F. Kao, May-June Tsou, Y. Chiu, Shu-Han Chang, Wen-Dee Chiang
This study examined several factors that affect the precision and accuracy of the quantitative determination of lutein, zeaxanthin, and fl-carotene. A modified and extended method for the analysis of carotenoids in green leafy vegetables was described. The procedure involves acetone extraction of carotenoids from a homogenized sample and saponification of the extract using a strong base resin (Ambersep 900 OH). Compared to the traditional protocol, Resin protocol reduced the analysis time from 4h to 1.5h, required less solvent and resulted in a higher recovery of carotenoids. In order to prevent oxidation of carotenoids, BHT was added in the beginning of extraction at a concentration of 0.1% (w/v) of solvent. The result also showed that fresh vegetables were superior to freeze-dried samples because the former had a higher extracting efficiency. A high amount of all transforms of lutein and n-carotene was found in sanchi, spinach, and Chinese kale.
{"title":"A Comparison and Extension of Methods for Carotenoids Detection in Green Vegetables Grown in Taiwan","authors":"F. Kao, May-June Tsou, Y. Chiu, Shu-Han Chang, Wen-Dee Chiang","doi":"10.6578/TJACFS.2009.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2009.018","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined several factors that affect the precision and accuracy of the quantitative determination of lutein, zeaxanthin, and fl-carotene. A modified and extended method for the analysis of carotenoids in green leafy vegetables was described. The procedure involves acetone extraction of carotenoids from a homogenized sample and saponification of the extract using a strong base resin (Ambersep 900 OH). Compared to the traditional protocol, Resin protocol reduced the analysis time from 4h to 1.5h, required less solvent and resulted in a higher recovery of carotenoids. In order to prevent oxidation of carotenoids, BHT was added in the beginning of extraction at a concentration of 0.1% (w/v) of solvent. The result also showed that fresh vegetables were superior to freeze-dried samples because the former had a higher extracting efficiency. A high amount of all transforms of lutein and n-carotene was found in sanchi, spinach, and Chinese kale.","PeriodicalId":34946,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"155-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88607519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A predominant anthocyanin was isolated from the purple-black seed coat of peanut using HPLC. The anthocyanin was subjected to spectrophotometric analysis, controlled hydrolysis, LC-MS and NMR analysis. It was determined that its chemical structure was cyanidin-3-β-[xylosyl] glucoside.
{"title":"Structure determination of major anthocyanin in purple black peanut seed coat.","authors":"J. Su, Mei-Yen Wang, Chin-Hsiu Yu, T. Tsai","doi":"10.6578/TJACFS.2009.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2009.015","url":null,"abstract":"A predominant anthocyanin was isolated from the purple-black seed coat of peanut using HPLC. The anthocyanin was subjected to spectrophotometric analysis, controlled hydrolysis, LC-MS and NMR analysis. It was determined that its chemical structure was cyanidin-3-β-[xylosyl] glucoside.","PeriodicalId":34946,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science","volume":"88 1","pages":"126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76400102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to extend the shelf life of cooked rice stored at room temperature using the combination of deoxidized water and sterilized packaging. The color, firmness, microbial load, peroxide value, TBA value, and sensory quality of treated cooked rice stored at 25°C and 38°C were monitored up to 2 months. The pure nitrogen gassing out method could significantly reduce the oxygen saturation of tap water from 96.3 g/100 g to 0.2 g/100 g in 12 min. Although ascorbic acid could also be used to remove oxygen from tap water, it promoted unwanted yellowness in cooked rice. The rice in sterilized package treated with deoxidized water had significantly better color, firmness, and sensory properties than the rice treated with tap water, indicating that the combination of deoxidized tap water and sterilized packaging was a promising approach to maintain the quality of cooked rice products.
{"title":"Combination of deoxidized water and sterilized packaging to improve the quality of cooked rice stored at room temperature.","authors":"Chia-Ling Liu, Cheng-Kuang Hsu, C. Chen, M. Hsu","doi":"10.6578/TJACFS.2009.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2009.016","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to extend the shelf life of cooked rice stored at room temperature using the combination of deoxidized water and sterilized packaging. The color, firmness, microbial load, peroxide value, TBA value, and sensory quality of treated cooked rice stored at 25°C and 38°C were monitored up to 2 months. The pure nitrogen gassing out method could significantly reduce the oxygen saturation of tap water from 96.3 g/100 g to 0.2 g/100 g in 12 min. Although ascorbic acid could also be used to remove oxygen from tap water, it promoted unwanted yellowness in cooked rice. The rice in sterilized package treated with deoxidized water had significantly better color, firmness, and sensory properties than the rice treated with tap water, indicating that the combination of deoxidized tap water and sterilized packaging was a promising approach to maintain the quality of cooked rice products.","PeriodicalId":34946,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"133-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90041947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Of 15 castrated male Nubian goats (about 40 kg and 10 months of age), five were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) 30% Bermuda grass plus 55.7% com and 13.1% soybean meal (control); 2) 30% Bermuda grass plus 52.8% corn, 13.5% soybean meal, and 2.5% soybean oil; and 3) 30% Bermuda grass plus 49.8% corn, 14.0% soybean meal, and 5.0% soybean oil. Soybean oil was sprayed on Bermuda grass and mixed well. All diets were isonitrogenous. Goats were slaughtered at an average live weight of 60 kg. Our objective was to determine whether dietary soybean oil altered the fatty acid composition and the color stability of goat loin chops (longissimus muscle) after being stored at 2℃ for 9 days. Adding soybean oil (2.5 and 5.0%) to goat diets decreased (p＜0.05) the percentage of trans-11 C18:1 (p＜0.05), C18:1, C18:3, C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic acid), and C22:0 fatty acids. The percentage of cis-9, trans-11 isomer of CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) increased slight1y as the percentage of supplemental soybean oil increased, but the differences across the treatments were not significant. Treatments with soybean oil increased the levels of MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids), but decreased the level of SFA (saturated fatty acids). The Hunter L(superscript *) of the loin chops increased, but the pH value decreased with increased soybean oil supplementation. Loin chops from goats fed 5.0% supplemental soybean oil had a consistently higher Hunter L(superscript *) value at all days of storage
{"title":"The effect of dietary supplementation of soybean oils on the color and fatty acid profile of Nubian goat meat.","authors":"C. Kuo, Jung-Min Sue","doi":"10.6578/TJACFS.2009.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2009.010","url":null,"abstract":"Of 15 castrated male Nubian goats (about 40 kg and 10 months of age), five were assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) 30% Bermuda grass plus 55.7% com and 13.1% soybean meal (control); 2) 30% Bermuda grass plus 52.8% corn, 13.5% soybean meal, and 2.5% soybean oil; and 3) 30% Bermuda grass plus 49.8% corn, 14.0% soybean meal, and 5.0% soybean oil. Soybean oil was sprayed on Bermuda grass and mixed well. All diets were isonitrogenous. Goats were slaughtered at an average live weight of 60 kg. Our objective was to determine whether dietary soybean oil altered the fatty acid composition and the color stability of goat loin chops (longissimus muscle) after being stored at 2℃ for 9 days. Adding soybean oil (2.5 and 5.0%) to goat diets decreased (p＜0.05) the percentage of trans-11 C18:1 (p＜0.05), C18:1, C18:3, C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic acid), and C22:0 fatty acids. The percentage of cis-9, trans-11 isomer of CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) increased slight1y as the percentage of supplemental soybean oil increased, but the differences across the treatments were not significant. Treatments with soybean oil increased the levels of MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids), but decreased the level of SFA (saturated fatty acids). The Hunter L(superscript *) of the loin chops increased, but the pH value decreased with increased soybean oil supplementation. Loin chops from goats fed 5.0% supplemental soybean oil had a consistently higher Hunter L(superscript *) value at all days of storage","PeriodicalId":34946,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"78-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86021916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
May-June Tsou, F. Kao, Jyun-Bi Jhuang, Wen-Dee Chiang
Protein hydrolysates were produced by hydrolyzing isolated soy protein (ISP) with enzymes including flavourzyme, alcalase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin for 12 h, respectively. Each hydrolysate was measured its recovery and evaluated its relative cholesterol uptake (RCU, %) in Caco-2 cells. The higher the recovery represented the higher the yield. The lower the RCU revealed the higher the cholesterol absorption inhibition. The result indicated that intact ISP could further decrease its RCU by hydrolyzing with any of these enzymes. Flavourzyme-ISP hydrolysate had the lowest RCU of 37% and maintained the highest recovery of 58% than the others. The effects of limited ISP hydrolysis using flavourzyme in terms of the degree of hydrolysis (DH, %) on recovery and RCU in Caco-2 cells were also investigated. When the DH was less than 22.8%, the RCU decreased with the increase in DH. However, extensive ISP hydrolysis using flavourzyme to obtain DH higher than 28% did not guarantee enhance the cholesterol absorption inhibition but significantly (p＜0.05) decreased the recovery. According to micelle inspection using a transmission electron microscope, the hydrolysate was clearly incorporated into the micellar membrane but ISP wasn't. This finding suggested that incorporation of the hydrolysate lead to reduce cholesterol solubility during micelle preparation as well as inhibit cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells.
{"title":"Limited enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein enhances cholesterol absorption inhibition in Caco-2 cells.","authors":"May-June Tsou, F. Kao, Jyun-Bi Jhuang, Wen-Dee Chiang","doi":"10.6578/TJACFS.2009.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2009.001","url":null,"abstract":"Protein hydrolysates were produced by hydrolyzing isolated soy protein (ISP) with enzymes including flavourzyme, alcalase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin for 12 h, respectively. Each hydrolysate was measured its recovery and evaluated its relative cholesterol uptake (RCU, %) in Caco-2 cells. The higher the recovery represented the higher the yield. The lower the RCU revealed the higher the cholesterol absorption inhibition. The result indicated that intact ISP could further decrease its RCU by hydrolyzing with any of these enzymes. Flavourzyme-ISP hydrolysate had the lowest RCU of 37% and maintained the highest recovery of 58% than the others. The effects of limited ISP hydrolysis using flavourzyme in terms of the degree of hydrolysis (DH, %) on recovery and RCU in Caco-2 cells were also investigated. When the DH was less than 22.8%, the RCU decreased with the increase in DH. However, extensive ISP hydrolysis using flavourzyme to obtain DH higher than 28% did not guarantee enhance the cholesterol absorption inhibition but significantly (p＜0.05) decreased the recovery. According to micelle inspection using a transmission electron microscope, the hydrolysate was clearly incorporated into the micellar membrane but ISP wasn't. This finding suggested that incorporation of the hydrolysate lead to reduce cholesterol solubility during micelle preparation as well as inhibit cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells.","PeriodicalId":34946,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74352621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth, nitrogen (N) uptake and distribution, nitrate nitrogen (NO3(superscript -)-N) content of broccoli and cabbage as affected by different fertilizers, grown in soils with different fertilization histories. The field used in this study is located in Chi-san, at the Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, in Southern Taiwan. The soils in this study were subjected to long-term studies, and were treated with organic fertilizer only (OF), chemical fertilizer only (CF), or a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers (IF), all of which were applied continuously. After transplantation, broccoli and cabbage plants were harvested at 75 and 70 days, respectively. The plants were separated into roots, leaves (wrapper leaves for cabbage), and heads. After drying to a constant weight at 65℃, the dry weight, nitrate N, total N, and insoluble N were determined, respectively. The results showed that the growth and N uptake of broccoli and cabbage from the OF-treated plot were the same or even higher than those from the CF and IF plots. The N use efficiency (NUE) for the OF plot was also higher. The NO3(superscript -)-N concentrations of both the entire broccoli and cabbage that received OF treatment were lower than those which received CF treatment. The total N and soluble N concentrations of organic fertilizer-treated broccoli were lower than those of the chemical fertilizer-treated ones; the reverse was true for cabbage. In conclusion, after 11 years of applying organic fertilizer and establishing the soil fertility, the crop yield of OF treatment, in which the application of N fertilizer was based on the mineralization capacity, can be as high as or higher than that of CF treatment, resulting in lower NO3(superscript -)-N concentrations in the plants.
{"title":"The Response of Broccoli and Cabbage to Soils with Different Fertilization Histories","authors":"Yuong-How Tsai, I-Lun Huang, C. Chao, R. Chung","doi":"10.6578/TJACFS.2006.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6578/TJACFS.2006.048","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth, nitrogen (N) uptake and distribution, nitrate nitrogen (NO3(superscript -)-N) content of broccoli and cabbage as affected by different fertilizers, grown in soils with different fertilization histories. The field used in this study is located in Chi-san, at the Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, in Southern Taiwan. The soils in this study were subjected to long-term studies, and were treated with organic fertilizer only (OF), chemical fertilizer only (CF), or a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers (IF), all of which were applied continuously. After transplantation, broccoli and cabbage plants were harvested at 75 and 70 days, respectively. The plants were separated into roots, leaves (wrapper leaves for cabbage), and heads. After drying to a constant weight at 65℃, the dry weight, nitrate N, total N, and insoluble N were determined, respectively. The results showed that the growth and N uptake of broccoli and cabbage from the OF-treated plot were the same or even higher than those from the CF and IF plots. The N use efficiency (NUE) for the OF plot was also higher. The NO3(superscript -)-N concentrations of both the entire broccoli and cabbage that received OF treatment were lower than those which received CF treatment. The total N and soluble N concentrations of organic fertilizer-treated broccoli were lower than those of the chemical fertilizer-treated ones; the reverse was true for cabbage. In conclusion, after 11 years of applying organic fertilizer and establishing the soil fertility, the crop yield of OF treatment, in which the application of N fertilizer was based on the mineralization capacity, can be as high as or higher than that of CF treatment, resulting in lower NO3(superscript -)-N concentrations in the plants.","PeriodicalId":34946,"journal":{"name":"Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"416-424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88802258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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