Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374984-0.01249-3
Paul David Williams
{"title":"Quantitative Genetics","authors":"Paul David Williams","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-374984-0.01249-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374984-0.01249-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"488 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123060809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Units and Targets of Selection","authors":"A. Templeton","doi":"10.1002/0470047356.CH13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470047356.CH13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125108406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genetic Drift in Large Populations and Coalescence","authors":"A. Templeton","doi":"10.1002/0470047356.CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470047356.CH5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"419 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123576860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gene Flow and Population Subdivision","authors":"A. Templeton","doi":"10.1002/0470047356.CH6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470047356.CH6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125715043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Evolution and the Hardy–Weinberg Law","authors":"A. Templeton","doi":"10.1002/0470047356.CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470047356.CH2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115079619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systems of Mating","authors":"A. Templeton","doi":"10.1002/0470047356.CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470047356.CH3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130475743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RESPONSE WITH OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS Many natural population display age structure, with adults surviving and reproducing over several breeding periods. When generations overlap like this, during any breeding period parents of different ages are likely to have different mean breeding values, and the breeders' equation must be modified. Consider a population under constant directional selection to increase the character. Younger parents are the result of more generations of selection and are thus expected to produce larger offspring than older parents. Thus, while the genotypic value of an individual remains constant over its lifespan, at any given time younger parents have large genotypic values than older parents. This tendency arises from the population structure, and should not be confused with environmental age effects. If such age effects are present, we assume they are either small relative to the genetic change or are predictable enough to be removed before analysis (e.g., Cassuto et al. 1970). We continue to assume that epistasis and genotype × environment interactions or correlations are negligible. Asymptotic Response With overlapping generations, one measure of response to selection is ∆ r , the amount of response seen in newborn offspring per unit time interval (typically years). We use ∆ r to distinguish this rate of response from R, the response under a single discrete generation. For compartive purposes, note that the rate of response in unit time intervals for a population with a discrete generation of length τ is ∆ r = R/τ. The rate of response with overlapping generations was obtained by Dickerson and Hazel (1944) and generalized by Rendel and Robertson (1950), whose derivation we follow. The major assumption is that the amount of genetic gain per unit time interval is constant, leading Hill (1974b) to refer to these as asymptotic responses. To reach such a state, a constant amount of selection has to act on an age-structured population for a sufficient amount of time to generate a 147
许多自然种群表现出年龄结构，成年个体在几个繁殖周期内存活和繁殖。当世代重叠时，在任何一个繁殖期内，不同年龄的亲本都可能有不同的平均繁殖值，必须对育种者方程进行修正。考虑一个种群在恒定的方向选择下增加性状。年轻的父母是多代自然选择的结果，因此预期会比年长的父母产生更大的后代。因此，虽然个体的基因型值在其一生中保持不变，但在任何给定时间，年轻父母的基因型值都比年长父母大。这种趋势源于人口结构，不应与环境年龄效应相混淆。如果存在这样的年龄影响，我们假设它们相对于基因变化来说很小，或者是足够可预测的，可以在分析之前删除(例如，Cassuto et al. 1970)。我们继续假设上位性和基因型与环境的相互作用或相关性可以忽略不计。在世代重叠的情况下，衡量选择反应的一个指标是∆r，即每单位时间间隔(通常为年)新生后代的反应量。我们使用∆r来区分该响应速率与r，即单个离散代下的响应速率。为便于比较，请注意，对于具有长度为τ的离散代的种群，在单位时间间隔内的响应率为∆r = r /τ。迭代反应率由Dickerson和Hazel(1944)得出，并由Rendel和Robertson(1950)推广，我们遵循其推导。主要的假设是每单位时间间隔的遗传增益量是恒定的，这使得Hill (1974b)将其称为渐近响应。为了达到这样的状态，一定数量的选择必须作用于年龄结构的种群足够长的时间，以产生147
{"title":"Selection in Age‐Structured Populations","authors":"A. Templeton","doi":"10.1002/0470047356.CH15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0470047356.CH15","url":null,"abstract":"RESPONSE WITH OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS Many natural population display age structure, with adults surviving and reproducing over several breeding periods. When generations overlap like this, during any breeding period parents of different ages are likely to have different mean breeding values, and the breeders' equation must be modified. Consider a population under constant directional selection to increase the character. Younger parents are the result of more generations of selection and are thus expected to produce larger offspring than older parents. Thus, while the genotypic value of an individual remains constant over its lifespan, at any given time younger parents have large genotypic values than older parents. This tendency arises from the population structure, and should not be confused with environmental age effects. If such age effects are present, we assume they are either small relative to the genetic change or are predictable enough to be removed before analysis (e.g., Cassuto et al. 1970). We continue to assume that epistasis and genotype × environment interactions or correlations are negligible. Asymptotic Response With overlapping generations, one measure of response to selection is ∆ r , the amount of response seen in newborn offspring per unit time interval (typically years). We use ∆ r to distinguish this rate of response from R, the response under a single discrete generation. For compartive purposes, note that the rate of response in unit time intervals for a population with a discrete generation of length τ is ∆ r = R/τ. The rate of response with overlapping generations was obtained by Dickerson and Hazel (1944) and generalized by Rendel and Robertson (1950), whose derivation we follow. The major assumption is that the amount of genetic gain per unit time interval is constant, leading Hill (1974b) to refer to these as asymptotic responses. To reach such a state, a constant amount of selection has to act on an age-structured population for a sufficient amount of time to generate a 147","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115789203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1002/9781119836070.ch12
{"title":"Interactions of Natural Selection with Other Evolutionary Forces and the Detection of Natural Selection","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119836070.ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119836070.ch12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":348297,"journal":{"name":"Population Genetics and Microevolutionary Theory","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132805683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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