Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657487
T. Saar, M. Reidla, O. Martens, R. Land, M. Min, H. Herranen
Electro-mechanical impedance and its variations, measured with piezo-sensors as a function of frequency, indicate the conditions and changes in the structures of materials and can be used for structural health monitoring. Available impedance measurement solutions have very limited features and performance or are bulky and costly and not supporting real-time monitoring of the dynamics of impedance spectra. Efficient (by various aspects) solutions using the chirp excitation signal have been described and investigated. Sine-wave chirp excitation signal together with corresponding sine and cosine reference waves have been used for calculation of the correlation in the relatively small sliding window. It enables to find real and imaginary parts of the transfer coefficient of the electrical network, including impedance of the piezo-sensor under test. From the hardware viewpoint two solutions have been proposed and tested ' one with using of the commercial connected-by-USB to PC data acquisition unit and the second with the DSP (TMS320F28335) based solution. For both cases the special analogue interface has been developed for driving the sensor-circuit with up to 60 V peak-to-peak voltage. The proposed solutions have been tested successfully. Various application fields of the proposed impedance measurement solutions are considered ' e.g. integrity-check of the piezo-sensor itself and the delamination test of the composite material.
{"title":"Chirp-based piezo-impedance measurement","authors":"T. Saar, M. Reidla, O. Martens, R. Land, M. Min, H. Herranen","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657487","url":null,"abstract":"Electro-mechanical impedance and its variations, measured with piezo-sensors as a function of frequency, indicate the conditions and changes in the structures of materials and can be used for structural health monitoring. Available impedance measurement solutions have very limited features and performance or are bulky and costly and not supporting real-time monitoring of the dynamics of impedance spectra. Efficient (by various aspects) solutions using the chirp excitation signal have been described and investigated. Sine-wave chirp excitation signal together with corresponding sine and cosine reference waves have been used for calculation of the correlation in the relatively small sliding window. It enables to find real and imaginary parts of the transfer coefficient of the electrical network, including impedance of the piezo-sensor under test. From the hardware viewpoint two solutions have been proposed and tested ' one with using of the commercial connected-by-USB to PC data acquisition unit and the second with the DSP (TMS320F28335) based solution. For both cases the special analogue interface has been developed for driving the sensor-circuit with up to 60 V peak-to-peak voltage. The proposed solutions have been tested successfully. Various application fields of the proposed impedance measurement solutions are considered ' e.g. integrity-check of the piezo-sensor itself and the delamination test of the composite material.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129731941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657475
Taufique Sayeed, A. Samà, Andreu Català, J. Cabestany
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that predominantly alter patients' motor performance and compromises the speed, the automaticity and fluidity of natural movements. The patients fluctuate between periods in which they can move almost normally for some hours (ON state) and periods with motor disorders (OFF state). Gait properties are affected by the motor state of a patient: reduced stride length, reduced gait speed, increased stride width etc. The ability to assess the motor states (ON/OFF) on a continuous basis for long time without disturbing the patients' daily life activities is an important component of PD management. An accurate report of motor states could allow clinics to adjust the medication regimen to avoid OFF periods. The real-time monitoring will also allow an online treatment by combining, for instance, with automatic drug-administration pump doses. Many studies have attempted to extract gait properties through a belt-worn single tri-axial accelerometer. In this paper, a user friendly position is proposed to place the accelerometer and six step length estimators are compared considering the proposed sensor placement in a preliminary database of healthy volunteers. Adaptation methods to some of these estimators are also proposed and compared. The comparison shows that the adapted estimators improve the performance and reduce errors in respect of the original methods applied in the new sensor location.
{"title":"Comparison and adaptation of step length and gait speed estimators from single belt worn accelerometer positioned on lateral side of the body","authors":"Taufique Sayeed, A. Samà, Andreu Català, J. Cabestany","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657475","url":null,"abstract":"Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that predominantly alter patients' motor performance and compromises the speed, the automaticity and fluidity of natural movements. The patients fluctuate between periods in which they can move almost normally for some hours (ON state) and periods with motor disorders (OFF state). Gait properties are affected by the motor state of a patient: reduced stride length, reduced gait speed, increased stride width etc. The ability to assess the motor states (ON/OFF) on a continuous basis for long time without disturbing the patients' daily life activities is an important component of PD management. An accurate report of motor states could allow clinics to adjust the medication regimen to avoid OFF periods. The real-time monitoring will also allow an online treatment by combining, for instance, with automatic drug-administration pump doses. Many studies have attempted to extract gait properties through a belt-worn single tri-axial accelerometer. In this paper, a user friendly position is proposed to place the accelerometer and six step length estimators are compared considering the proposed sensor placement in a preliminary database of healthy volunteers. Adaptation methods to some of these estimators are also proposed and compared. The comparison shows that the adapted estimators improve the performance and reduce errors in respect of the original methods applied in the new sensor location.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128014315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657489
Ondrej Holub, K. Macek
This article presents an HVAC simulator designed for validation of advanced methods for diagnostics and predictive maintenance of building automation systems. A formal framework for the diagnostics and maintenance methods is briefly introduced. The design and implementation of the simulator are described in more detail and concluded with a typical example.
{"title":"HVAC simulation model for advanced diagnostics","authors":"Ondrej Holub, K. Macek","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657489","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an HVAC simulator designed for validation of advanced methods for diagnostics and predictive maintenance of building automation systems. A formal framework for the diagnostics and maintenance methods is briefly introduced. The design and implementation of the simulator are described in more detail and concluded with a typical example.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122118094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657478
J. Dombi
We study two models of symmetric difference of two fuzzy sets. In fuzzy logic we call this exclusive or operator. We show that in the Pliant operator case, the natural extensions of two expressions are equivalent. It was an interesting open problem to determine (independently of the definition of symmetric difference) for which t-norms and t-conorms and strong negations of two variables are associative operations on the unit interval. Here, in this article we show that the Pliant operators have this property.
{"title":"On the equivalence of two symmetric differences","authors":"J. Dombi","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657478","url":null,"abstract":"We study two models of symmetric difference of two fuzzy sets. In fuzzy logic we call this exclusive or operator. We show that in the Pliant operator case, the natural extensions of two expressions are equivalent. It was an interesting open problem to determine (independently of the definition of symmetric difference) for which t-norms and t-conorms and strong negations of two variables are associative operations on the unit interval. Here, in this article we show that the Pliant operators have this property.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"385 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133324204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657485
T. Akamatsu, F. Dong, K. Hirota
A measuring method by using a moving camera and a 3D accelerometer attached under the camera is proposed to identify the distance from the camera to the surface of the moving object and the position movement of the object in continuous two frame images. It makes possible to measure 3D position of a moving object with a half computational cost by keeping the same accuracy comparing to the method using stereo camera. The 3D measurement experiments with several original images show that the computation time of the proposed method is about 2 times faster than that of stereo camera method. The proposed method is planning to be used to avoid obstacles for vehicles or mobile robots, and the utilization as a depth measuring device is also investigated.
{"title":"3D measurement of a moving object using 3D accelerometer attached to moving camera","authors":"T. Akamatsu, F. Dong, K. Hirota","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657485","url":null,"abstract":"A measuring method by using a moving camera and a 3D accelerometer attached under the camera is proposed to identify the distance from the camera to the surface of the moving object and the position movement of the object in continuous two frame images. It makes possible to measure 3D position of a moving object with a half computational cost by keeping the same accuracy comparing to the method using stereo camera. The 3D measurement experiments with several original images show that the computation time of the proposed method is about 2 times faster than that of stereo camera method. The proposed method is planning to be used to avoid obstacles for vehicles or mobile robots, and the utilization as a depth measuring device is also investigated.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127861332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657477
M. Graca Ruano, H. Simoes Duarte, C. Teixeira
Aiming at time-spatial characterization of tissue temperature when ultrasound is applied for thermal therapeutic proposes two experiments were developed considering gel-based phantoms, one of them including an artificial blood vessel. The blood vessel was mimicking blood flow in a common carotid artery. For each experiment phantoms were heated by a therapeutic ultrasound (TU) device emitting different intensities (0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.8 W/cm2). Temperature was monitored by thermocouples and estimated through imaging ultrasound transducer's signals within specific special points inside the phantom. The temperature estimation procedure was based on temporal echo-shifts (TES), computed based on echo-shifts collected through image ultrasound (IU) transducer. Results show that TES is a reliable non-invasive method of temperature estimation, regardless the TU intensities applied. Presence of a pulsatile blood flow vessel in the focal point of TU transducer reduces thermal variation in more than 50%, also affecting the temperature variation in the surrounding area. In other words, vascularized tissues require longer ultrasound thermal therapeutic sessions or higher TU intensities and inclusion of IU in the therapeutic procedure enables non-invasive monitoring of temperature.
{"title":"Tissue temperature estimation with pulse-echo in blood flow presence","authors":"M. Graca Ruano, H. Simoes Duarte, C. Teixeira","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657477","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at time-spatial characterization of tissue temperature when ultrasound is applied for thermal therapeutic proposes two experiments were developed considering gel-based phantoms, one of them including an artificial blood vessel. The blood vessel was mimicking blood flow in a common carotid artery. For each experiment phantoms were heated by a therapeutic ultrasound (TU) device emitting different intensities (0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.8 W/cm2). Temperature was monitored by thermocouples and estimated through imaging ultrasound transducer's signals within specific special points inside the phantom. The temperature estimation procedure was based on temporal echo-shifts (TES), computed based on echo-shifts collected through image ultrasound (IU) transducer. Results show that TES is a reliable non-invasive method of temperature estimation, regardless the TU intensities applied. Presence of a pulsatile blood flow vessel in the focal point of TU transducer reduces thermal variation in more than 50%, also affecting the temperature variation in the surrounding area. In other words, vascularized tissues require longer ultrasound thermal therapeutic sessions or higher TU intensities and inclusion of IU in the therapeutic procedure enables non-invasive monitoring of temperature.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127625531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657482
João T. de Carvalho Neto, A. Salazar, Fábio M. U. de Araújo, Anderson L. De O Cavalcanti
This paper presents a Fuzzy controller applied to a DC-DC Boost converter in order to minimize the system's power loss effects by adjusting the duty cycle of the converter. The variation in the input voltage and the losses in the electronic components of the converter (load variations) are the main causes of these power losses. The main objective of the controller is to maintain a constant voltage at the load regardless of these losses. The Fuzzy controller was embedded on a Digital Signal Processor in order to have a great reliability and a faster system response. The results show that the Fuzzy control technique can be utilized to minimize the effects of the system's uncertainties and disturbances while keeping the system's output response in its operating point.
{"title":"DSP based Fuzzy controller applied to a DC-DC Boost converter","authors":"João T. de Carvalho Neto, A. Salazar, Fábio M. U. de Araújo, Anderson L. De O Cavalcanti","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657482","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a Fuzzy controller applied to a DC-DC Boost converter in order to minimize the system's power loss effects by adjusting the duty cycle of the converter. The variation in the input voltage and the losses in the electronic components of the converter (load variations) are the main causes of these power losses. The main objective of the controller is to maintain a constant voltage at the load regardless of these losses. The Fuzzy controller was embedded on a Digital Signal Processor in order to have a great reliability and a faster system response. The results show that the Fuzzy control technique can be utilized to minimize the effects of the system's uncertainties and disturbances while keeping the system's output response in its operating point.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133812122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657480
Alexey Natekin, A. Knoll
The problem of optimal fusion of several predictive machine learning regression models is considered. The method of combining different predictive models based on additive fuzzy systems is presented. The framework of model fusion based on fuzzy neural networks is described and the appropriate algorithms are derived. Learning process justifications and the requirement of the separate fusion set are discussed. The presented models are supported with the real world application example of robotic hand control.
{"title":"Fusion algorithm based on fuzzy neural networks","authors":"Alexey Natekin, A. Knoll","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657480","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of optimal fusion of several predictive machine learning regression models is considered. The method of combining different predictive models based on additive fuzzy systems is presented. The framework of model fusion based on fuzzy neural networks is described and the appropriate algorithms are derived. Learning process justifications and the requirement of the separate fusion set are discussed. The presented models are supported with the real world application example of robotic hand control.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"136 31","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120851413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657495
Á. Orosz, G. Róth, G. Simon
In this paper a special ring topology is investigated for sensor networks, where the whole network is decomposed into subnetworks forming rings, and these subnetworks are connected to each other through a main ring. Each of these subnetworks may have different requirements concerning message delivery times. In this paper algorithms are proposed, which generate such networks from the connectivity graph, and create TDMA scheduling for the generated network. The proposed algorithms can handle the requirements of various delivery times, and can provide parallel operation of nodes, where possible, to decrease the overall length of the schedule. The theoretical results are supported by measurement examples.
{"title":"Efficient TDMA scheduling algorithms for sensor networks containing multiple rings","authors":"Á. Orosz, G. Róth, G. Simon","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657495","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a special ring topology is investigated for sensor networks, where the whole network is decomposed into subnetworks forming rings, and these subnetworks are connected to each other through a main ring. Each of these subnetworks may have different requirements concerning message delivery times. In this paper algorithms are proposed, which generate such networks from the connectivity graph, and create TDMA scheduling for the generated network. The proposed algorithms can handle the requirements of various delivery times, and can provide parallel operation of nodes, where possible, to decrease the overall length of the schedule. The theoretical results are supported by measurement examples.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127137012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-07DOI: 10.1109/WISP.2013.6657481
T. A. Várkonyi, V. Piuri, J. Tar, A. Várkonyi-Kóczy, I. Rudas
Nowadays, in the field of information processing, neural networks (NNs) are very used, because they can learn adaptively how to behave in a desired way. In the field of adaptive control, NNs are the most beneficial when the system to be controlled is not known in advance, because the system can be modeled by NNs to predict its behavior. In this case, it is very important how accurate the estimation of the NN is, since if the approximation is too rough then extra calculations are needed to get better results. One of the possibilities for improving the NN model is on-line learning during the control process, but this option requires high computational time. Another possibility is the application of Robust Fixed Point Transformations (RFPT), since though, it can only guarantee local stability, RFPT has been developed to reduce the inaccuracy caused by modeling errors and it does not need high computational time. In this paper, a new combination of the two methods the on-line trained neural networks and RFPT is proposed to decrease the computational burden caused by the on-line adaptation and keep the results close to optimum.
{"title":"Agile online-trained neural network models by using Robust Fixed Point Transformations","authors":"T. A. Várkonyi, V. Piuri, J. Tar, A. Várkonyi-Kóczy, I. Rudas","doi":"10.1109/WISP.2013.6657481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WISP.2013.6657481","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, in the field of information processing, neural networks (NNs) are very used, because they can learn adaptively how to behave in a desired way. In the field of adaptive control, NNs are the most beneficial when the system to be controlled is not known in advance, because the system can be modeled by NNs to predict its behavior. In this case, it is very important how accurate the estimation of the NN is, since if the approximation is too rough then extra calculations are needed to get better results. One of the possibilities for improving the NN model is on-line learning during the control process, but this option requires high computational time. Another possibility is the application of Robust Fixed Point Transformations (RFPT), since though, it can only guarantee local stability, RFPT has been developed to reduce the inaccuracy caused by modeling errors and it does not need high computational time. In this paper, a new combination of the two methods the on-line trained neural networks and RFPT is proposed to decrease the computational burden caused by the on-line adaptation and keep the results close to optimum.","PeriodicalId":350883,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127160078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：