T. Takan, M. Nebioğlu, N. Kakenov, O. Balci, C. Kocabas, H. Altan
Graphene is proving to be an efficient medium for the control of mm-wave/THz radiation. Its electrical and dielectric properties allows it to be incorporated into various existing device architectures. One such application is in the modulation of the amplitude of the propagating THz radiation. Due to its electrical properties this interaction is typically broadband in nature. To make this frequency selective we propose the use of metamaterials or frequency selective surfaces. Generally, these structures perform the frequency filtering by modifying the propagation of the input wave with respect to changing structural parameters of the device itself. By fabricating a frequency selective surface based on a periodic circular hole array on an aluminum sheet we show that the transmission of a narrow band of THz radiation can be modulated when the sheet is combined with a highly efficient graphene based supercapacitor device. The modulation depth of the device was 15% in the frequency region of interest. The simple structure of the device coupled with the obtained performance shows that graphene based devices have great potential for the development of THz technologies.
{"title":"Terahertz modulation using a bandpass filter combined with a graphene supercapacitor","authors":"T. Takan, M. Nebioğlu, N. Kakenov, O. Balci, C. Kocabas, H. Altan","doi":"10.1117/12.2195140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195140","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene is proving to be an efficient medium for the control of mm-wave/THz radiation. Its electrical and dielectric properties allows it to be incorporated into various existing device architectures. One such application is in the modulation of the amplitude of the propagating THz radiation. Due to its electrical properties this interaction is typically broadband in nature. To make this frequency selective we propose the use of metamaterials or frequency selective surfaces. Generally, these structures perform the frequency filtering by modifying the propagation of the input wave with respect to changing structural parameters of the device itself. By fabricating a frequency selective surface based on a periodic circular hole array on an aluminum sheet we show that the transmission of a narrow band of THz radiation can be modulated when the sheet is combined with a highly efficient graphene based supercapacitor device. The modulation depth of the device was 15% in the frequency region of interest. The simple structure of the device coupled with the obtained performance shows that graphene based devices have great potential for the development of THz technologies.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114991130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every vessel moving in the sea, imprints a perturbation on the wave structure of the sea and forms a so-called wake. These wakes can be used in the detection of a target and can also help in identifying its characteristics. Several studies concentrated on detection of a target wake by making use of either radar or infrared sensors. We model the infrared and radar signature of the wake and sea surface background and investigate the synergy between the two bands. The primary goal of this work is to make a comparative study between the two bands in order to be able to discriminate which sensor gives a more reliable detection in which scenario.
{"title":"Modelling the infrared and radar signature of the wake of a vessel","authors":"M. van Iersel, B. Devecchi","doi":"10.1117/12.2195694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195694","url":null,"abstract":"Every vessel moving in the sea, imprints a perturbation on the wave structure of the sea and forms a so-called wake. These wakes can be used in the detection of a target and can also help in identifying its characteristics. Several studies concentrated on detection of a target wake by making use of either radar or infrared sensors. We model the infrared and radar signature of the wake and sea surface background and investigate the synergy between the two bands. The primary goal of this work is to make a comparative study between the two bands in order to be able to discriminate which sensor gives a more reliable detection in which scenario.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125365440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the measurement and analysis method for detection of the mm-wave signal at 96 GHz, by using a low-cost microbolometer infrared (IR) camera with 70 μm pixel-pitch optimized for detection in the 8-12 μm (LWIR) range. The mm-wave beam derived from a multiplied Schottky diode based source is detected within ~ 65 % of the whole area of a 160×120 pixel focal plane array microbolometer sensor. Under ~73 mW incident power, responsivity is measured as 7.3 V/W, and the average noise for the measurement is determined as 12 μV, which includes both detector and readout electronics contribution. From the measured parameters, the integrated Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) is calculated as 1.63 μW within the 7.8 kHz readout bandwidth. By using a simple setup, it is shown that a low-cost microbolometer camera which is designed for LWIR range can detect a distinct mm-wave beam at 96 GHz.
{"title":"Detection of the mm-wave radiation using a low-cost LWIR microbolometer camera from a multiplied Schottky diode based source","authors":"Basak Kebapci, Firat Tankut, H. Altan, T. Akin","doi":"10.1117/12.2199450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2199450","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the measurement and analysis method for detection of the mm-wave signal at 96 GHz, by using a low-cost microbolometer infrared (IR) camera with 70 μm pixel-pitch optimized for detection in the 8-12 μm (LWIR) range. The mm-wave beam derived from a multiplied Schottky diode based source is detected within ~ 65 % of the whole area of a 160×120 pixel focal plane array microbolometer sensor. Under ~73 mW incident power, responsivity is measured as 7.3 V/W, and the average noise for the measurement is determined as 12 μV, which includes both detector and readout electronics contribution. From the measured parameters, the integrated Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) is calculated as 1.63 μW within the 7.8 kHz readout bandwidth. By using a simple setup, it is shown that a low-cost microbolometer camera which is designed for LWIR range can detect a distinct mm-wave beam at 96 GHz.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"9651 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130222680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kawabe, T. Yoshikawa, Toshifumi Chida, K. Tada, Masuki Kawamoto, T. Fujihara, T. Sassa, N. Tsutsumi
In order to analyze the spectra of inseparable chemical mixtures, many mathematical methods have been developed to decompose them into the components relevant to species from series of spectral data obtained under different conditions. We formulated a method based on singular value decomposition (SVD) of linear algebra, and applied it to two example systems of organic dyes, being successful in reproducing absorption spectra assignable to cis/trans azocarbazole dyes from the spectral data after photoisomerization and to monomer/dimer of cyanine dyes from those during photodegaradation process. For the example of photoisomerization, polymer films containing the azocarbazole dyes were prepared, which have showed updatable holographic stereogram for real images with high performance. We made continuous monitoring of absorption spectrum after optical excitation and found that their spectral shapes varied slightly after the excitation and during recovery process, of which fact suggested the contribution from a generated photoisomer. Application of the method was successful to identify two spectral components due to trans and cis forms of azocarbazoles. Temporal evolution of their weight factors suggested important roles of long lifetimed cis states in azocarbazole derivatives. We also applied the method to the photodegradation of cyanine dyes doped in DNA-lipid complexes which have shown efficient and durable optical amplification and/or lasing under optical pumping. The same SVD method was successful in the extraction of two spectral components presumably due to monomer and H-type dimer. During the photodegradation process, absorption magnitude gradually decreased due to decomposition of molecules and their decaying rates strongly depended on the spectral components, suggesting that the long persistency of the dyes in DNA-complex related to weak tendency of aggregate formation.
{"title":"Absorption spectrum analysis based on singular value decomposition for photoisomerization and photodegradation in organic dyes","authors":"Y. Kawabe, T. Yoshikawa, Toshifumi Chida, K. Tada, Masuki Kawamoto, T. Fujihara, T. Sassa, N. Tsutsumi","doi":"10.1117/12.2194404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194404","url":null,"abstract":"In order to analyze the spectra of inseparable chemical mixtures, many mathematical methods have been developed to decompose them into the components relevant to species from series of spectral data obtained under different conditions. We formulated a method based on singular value decomposition (SVD) of linear algebra, and applied it to two example systems of organic dyes, being successful in reproducing absorption spectra assignable to cis/trans azocarbazole dyes from the spectral data after photoisomerization and to monomer/dimer of cyanine dyes from those during photodegaradation process. For the example of photoisomerization, polymer films containing the azocarbazole dyes were prepared, which have showed updatable holographic stereogram for real images with high performance. We made continuous monitoring of absorption spectrum after optical excitation and found that their spectral shapes varied slightly after the excitation and during recovery process, of which fact suggested the contribution from a generated photoisomer. Application of the method was successful to identify two spectral components due to trans and cis forms of azocarbazoles. Temporal evolution of their weight factors suggested important roles of long lifetimed cis states in azocarbazole derivatives. We also applied the method to the photodegradation of cyanine dyes doped in DNA-lipid complexes which have shown efficient and durable optical amplification and/or lasing under optical pumping. The same SVD method was successful in the extraction of two spectral components presumably due to monomer and H-type dimer. During the photodegradation process, absorption magnitude gradually decreased due to decomposition of molecules and their decaying rates strongly depended on the spectral components, suggesting that the long persistency of the dyes in DNA-complex related to weak tendency of aggregate formation.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124463859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reflectance spectra of vegetative background areas are measured and their variation is analyzed. It is shown that the variation of different samples is significantly larger than the accuracy of the measurement. Furthermore the difference of diverse measurement procedures is discussed.
{"title":"Spectral analysis of the vegetative background in the NIR and SWIR spectral range","authors":"Max Winkelmann","doi":"10.1117/12.2195349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195349","url":null,"abstract":"Reflectance spectra of vegetative background areas are measured and their variation is analyzed. It is shown that the variation of different samples is significantly larger than the accuracy of the measurement. Furthermore the difference of diverse measurement procedures is discussed.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"282 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121115913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guidance of weapon systems relies on sensors to analyze targets signature. Defense weapon systems also need to detect then identify threats also using sensors. One important class of sensors are millimeter waves radar systems that are very efficient for seeing through atmosphere and/or foliage for example. This type of high frequency radar can produce high quality images with very tricky features such as dihedral and trihedral bright points, shadows and lay over effect. Besides, image quality is very dependent on the carrier velocity and trajectory. Such sensors systems are so complex that they need simulation to be tested. This paper presents a state of the Art of millimeter waves sensor models. A short presentation of asymptotic methods shows that physical optics support is mandatory to reach realistic results. SE-Workbench-RF tool is presented and typical examples of results are shown both in the frame of Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors and Real Beam Ground Mapping radars. Several technical topics are then discussed, such as the rendering technique (ray tracing vs. rasterization), the implementation (CPU vs. GP GPU) and the tradeoff between physical accuracy and performance of computation. Examples of results using SE-Workbench-RF are showed and commented.
武器系统的制导依赖于传感器来分析目标的特征。国防武器系统也需要使用传感器来探测和识别威胁。一类重要的传感器是毫米波雷达系统，例如，它可以非常有效地穿透大气和/或树叶。这种类型的高频雷达可以产生高质量的图像，具有非常棘手的特征，如二面体和三面体亮点，阴影和叠加效果。此外，图像质量很大程度上取决于载体的速度和轨迹。这种传感器系统非常复杂，需要进行模拟测试。本文介绍了毫米波传感器模型的研究现状。对渐近方法的简要介绍表明，物理光学支持是达到真实结果的必要条件。介绍了SE-Workbench-RF工具，并给出了在合成孔径雷达传感器和实波束地面测绘雷达框架下的典型应用结果。然后讨论了几个技术主题，例如渲染技术(光线追踪vs.光栅化)，实现(CPU vs. GP GPU)以及物理精度和计算性能之间的权衡。给出了使用SE-Workbench-RF的结果示例并进行了评论。
{"title":"Millimeter waves sensor modeling and simulation","authors":"J. Latger, T. Cathala","doi":"10.1117/12.2195038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195038","url":null,"abstract":"Guidance of weapon systems relies on sensors to analyze targets signature. Defense weapon systems also need to detect then identify threats also using sensors. One important class of sensors are millimeter waves radar systems that are very efficient for seeing through atmosphere and/or foliage for example. This type of high frequency radar can produce high quality images with very tricky features such as dihedral and trihedral bright points, shadows and lay over effect. Besides, image quality is very dependent on the carrier velocity and trajectory. Such sensors systems are so complex that they need simulation to be tested. This paper presents a state of the Art of millimeter waves sensor models. A short presentation of asymptotic methods shows that physical optics support is mandatory to reach realistic results. SE-Workbench-RF tool is presented and typical examples of results are shown both in the frame of Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors and Real Beam Ground Mapping radars. Several technical topics are then discussed, such as the rendering technique (ray tracing vs. rasterization), the implementation (CPU vs. GP GPU) and the tradeoff between physical accuracy and performance of computation. Examples of results using SE-Workbench-RF are showed and commented.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126766480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Grasser, Benjamin Peyronneaudi, K. Yon, M. Aubry
CILAS, subsidiary of Airbus Defense and Space, develops, manufactures and sales laser-based optronics equipment for defense and homeland security applications. Part of its activity is related to active systems for threat detection, recognition and identification. Active surveillance and active imaging systems are often required to achieve identification capacity in case for long range observation in adverse conditions. In order to ease the deployment of active imaging systems often complex and expensive, CILAS suggests a new concept. It consists on the association of two apparatus working together. On one side, a patented versatile laser platform enables high peak power laser illumination for long range observation. On the other side, a small camera add-on works as a fast optical switch to select photons with specific time of flight only. The association of the versatile illumination platform and the fast optical switch presents itself as an independent body, so called “flash module”, giving to virtually any passive observation systems gated active imaging capacity in NIR and SWIR.
{"title":"Versatile illumination platform and fast optical switch to give standard observation camera gated active imaging capacity","authors":"R. Grasser, Benjamin Peyronneaudi, K. Yon, M. Aubry","doi":"10.1117/12.2194924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194924","url":null,"abstract":"CILAS, subsidiary of Airbus Defense and Space, develops, manufactures and sales laser-based optronics equipment for defense and homeland security applications. Part of its activity is related to active systems for threat detection, recognition and identification. Active surveillance and active imaging systems are often required to achieve identification capacity in case for long range observation in adverse conditions. In order to ease the deployment of active imaging systems often complex and expensive, CILAS suggests a new concept. It consists on the association of two apparatus working together. On one side, a patented versatile laser platform enables high peak power laser illumination for long range observation. On the other side, a small camera add-on works as a fast optical switch to select photons with specific time of flight only. The association of the versatile illumination platform and the fast optical switch presents itself as an independent body, so called “flash module”, giving to virtually any passive observation systems gated active imaging capacity in NIR and SWIR.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125652748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we investigate an application that integrates holistic appearance based method and feature based method for face recognition. The automatic face recognition system makes use of multiscale Kernel PCA (Principal Component Analysis) characterized approximated face images and reduced the number of invariant SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) keypoints extracted from face projected feature space. To achieve higher variance in the inter-class face images, we compute principal components in higher-dimensional feature space to project a face image onto some approximated kernel eigenfaces. As long as feature spaces retain their distinctive characteristics, reduced number of SIFT points are detected for a number of principal components and keypoints are then fused using user-dependent weighting scheme and form a feature vector. The proposed method is tested on ORL face database, and the efficacy of the system is proved by the test results computed using the proposed algorithm.
{"title":"SIFT fusion of kernel eigenfaces for face recognition","authors":"D. Kisku, M. Tistarelli, Phalguni Gupta, J. Sing","doi":"10.1117/12.2190205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190205","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate an application that integrates holistic appearance based method and feature based method for face recognition. The automatic face recognition system makes use of multiscale Kernel PCA (Principal Component Analysis) characterized approximated face images and reduced the number of invariant SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) keypoints extracted from face projected feature space. To achieve higher variance in the inter-class face images, we compute principal components in higher-dimensional feature space to project a face image onto some approximated kernel eigenfaces. As long as feature spaces retain their distinctive characteristics, reduced number of SIFT points are detected for a number of principal components and keypoints are then fused using user-dependent weighting scheme and form a feature vector. The proposed method is tested on ORL face database, and the efficacy of the system is proved by the test results computed using the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125954022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hassel, A. Timofeev, V. Vesterinen, H. Sipola, P. Helistö, M. Aikio, A. Mäyrä, L. Grönberg, A. Luukanen
Radiometric sub-millimeter imaging is a candidate technology especially in security screening applications utilizing the property of radiation in the band of 0.2 – 1.0 THz to penetrate through dielectric substances such as clothing. The challenge of the passive technology is the fact that the irradiance corresponding to the blackbody radiation is very weak in this spectral band: about two orders of magnitude below that of the infrared band. Therefore the role of the detector technology is of ultimate importance to achieve sufficient sensitivity. In this paper we present results related to our technology relying on superconducting kinetic inductance detectors operating in a thermal (bolometric) mode. The detector technology is motivated by the fact that it is naturally suitable for scalable multiplexed readout systems, and operates with relatively simple cryogenics. We will review the basic concepts of the detectors, and provide experimental figures of merit. Furthermore, we will discuss the issues related to the scale-up of our detector technology into large 2D focal plane arrays.
{"title":"Bolometric kinetic inductance detector technology for sub-millimeter radiometric imaging","authors":"J. Hassel, A. Timofeev, V. Vesterinen, H. Sipola, P. Helistö, M. Aikio, A. Mäyrä, L. Grönberg, A. Luukanen","doi":"10.1117/12.2197522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2197522","url":null,"abstract":"Radiometric sub-millimeter imaging is a candidate technology especially in security screening applications utilizing the property of radiation in the band of 0.2 – 1.0 THz to penetrate through dielectric substances such as clothing. The challenge of the passive technology is the fact that the irradiance corresponding to the blackbody radiation is very weak in this spectral band: about two orders of magnitude below that of the infrared band. Therefore the role of the detector technology is of ultimate importance to achieve sufficient sensitivity. In this paper we present results related to our technology relying on superconducting kinetic inductance detectors operating in a thermal (bolometric) mode. The detector technology is motivated by the fact that it is naturally suitable for scalable multiplexed readout systems, and operates with relatively simple cryogenics. We will review the basic concepts of the detectors, and provide experimental figures of merit. Furthermore, we will discuss the issues related to the scale-up of our detector technology into large 2D focal plane arrays.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"376 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132034973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a methodology to determine the camouflage effectiveness of static nets in a SAR image. There is currently no common recognized methodology within the signature management community in this research topic. One step towards establishing a common methodology is to use a standardized target to be camouflaged. We use the STANdard Decoy for CAmouflage Materials (STANDCAM) target developed by the German Army, WTD 52, Oberjettenberg. An ISAR measurement of the STANDCAM with a camouflage configuration is acquired as the first step of the method. The ISAR data is then blended with SAR data acquired in field trials. In the final SAR image a contrast metric between the target and background is extracted. The contrast measure is then the measure of the camouflage effectiveness. As an example of result we present ISAR measurements and determine the camouflage effectiveness in a SAR image using SAR blending for static nets with different electrical conductivity and design. This methodology presents a measure to determine the effectiveness of a static net on the STANDCAM target.
{"title":"Camouflage effectiveness of static nets in SAR images","authors":"J. Jersblad, C. Larsson","doi":"10.1117/12.2194321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2194321","url":null,"abstract":"We present a methodology to determine the camouflage effectiveness of static nets in a SAR image. There is currently no common recognized methodology within the signature management community in this research topic. One step towards establishing a common methodology is to use a standardized target to be camouflaged. We use the STANdard Decoy for CAmouflage Materials (STANDCAM) target developed by the German Army, WTD 52, Oberjettenberg. An ISAR measurement of the STANDCAM with a camouflage configuration is acquired as the first step of the method. The ISAR data is then blended with SAR data acquired in field trials. In the final SAR image a contrast metric between the target and background is extracted. The contrast measure is then the measure of the camouflage effectiveness. As an example of result we present ISAR measurements and determine the camouflage effectiveness in a SAR image using SAR blending for static nets with different electrical conductivity and design. This methodology presents a measure to determine the effectiveness of a static net on the STANDCAM target.","PeriodicalId":348143,"journal":{"name":"SPIE Security + Defence","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122526655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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