts to balance cultural diversity while promoting universal principles. This chapter discusses two key political issues: the legitimacy of this declaration and the universality of its application. It defines key terms to assess the legitimacy and coherence of the UDBHR, providing a brief history and describing how it fits with other international efforts to outline ethical principles and procedures for clinical research and healthcare, then discusses in depth the political questions of the UDBHR’s universality in the context of cultural diversity and UNESCO’s legitimacy in advancing it. Finally, the chapter notes that the UDBHR’s legitimacy would be further enhanced through local iterations that appeal to diverse regional, cultural, and ethnic traditions.
{"title":"The Politics of Global Bioethical Frameworks","authors":"Diego S. Silva, Jeremy Snyder","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.40","url":null,"abstract":"Globalization in the health sector has led to increased interest in identifying and articulating global bioethical frameworks to guide health practices. The ‘Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights’ (UDBHR) attempts to balance cultural diversity while promoting universal principles. This chapter discusses two key political issues: the legitimacy of this declaration and the universality of its application. It defines key terms to assess the legitimacy and coherence of the UDBHR, providing a brief history and describing how it fits with other international efforts to outline ethical principles and procedures for clinical research and healthcare, then discusses in depth the political questions of the UDBHR’s universality in the context of cultural diversity and UNESCO’s legitimacy in advancing it. Finally, the chapter notes that the UDBHR’s legitimacy would be further enhanced through local iterations that appeal to diverse regional, cultural, and ethnic traditions.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134647627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-07DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.9
Simon Rushton
This chapter examines and critiques how diseases have come to be seen as national and international security threats, beginning with a brief look at the long history of disease as a threat to societies, then turning to deepening linkages between disease and national security in the post–Cold War era. It then examines four health threats that have entered Western security agendas since the 1990s: emerging infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, bioterrorism, and drug-resistant infections, focusing on how the public health and security communities have combined to construct these particular health problems as security threats. The chapter also examines some apparent benefits of framing diseases as security threats. The final section discusses critiques of the securitisation of health, noting that these point to the need for policymakers to grapple with deeply political trade-offs regarding how much “security” from health threats we want and what we will sacrifice to get it.
{"title":"Security and Health","authors":"Simon Rushton","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines and critiques how diseases have come to be seen as national and international security threats, beginning with a brief look at the long history of disease as a threat to societies, then turning to deepening linkages between disease and national security in the post–Cold War era. It then examines four health threats that have entered Western security agendas since the 1990s: emerging infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, bioterrorism, and drug-resistant infections, focusing on how the public health and security communities have combined to construct these particular health problems as security threats. The chapter also examines some apparent benefits of framing diseases as security threats. The final section discusses critiques of the securitisation of health, noting that these point to the need for policymakers to grapple with deeply political trade-offs regarding how much “security” from health threats we want and what we will sacrifice to get it.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"084 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129016922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.3
M. Sparke
This chapter examines how the politics of global health have been shaped by globalisation. This means evaluating its effects on both the material level of political-economic integration and on the ideational level of political-cultural discourse. The former is conventionally tied through a focus on trade and travel to global public health security, and the latter is often associated with global humanitarian care. Going beyond this dualistic divide, however, this chapter argues that globalisation has spun a connective thread running through both regimes. This connective thread is the pro-market neo-liberal governance that sutures globalisation’s integrative and ideational dynamics with powerful binding implications for health. Due to these ties that bind, processes of neo-liberalisation deeply influence global health, creating global health vulnerabilities and problems through structural violence while also shaping and steering the delivery of global health responses. Global health governance remains influenced by other international and postcolonial health regimes that continue to inspire alternatives to the global expansion of neo-liberal norms. However, the same market forces that have made globalisation a synonym for processes of neo-liberalisation have also now become the dominant transnational influence shaping the ‘global’ in global health politics.
{"title":"Globalisation and the Politics of Global Health","authors":"M. Sparke","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how the politics of global health have been shaped by globalisation. This means evaluating its effects on both the material level of political-economic integration and on the ideational level of political-cultural discourse. The former is conventionally tied through a focus on trade and travel to global public health security, and the latter is often associated with global humanitarian care. Going beyond this dualistic divide, however, this chapter argues that globalisation has spun a connective thread running through both regimes. This connective thread is the pro-market neo-liberal governance that sutures globalisation’s integrative and ideational dynamics with powerful binding implications for health. Due to these ties that bind, processes of neo-liberalisation deeply influence global health, creating global health vulnerabilities and problems through structural violence while also shaping and steering the delivery of global health responses. Global health governance remains influenced by other international and postcolonial health regimes that continue to inspire alternatives to the global expansion of neo-liberal norms. However, the same market forces that have made globalisation a synonym for processes of neo-liberalisation have also now become the dominant transnational influence shaping the ‘global’ in global health politics.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130534293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.2
M. Cueto
International health became an important activity of governments of industrialised and a few low-income countries (LICs) during the second half of the nineteenth century. Initially concentrated on improving, coordinating, and standardising quarantines; isolation of the sick in ports; and maritime health regulations, by the turn of the twentieth century it became an activity carried out by specialised institutions and a network of experts. Two socio-medical approaches coexisted in international health during the twentieth century. One was technocratic, illustrated by the malaria eradication campaign launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1950s, which relied heavily on technology. The other was exemplified by the primary healthcare proposal made by WHO and UNICEF in the late 1970s, which prioritised a broad prevention perspective and the use of public health as a tool of social reform.
{"title":"The History of International Health","authors":"M. Cueto","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"International health became an important activity of governments of industrialised and a few low-income countries (LICs) during the second half of the nineteenth century. Initially concentrated on improving, coordinating, and standardising quarantines; isolation of the sick in ports; and maritime health regulations, by the turn of the twentieth century it became an activity carried out by specialised institutions and a network of experts. Two socio-medical approaches coexisted in international health during the twentieth century. One was technocratic, illustrated by the malaria eradication campaign launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1950s, which relied heavily on technology. The other was exemplified by the primary healthcare proposal made by WHO and UNICEF in the late 1970s, which prioritised a broad prevention perspective and the use of public health as a tool of social reform.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126683842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.7
Akram Khazatzadeh-Mahani, Arne Ruckert, R. Labonté
Health issues have received unprecedented attention in global policy negotiations in recent decades. Ongoing global health challenges, the pressing need to address global health disparities, and recent calls for collaboration as part of the sustainable development goals process have contributed to increasing consideration of the intersection among global health, foreign policy, and diplomacy. These developments have resulted in ‘global health diplomacy’. This chapter examines the links between health and foreign policy and how global health diplomacy is employed to influence global politics. It further investigates some of the instruments used in global health diplomacy, including recommendations/resolutions, international agreements, and regulations. How and why health issues reach the political agendas of foreign ministries are also examined. The chapter then discusses how to evaluate and improve global health diplomacy processes and raises research questions for advancing the academic study of global health diplomacy and why it remains important.
{"title":"Global Health Diplomacy","authors":"Akram Khazatzadeh-Mahani, Arne Ruckert, R. Labonté","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"Health issues have received unprecedented attention in global policy negotiations in recent decades. Ongoing global health challenges, the pressing need to address global health disparities, and recent calls for collaboration as part of the sustainable development goals process have contributed to increasing consideration of the intersection among global health, foreign policy, and diplomacy. These developments have resulted in ‘global health diplomacy’. This chapter examines the links between health and foreign policy and how global health diplomacy is employed to influence global politics. It further investigates some of the instruments used in global health diplomacy, including recommendations/resolutions, international agreements, and regulations. How and why health issues reach the political agendas of foreign ministries are also examined. The chapter then discusses how to evaluate and improve global health diplomacy processes and raises research questions for advancing the academic study of global health diplomacy and why it remains important.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115588596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-11DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.23
Kelley Lee, Julia Smith
The influence of for-profit businesses in collective action across countries to protect and promote population health dates from the first International Sanitary Conferences of the nineteenth century. The restructuring of the world economy since the late twentieth century and the growth of large transnational corporations have led the business sector to become a key feature of global health politics. The business sector has subsequently moved from being a commercial producer of health-related goods and services, contractor, and charitable donor, to being a major shaper of, and even participant in, global health policymaking bodies. This chapter discusses three sites where this has occurred: collective action to regulate health-harming industries, activities to provide for public interest needs, and participation in decision-making within global health institutions. These changing forms of engagement by the business sector have elicited scholarly and policy debate regarding the appropriate relationship between public and private interests in global health.
{"title":"The Role of the Business Sector in Global Health Politics","authors":"Kelley Lee, Julia Smith","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190456818.013.23","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of for-profit businesses in collective action across countries to protect and promote population health dates from the first International Sanitary Conferences of the nineteenth century. The restructuring of the world economy since the late twentieth century and the growth of large transnational corporations have led the business sector to become a key feature of global health politics. The business sector has subsequently moved from being a commercial producer of health-related goods and services, contractor, and charitable donor, to being a major shaper of, and even participant in, global health policymaking bodies. This chapter discusses three sites where this has occurred: collective action to regulate health-harming industries, activities to provide for public interest needs, and participation in decision-making within global health institutions. These changing forms of engagement by the business sector have elicited scholarly and policy debate regarding the appropriate relationship between public and private interests in global health.","PeriodicalId":346192,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131688787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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