Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.09
J. Köhl
Bioprotectants have the potential to replace chemical pesticides in agricultural cropping systems and crop protection approaches. Development of new bioprotectants in combination with more restricted use of chemical crop protection will result in their much stronger market position in the future. Bioprotectants fulfil particular roles in current and future crop protection approaches, primarily reducing pesticide residues in harvested products in conventional systems, as well as being the first and preferred control option in integrated pest management programs and organic farming, and complementing resident microbiomes in future resilient cropping systems. The process of developing bioprotectants can take ten to 15 years. This chapter aims to give a brief overview of the role of bioprotectants in current and future crop protection approaches to stimulate discussion within the biocontrol industries, and amongst scientists and funding agencies on the need for new generations of bioprotectants for an agriculture industry undergoing transition.
{"title":"The role of bioprotectants for disease control in integrated crop protection approaches","authors":"J. Köhl","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.09","url":null,"abstract":"Bioprotectants have the potential to replace chemical pesticides in agricultural cropping systems and crop protection approaches. Development of new bioprotectants in combination with more restricted use of chemical crop protection will result in their much stronger market position in the future. Bioprotectants fulfil particular roles in current and future crop protection approaches, primarily reducing pesticide residues in harvested products in conventional systems, as well as being the first and preferred control option in integrated pest management programs and organic farming, and complementing resident microbiomes in future resilient cropping systems. The process of developing bioprotectants can take ten to 15 years. This chapter aims to give a brief overview of the role of bioprotectants in current and future crop protection approaches to stimulate discussion within the biocontrol industries, and amongst scientists and funding agencies on the need for new generations of bioprotectants for an agriculture industry undergoing transition.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125397836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.02
W. Bettiol, F. H. V. de Medeiros, Josiane Barros Chiaramonte, R. Mendes
The success of a biological control programme depends on the isolation and selection of antagonists. There is an enormous diversity of culturable microbial species in the soil, rhizosphere, phylloplane, spermosphere and carposphere, which can be used in the isolation and selection of antagonists. The structures of fungal plant pathogens concerned with survival and infection may also be sources of antagonists. Although non-culturable microorganisms and microbiome-based strategies have great potential for development as commercial products in disease control, more knowledge is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in interactions between plants and complex microbial communities. Methods of isolation and selection of the most commercially exploited groups of antagonists and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this chapter as well as those of non-traditional antagonists. Finally, possible strategies for engineering the soil and host microbiome to actively promote plant protection against pathogens are discussed.
{"title":"Advances in screening approaches for the development of microbial bioprotectants to control plant diseases","authors":"W. Bettiol, F. H. V. de Medeiros, Josiane Barros Chiaramonte, R. Mendes","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.02","url":null,"abstract":"The success of a biological control programme depends on the isolation and selection of antagonists. There is an enormous diversity of culturable microbial species in the soil, rhizosphere, phylloplane, spermosphere and carposphere, which can be used in the isolation and selection of antagonists. The structures of fungal plant pathogens concerned with survival and infection may also be sources of antagonists. Although non-culturable microorganisms and microbiome-based strategies have great potential for development as commercial products in disease control, more knowledge is needed to understand the mechanisms involved in interactions between plants and complex microbial communities. Methods of isolation and selection of the most commercially exploited groups of antagonists and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in this chapter as well as those of non-traditional antagonists. Finally, possible strategies for engineering the soil and host microbiome to actively promote plant protection against pathogens are discussed.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130504566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.14
D. Funck Jensen, M. Dubey, B. Jensen, M. Karlsson
The fungus Clonostachys rosea was recognized as an aggressive parasite on other fungi already in the late 1950s. Research into its potential use in biological control of plant diseases soon followed. Today, there are several commercial products based on C. rosea available for biocontrol applications worldwide. Although its mycoparasitic ability has attracted a lot of interest, C. rosea is now viewed as an ecological generalist whose lifestyle also includes plant endophytism, rhizosphere competence and polyphagous ability. Protocols for producing high amounts of C. rosea spores are available for both solid state and liquid fermentation. Low temperature and low moisture content are key factors that influence the shelf life of C. rosea propagules. Products based on C. rosea can be delivered to flowers using bumble bees, applied by spraying or as seed dressing or by incorporation into the soil. Clonostachys rosea is today an established factor in sustainable plant protection strategies.
{"title":"Clonostachys rosea to control plant diseases","authors":"D. Funck Jensen, M. Dubey, B. Jensen, M. Karlsson","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.14","url":null,"abstract":"The fungus Clonostachys rosea was recognized as an aggressive parasite on other fungi already in the late 1950s. Research into its potential use in biological control of plant diseases soon followed. Today, there are several commercial products based on C. rosea available for biocontrol applications worldwide. Although its mycoparasitic ability has attracted a lot of interest, C. rosea is now viewed as an ecological generalist whose lifestyle also includes plant endophytism, rhizosphere competence and polyphagous ability. Protocols for producing high amounts of C. rosea spores are available for both solid state and liquid fermentation. Low temperature and low moisture content are key factors that influence the shelf life of C. rosea propagules. Products based on C. rosea can be delivered to flowers using bumble bees, applied by spraying or as seed dressing or by incorporation into the soil. Clonostachys rosea is today an established factor in sustainable plant protection strategies.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122861060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.12
E. Montesinos, A. Bonaterra
This chapter discusses the taxonomy of non-Bacillus and Pseudomonas (NBP) bioprotectant strains, including enterobacteria, actinomycetes, Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Agrobacterium-Rhizobium and Lactobacillus. The chapter reviews their mechanisms of action against plant pathogens. Sources of isolates and methods of isolation are discussed in building strain collections. The chapter then reviews procedures for screening antagonistic bacteria candidates as bioprotectants using biochemical and molecular markers, including the example of lactic acid bacteria. The chapter then covers strain improvement to increase fitness and efficacy in the field through physiological and genetic manipulation. Since they are essential for commercial development, biosafety issues are discussed, followed by an overview of patented substances and commercialized products. The chapter concludes with a summary and future trends in research on non-Bacillus and Pseudomonas species.
{"title":"Are there bacterial bioprotectants besides Bacillus and Pseudomonas species?","authors":"E. Montesinos, A. Bonaterra","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the taxonomy of non-Bacillus and Pseudomonas (NBP) bioprotectant strains, including enterobacteria, actinomycetes, Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Agrobacterium-Rhizobium and Lactobacillus. The chapter reviews their mechanisms of action against plant pathogens. Sources of isolates and methods of isolation are discussed in building strain collections. The chapter then reviews procedures for screening antagonistic bacteria candidates as bioprotectants using biochemical and molecular markers, including the example of lactic acid bacteria. The chapter then covers strain improvement to increase fitness and efficacy in the field through physiological and genetic manipulation. Since they are essential for commercial development, biosafety issues are discussed, followed by an overview of patented substances and commercialized products. The chapter concludes with a summary and future trends in research on non-Bacillus and Pseudomonas species.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133388409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.06
J. Eyal, M. Dimock, J. J. Carvalho
This chapter reviews the recent commercialization of microbial bioprotectant products containing bacteria, fungi, yeast and bacteriophages for the control of plant diseases. The chapter also summarizes recent development activities of new bioprotectant products based on microorganisms or their metabolites, including induced resistance products, single domain antibody proteins produced by microorganisms, and protozoans (amoebae). Production, mainly by submerged fermentation, and formulation processes of microbial bioprotectants will be discussed. Key factors influencing the fermentation, formulation and the scale up for industrial production of such microorganism as bioprotectant products are also addressed, including stability and viability of the active substances produced by liquid fermentation processes.
{"title":"Advances in production and formulation of commercial microbial bioprotectant products","authors":"J. Eyal, M. Dimock, J. J. Carvalho","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.06","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the recent commercialization of microbial bioprotectant products containing bacteria, fungi, yeast and bacteriophages for the control of plant diseases. The chapter also summarizes recent development activities of new bioprotectant products based on microorganisms or their metabolites, including induced resistance products, single domain antibody proteins produced by microorganisms, and protozoans (amoebae). Production, mainly by submerged fermentation, and formulation processes of microbial bioprotectants will be discussed. Key factors influencing the fermentation, formulation and the scale up for industrial production of such microorganism as bioprotectant products are also addressed, including stability and viability of the active substances produced by liquid fermentation processes.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128019333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.19
Nelia Ortega-Parra, Z. Zisi, I. Hanssen
Plant virus management strategies have largely been limited to the application of hygiene protocols, the control of viral vectors such as insects and nematodes and the use of resistant varieties. However, these approaches are often insufficient to prevent infections. The rapid control of newly emerging viral diseases remains challenging. This chapter focuses on cross-protection using mild viruses as active substances in biocontrol. The chapter begins by describing the theoretical modes of action of cross-protection. It then goes on to discuss crucial elements in the development of a cross-protection strategy, taking into account new insights based on commercial application of cross-protection. The chapter also provides case studies in which cross-protection has been applied in commercial crops, in particular vaccination strategies to control Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in greenhouse tomato. Finally, developments that may impact future research into the control of emerging viral pathogens are discussed.
{"title":"The use of mild viruses for control of plant pathogenic viruses","authors":"Nelia Ortega-Parra, Z. Zisi, I. Hanssen","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.19","url":null,"abstract":"Plant virus management strategies have largely been limited to the application of hygiene protocols, the control of viral vectors such as insects and nematodes and the use of resistant varieties. However, these approaches are often insufficient to prevent infections. The rapid control of newly emerging viral diseases remains challenging. This chapter focuses on cross-protection using mild viruses as active substances in biocontrol. The chapter begins by describing the theoretical modes of action of cross-protection. It then goes on to discuss crucial elements in the development of a cross-protection strategy, taking into account new insights based on commercial application of cross-protection. The chapter also provides case studies in which cross-protection has been applied in commercial crops, in particular vaccination strategies to control Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in greenhouse tomato. Finally, developments that may impact future research into the control of emerging viral pathogens are discussed.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"31 28","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113955018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.08
M. Trimmer
This chapter focuses on microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace. The chapter begins by first discussing the latest figure in terms of microbial bioprotectants global market value. It also highlights the different types and ways these bioprotectants can be used. The chapter also discusses the trends and drivers in the microbial market, focusing specifically on why microbials dominate and the factors that drive bioprotectant adoption. A section on the myths about the bioprotectant market is also included, which is then followed by a discussion of the limitations for using microbial bioprotectants. Future opportunities and threats for microbial bioprotectants are also highlighted.
{"title":"Microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace","authors":"M. Trimmer","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.08","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on microbial bioprotectants and the marketplace. The chapter begins by first discussing the latest figure in terms of microbial bioprotectants global market value. It also highlights the different types and ways these bioprotectants can be used. The chapter also discusses the trends and drivers in the microbial market, focusing specifically on why microbials dominate and the factors that drive bioprotectant adoption. A section on the myths about the bioprotectant market is also included, which is then followed by a discussion of the limitations for using microbial bioprotectants. Future opportunities and threats for microbial bioprotectants are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116147990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.21
W. Ravensberg
Microbial bioprotectants have the potential to play a major role in the future of crop protection. Agriculture needs to become more sustainable and still provide food security within planetary borders. New technologies and scientific discoveries can unravel the interactions between the plant, the microbiome and the soil and provide new opportunities for crop protection and more resilient cropping systems. Regulatory issues delay and hamper exploitation and research of genetic resources. This chapter describes the factors that promote the use of microbial bioprotectants as well as those that hamper their further adoption. A sustainable and resilient agriculture depends on the microbial interactions between plants in promoting plant growth and combatting biotic and abiotic threats. The transition to a resilient agriculture requires big changes in policy, regulation and farming practices. This chapter assesses the future outlook for the methods for controlling plant diseases described in this book as well as the factors determining their uptake and success.
{"title":"Future outlook on microbial bioprotectants in agriculture","authors":"W. Ravensberg","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.21","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial bioprotectants have the potential to play a major role in the future of crop protection. Agriculture needs to become more sustainable and still provide food security within planetary borders. New technologies and scientific discoveries can unravel the interactions between the plant, the microbiome and the soil and provide new opportunities for crop protection and more resilient cropping systems. Regulatory issues delay and hamper exploitation and research of genetic resources. This chapter describes the factors that promote the use of microbial bioprotectants as well as those that hamper their further adoption. A sustainable and resilient agriculture depends on the microbial interactions between plants in promoting plant growth and combatting biotic and abiotic threats. The transition to a resilient agriculture requires big changes in policy, regulation and farming practices. This chapter assesses the future outlook for the methods for controlling plant diseases described in this book as well as the factors determining their uptake and success.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132424505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.01
G. Berg, P. Kusstatscher, F. Stocker, A. Abdelfattah, T. Cernava
Plant-associated microorganisms are involved in important functions related to growth, performance and health of their hosts. Understanding their modes of action is important for the development and application of microbial bioprotectants and biostimulants. Recent studies have revealed manifold plant-microbe as well as pathogen-microbe interactions, which form the basis of understanding beneficial effects of plant-associated microorganisms. Microbiome research has contributed to our understanding of the modes of action of various plant-associated microorganisms. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about beneficial plant-microbe interactions, discusses recent insights into the functioning of the plant microbiome and beneficial plant-microbe networks. It shows that the use of microorganisms and the exploitation of beneficial plant–microbe interactions offer promising and environmentally-friendly strategies to achieve sustainable agriculture on a global scale.
{"title":"Advances in understanding modes of action of microbial bioprotectants","authors":"G. Berg, P. Kusstatscher, F. Stocker, A. Abdelfattah, T. Cernava","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.01","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-associated microorganisms are involved in important functions related to growth, performance and health of their hosts. Understanding their modes of action is important for the development and application of microbial bioprotectants and biostimulants. Recent studies have revealed manifold plant-microbe as well as pathogen-microbe interactions, which form the basis of understanding beneficial effects of plant-associated microorganisms. Microbiome research has contributed to our understanding of the modes of action of various plant-associated microorganisms. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about beneficial plant-microbe interactions, discusses recent insights into the functioning of the plant microbiome and beneficial plant-microbe networks. It shows that the use of microorganisms and the exploitation of beneficial plant–microbe interactions offer promising and environmentally-friendly strategies to achieve sustainable agriculture on a global scale.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121491910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.19103/as.2021.0093.17
J. Postma
Approximately 100 years after the first introduction of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Europe, an effective commercial biocontrol product is available to protect susceptible elm trees against DED transmission by beetles. Injection of trees with conidiospores of the fungus Verticilium albo-atrum isolate WCS850, product name DutchTrig®, reduces infection to less than 0.2% of treated trees. This biocontrol agent, its mode of action, application, efficacy and limitations in controlling DED are described in this chapter.
{"title":"Using Verticillium albo-atrum WCS850 to control Dutch elm disease","authors":"J. Postma","doi":"10.19103/as.2021.0093.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.17","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 100 years after the first introduction of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Europe, an effective commercial biocontrol product is available to protect susceptible elm trees against DED transmission by beetles. Injection of trees with conidiospores of the fungus Verticilium albo-atrum isolate WCS850, product name DutchTrig®, reduces infection to less than 0.2% of treated trees. This biocontrol agent, its mode of action, application, efficacy and limitations in controlling DED are described in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":346804,"journal":{"name":"Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133444100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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