Abstract The article is a continuation of research conducted in 2016–2017, whose goal was to determine expectations and needs of young people regarding forests. In this study, attention is focused on different preferences of high-school students and university students. Frequency and reasons for which high-school students visit forests have been studied. Forms of forest activities preferred by the respondents as well as familiarity of young people with the sanitary state of the woodlands, the role of biocoenosis in the ecosystem and its significance for people have been analysed. The respondents’ knowledge of rules to be followed when being in a forest, use of its resources and major threats to this ecosystem have been studied.
{"title":"Recreational use of forests by young people","authors":"J. Cichowska","doi":"10.2478/frp-2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article is a continuation of research conducted in 2016–2017, whose goal was to determine expectations and needs of young people regarding forests. In this study, attention is focused on different preferences of high-school students and university students. Frequency and reasons for which high-school students visit forests have been studied. Forms of forest activities preferred by the respondents as well as familiarity of young people with the sanitary state of the woodlands, the role of biocoenosis in the ecosystem and its significance for people have been analysed. The respondents’ knowledge of rules to be followed when being in a forest, use of its resources and major threats to this ecosystem have been studied.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76007868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents results on the restoration of Scots pine stands established on post-agricultural lands undergoing conversion into mixed stands. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), common beech (Fagus sylvatica) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) seedlings were planted in artificially created gaps (0.02 ha to 0.05 ha each) cut in six experimental plots (Forest Districts: Bielsk, Krynki, Sobibór, Dobieszyn, Skrwilno and Łupawa) located in 20–25-years-old pine stands. The experimental plots were spread across northern, central and eastern Poland and affected by root-rot fungus (Heterobasidion annosum). Nine years after planting, the number of individual trees and shrub species, their height sum and average height were calculated for fenced artificial gaps (LSO) as well as non-fenced artificial gaps (LSN) and compared to natural gaps (LN) and non-disturbed neighboring stands (D). Results were calculated separately for the planted species (oak, lime and beech) but combined for all other species. The results indicate satisfactory restoration in all of the investigated plots except in Krynki, which is located in a relatively poor site. Significant differences appeared between height sum as well as average height of planted species in fenced compared to non-fenced gaps. Furthermore, in both, natural and artificial gaps, the species composition of the young generation was enriched with natural regeneration of pioneer species, mainly silver birch (Betula pendula), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and aspen (Populus tremula).
{"title":"Growth of broadleaved species on post-agricultural lands introduced during the process of stand conversion with a use of artificial gaps","authors":"T. Zachara","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents results on the restoration of Scots pine stands established on post-agricultural lands undergoing conversion into mixed stands. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), common beech (Fagus sylvatica) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) seedlings were planted in artificially created gaps (0.02 ha to 0.05 ha each) cut in six experimental plots (Forest Districts: Bielsk, Krynki, Sobibór, Dobieszyn, Skrwilno and Łupawa) located in 20–25-years-old pine stands. The experimental plots were spread across northern, central and eastern Poland and affected by root-rot fungus (Heterobasidion annosum). Nine years after planting, the number of individual trees and shrub species, their height sum and average height were calculated for fenced artificial gaps (LSO) as well as non-fenced artificial gaps (LSN) and compared to natural gaps (LN) and non-disturbed neighboring stands (D). Results were calculated separately for the planted species (oak, lime and beech) but combined for all other species. The results indicate satisfactory restoration in all of the investigated plots except in Krynki, which is located in a relatively poor site. Significant differences appeared between height sum as well as average height of planted species in fenced compared to non-fenced gaps. Furthermore, in both, natural and artificial gaps, the species composition of the young generation was enriched with natural regeneration of pioneer species, mainly silver birch (Betula pendula), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and aspen (Populus tremula).","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76224080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Forest trees are a great model for physiological and genetic studies of plant resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions, since the same species can successfully acclimate at different latitudes. Modern biology, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, etc., significantly facilitates these studies and accelerates the acquisition of new knowledge. This allows for a more effective implementation of conservation measures and the renewal of forest ecosystems. This review contains information on the latest scientific achievements in the field of acclimatization and tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as cold and frost, of forest trees. There is no doubt that in the course of evolution forest trees developed a complex and dynamic mechanism for controlling the entry into the winter dormancy stage, which allows woody plants to successfully survive in cold and freezing conditions and is initiated long before the beginning of winter. Studying the function of individual genes in forest tree species, however, remains an incredibly difficult task due to large genomes, specific development as well as the lack of standard techniques and routine procedures. In recent years, similarities between the well-studied genetic response to low temperatures of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and forest trees have been identified, which produced meaningful analogies and allows for issues of functional genetics to be addressed more effectively. The main goal of this work was to show that findings from forest tree genomics can be effectively used as a tool for the reproduction and protection of important tree species through the identification of the predisposition of specific populations to climate change and their adaptive capacity.
{"title":"Progress in physiological and genetic research concerning forest tree response to low temperature","authors":"M. Novokreshchenova, Katarzyna Skowyra, M. Kempf","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Forest trees are a great model for physiological and genetic studies of plant resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions, since the same species can successfully acclimate at different latitudes. Modern biology, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, etc., significantly facilitates these studies and accelerates the acquisition of new knowledge. This allows for a more effective implementation of conservation measures and the renewal of forest ecosystems. This review contains information on the latest scientific achievements in the field of acclimatization and tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as cold and frost, of forest trees. There is no doubt that in the course of evolution forest trees developed a complex and dynamic mechanism for controlling the entry into the winter dormancy stage, which allows woody plants to successfully survive in cold and freezing conditions and is initiated long before the beginning of winter. Studying the function of individual genes in forest tree species, however, remains an incredibly difficult task due to large genomes, specific development as well as the lack of standard techniques and routine procedures. In recent years, similarities between the well-studied genetic response to low temperatures of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and forest trees have been identified, which produced meaningful analogies and allows for issues of functional genetics to be addressed more effectively. The main goal of this work was to show that findings from forest tree genomics can be effectively used as a tool for the reproduction and protection of important tree species through the identification of the predisposition of specific populations to climate change and their adaptive capacity.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90861529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Implementing creative engineering, or in other words the progress of science, in forestry practice requires the integration of knowledge from its various branches concerning the impact of human activity on the Earth’s ecosystem. In fact, various aspects of development in the forest services are already associated with ecological engineering, which in practice includes biology, economy, sociology as well as technical and mechanical construction. Special attention was given to modelling as the most productive method of promoting progress in forest management. In the case of biological engineering in forest ecology, for example, various possibilities of applying genetic engineering as a potential future method for increasing productivity as well as for the preservation of genetic diversity and environmentalprotection are discussed in more detail. Literature recommendations concerning engineering in forestry accessible to students of the Extramural Doctorate Studies at the Forest Research Institute in Sękocinare also presented.
{"title":"Creative engineering – introducing the progress of science to forestry","authors":"T. Wodzicki","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Implementing creative engineering, or in other words the progress of science, in forestry practice requires the integration of knowledge from its various branches concerning the impact of human activity on the Earth’s ecosystem. In fact, various aspects of development in the forest services are already associated with ecological engineering, which in practice includes biology, economy, sociology as well as technical and mechanical construction. Special attention was given to modelling as the most productive method of promoting progress in forest management. In the case of biological engineering in forest ecology, for example, various possibilities of applying genetic engineering as a potential future method for increasing productivity as well as for the preservation of genetic diversity and environmentalprotection are discussed in more detail. Literature recommendations concerning engineering in forestry accessible to students of the Extramural Doctorate Studies at the Forest Research Institute in Sękocinare also presented.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90380666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Behnke-Borowczyk, H. Kwaśna, W. Szewczyk, J. Zatorski
Abstract The frequency and diversity of fungi in branches, roots and soil was examined in 3–10-years-old diseased Juniperus x media trees growing in the surroundings of the sewage treatment facility in Poznań. Symptoms of branch dieback appeared first on the older parts inside the crown and mostly in the lower part of trees subsequently spreading upwards and outwards. Our analyses included extraction of environmental rDNA from branches, roots and soil, amplification of the rDNA with fungi specific primers and sequencing. Fungal taxa from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota were detected with a total of 695, 135 and 196 taxa in branches, roots and soil, respectively. Fungal communities included plant pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, epiphytes or endophytes, mycorrhizal taxa, saprotrophs common on organic debris and in soil, human and animal pathogens, entomopathogenic taxa, mycoparasites, white and black yeasts, taxa with antagonistic and medicinal properties and lichenized fungi. The frequency of potential plant pathogens was 2.64–33.12% in branches, 0.88% in roots and 1.29–2.93% in soil. The most common pathogens were species from Chalara, Cytospora, Fusarium, Ilyonectria, Mycosphaerella, Setomelanomma (Ascomycota) and Armillaria, Rhizoctonia (Basidiomycota) genera. The less frequent pathogens included species from Leptosphaeria, Lophodermium and Septoria genera. In conclusion, oxygen deficiency and the presence of poisonous gases in the air around the sewage plant is likely to have had damaging effects on plants infected or colonized by opportunistic and facultative parasites.
摘要对波兹纳齐污水处理设施周围生长的3 ~ 10年生病刺柏(Juniperus x media)枝条、根系和土壤真菌的频率和多样性进行了研究。枝条枯死的症状首先出现在树冠内部的老部分，主要发生在树的下部，随后向上和向外扩散。我们的分析包括从树枝、根和土壤中提取环境rDNA，用真菌特异性引物扩增rDNA并测序。检测到子囊菌科、担子菌科、壶菌科、肾小球菌科和颧菌科真菌分类群，分别在树枝、根和土壤中检测到695、135和196个分类群。真菌群落包括植物病原体、机会致病菌、附生或内生菌、菌根类群、有机碎屑和土壤中常见的腐养菌、人类和动物病原体、昆虫病原类群、分枝寄生虫、白色和黑色酵母、具有拮抗和药用特性的类群以及地衣真菌。植物潜在病原菌的检出率分别为枝条2.64 ~ 33.12%、根系0.88%、土壤1.29 ~ 2.93%。最常见的病原菌为Chalara、Cytospora、Fusarium、ilyonecaria、Mycosphaerella、Setomelanomma(子囊菌科)和Armillaria、Rhizoctonia(担子菌科)。较不常见的病原体包括钩端绦虫属、Lophodermium属和Septoria属。总之，污水厂周围空气中缺氧和有毒气体的存在很可能对受机会性和兼性寄生虫感染或寄生的植物产生破坏性影响。
{"title":"Mycobiota of juniper Juniperus x media with symptoms of dieback in sewage plant facilities area in Poznań","authors":"J. Behnke-Borowczyk, H. Kwaśna, W. Szewczyk, J. Zatorski","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The frequency and diversity of fungi in branches, roots and soil was examined in 3–10-years-old diseased Juniperus x media trees growing in the surroundings of the sewage treatment facility in Poznań. Symptoms of branch dieback appeared first on the older parts inside the crown and mostly in the lower part of trees subsequently spreading upwards and outwards. Our analyses included extraction of environmental rDNA from branches, roots and soil, amplification of the rDNA with fungi specific primers and sequencing. Fungal taxa from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota were detected with a total of 695, 135 and 196 taxa in branches, roots and soil, respectively. Fungal communities included plant pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, epiphytes or endophytes, mycorrhizal taxa, saprotrophs common on organic debris and in soil, human and animal pathogens, entomopathogenic taxa, mycoparasites, white and black yeasts, taxa with antagonistic and medicinal properties and lichenized fungi. The frequency of potential plant pathogens was 2.64–33.12% in branches, 0.88% in roots and 1.29–2.93% in soil. The most common pathogens were species from Chalara, Cytospora, Fusarium, Ilyonectria, Mycosphaerella, Setomelanomma (Ascomycota) and Armillaria, Rhizoctonia (Basidiomycota) genera. The less frequent pathogens included species from Leptosphaeria, Lophodermium and Septoria genera. In conclusion, oxygen deficiency and the presence of poisonous gases in the air around the sewage plant is likely to have had damaging effects on plants infected or colonized by opportunistic and facultative parasites.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81618046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article is based on a literature review and attempts to highlight the harmful effects of forest soil erosion on aquatic ecosystems with particular emphasis on ichthyofauna. We focus on the phenomena of excessive soil erosion caused by forest management practices and forest roads, subsequent sediment runoff as well as silting of watercourses and their impact on fish. Among others, the direct influence of the suspended sediments on fish reproduction, egg incubation, respiratory processes, growth and immunity, as well as indirect effects on habitat and migration are discussed. The authors’ intention is to draw attention to this important and underestimated aspect of forest management in Poland. The aim of this publication is to bring about changes in the management of commercial forests that will minimize the erosion of forest soils, formation of high levels of suspended solids in rivers and in turn limit their negative impact on aquatic ecosystems.
{"title":"Forest management practices and the occurrence of suspended solids in rivers and streams and their influence on ichthyofauna and river ecosystems","authors":"T. Mikołajczyk, P. Nawrocki","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is based on a literature review and attempts to highlight the harmful effects of forest soil erosion on aquatic ecosystems with particular emphasis on ichthyofauna. We focus on the phenomena of excessive soil erosion caused by forest management practices and forest roads, subsequent sediment runoff as well as silting of watercourses and their impact on fish. Among others, the direct influence of the suspended sediments on fish reproduction, egg incubation, respiratory processes, growth and immunity, as well as indirect effects on habitat and migration are discussed. The authors’ intention is to draw attention to this important and underestimated aspect of forest management in Poland. The aim of this publication is to bring about changes in the management of commercial forests that will minimize the erosion of forest soils, formation of high levels of suspended solids in rivers and in turn limit their negative impact on aquatic ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87173993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An estimated 5% of the world’s forests are located in the EU and these forests have continuously expanded for over 60 years, although recently at a lower rate. Forests and other wooded land now cover 155 million hectares and 21 million hectares, respectively, together more than 42% of the EU land area. Although the treaties in the European Union contain no provisions for a common forest policy, there is a long history of EU measures supporting forest and forest-related activities coordinate dwith member states, mainly through the Standing Forestry Committee. For several decades now, environmental forest functions have attracted increasing attention mostly in relation to the protection of biodiversity and, more recently, in the context of climate change. The main objective of this paper was twofold: first, to identify the EU legislation directly and indirectly connected to forest protection, and second, to determine its legal character and effectiveness. In conclusion, in recent years the EU has adopted numerous regulations that are directly and indirectly connected to forests and they can be divided into two groups: internal and international acts. Moreover, we can distinguish legally binding acts such as regulations, directives as well as international agreements and soft law acts including strategies, green books, communications, action plans or declarations.
{"title":"Forest Protection in the European Union","authors":"Adriana Kalicka-Mikołajczyk","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An estimated 5% of the world’s forests are located in the EU and these forests have continuously expanded for over 60 years, although recently at a lower rate. Forests and other wooded land now cover 155 million hectares and 21 million hectares, respectively, together more than 42% of the EU land area. Although the treaties in the European Union contain no provisions for a common forest policy, there is a long history of EU measures supporting forest and forest-related activities coordinate dwith member states, mainly through the Standing Forestry Committee. For several decades now, environmental forest functions have attracted increasing attention mostly in relation to the protection of biodiversity and, more recently, in the context of climate change. The main objective of this paper was twofold: first, to identify the EU legislation directly and indirectly connected to forest protection, and second, to determine its legal character and effectiveness. In conclusion, in recent years the EU has adopted numerous regulations that are directly and indirectly connected to forests and they can be divided into two groups: internal and international acts. Moreover, we can distinguish legally binding acts such as regulations, directives as well as international agreements and soft law acts including strategies, green books, communications, action plans or declarations.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73311527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the biometric features of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. regeneration in terms of their susceptibility to weather-inflicted damage. We compared the damage between three sites located in the Polish part of the Carpathians: Scots pine planted in (I) fertile sites of mountain broadleaved and mixed broadleaved forest, (II) poor sites of mountain coniferous forest and (III) sites of Scots pine natural refuges during the post-glacial period. In each of the three sites of pine regeneration, 11 research plots were established with 50 pine trees on each plot. For each tree, the following biometric measurements were taken: diameter at breast height, height, 3-year height increment, crown length and crown width measured along the contour line. The Scots pine regeneration was found to vary in terms of their biometric features depending on the site fertility. In fertile sites, the biometric parameters of the trees increased at a faster rate compared to low-fertility sites causing an increase in their susceptibility to damage by adverse weather conditions such as snow and rime. Therefore, the silvicultural risk in fertile sites is high and thus the introduction of pine for regeneration should be avoided in fertile broadleaved and mixed broadleaved forests even if pine provenances from a mountain origin are to be planted. Furthermore, tending cuts in regeneration should be made frequently, but with moderate intensity so as to avoid excessive reductions in tree density. Intensive cuts, especially in fertile sites, promote the expansion of pine crowns, which further increases the risk of damage.
{"title":"Regeneration of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. in the Carpathians depends on site fertility","authors":"S. Ambroży, Mariusz Kapsa","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the biometric features of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. regeneration in terms of their susceptibility to weather-inflicted damage. We compared the damage between three sites located in the Polish part of the Carpathians: Scots pine planted in (I) fertile sites of mountain broadleaved and mixed broadleaved forest, (II) poor sites of mountain coniferous forest and (III) sites of Scots pine natural refuges during the post-glacial period. In each of the three sites of pine regeneration, 11 research plots were established with 50 pine trees on each plot. For each tree, the following biometric measurements were taken: diameter at breast height, height, 3-year height increment, crown length and crown width measured along the contour line. The Scots pine regeneration was found to vary in terms of their biometric features depending on the site fertility. In fertile sites, the biometric parameters of the trees increased at a faster rate compared to low-fertility sites causing an increase in their susceptibility to damage by adverse weather conditions such as snow and rime. Therefore, the silvicultural risk in fertile sites is high and thus the introduction of pine for regeneration should be avoided in fertile broadleaved and mixed broadleaved forests even if pine provenances from a mountain origin are to be planted. Furthermore, tending cuts in regeneration should be made frequently, but with moderate intensity so as to avoid excessive reductions in tree density. Intensive cuts, especially in fertile sites, promote the expansion of pine crowns, which further increases the risk of damage.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75079228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this article was to determine the conversion factors for stacked pine and spruce logs with a length of 3–6 m. To this end, we measured stacks and their logs of a total of 3322.12 steres of pine logs and 1468.46 steres of spruce logs. The conversion factors obtained in this work for pine logs of varying lengths negatively correlate with log length. However, statistically significant (p<0.05) differences were only observed between the longest logs as well as logs of 3 and 4 m in length. This may be due to various factors (mainly curvature, the presence of buttresses on butt logs and taper) influencing the stacking process of logs of increasing length. For logs with a length of 3, 4 and 5 m, the average value of the conversion factor increased with the log thickness class, although this dependence was not statistically significant. In the case of spruce raw material, the obtained conversion factors are similar to the values determined in previous studies. There was no significant correlation between the length of the log and its average diameter. A prerequisite for using conversion factors for large-sized logs is accurate stacking, where special attention should be paid to the parallel stacking of individual logs, aligning their front and back sides to be flush and forming the stack so that its top plane is parallel to the ground.
{"title":"Determination of conversion factors for pine and spruce logs in stacks","authors":"K. Jodłowski, J. Witkowska","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this article was to determine the conversion factors for stacked pine and spruce logs with a length of 3–6 m. To this end, we measured stacks and their logs of a total of 3322.12 steres of pine logs and 1468.46 steres of spruce logs. The conversion factors obtained in this work for pine logs of varying lengths negatively correlate with log length. However, statistically significant (p<0.05) differences were only observed between the longest logs as well as logs of 3 and 4 m in length. This may be due to various factors (mainly curvature, the presence of buttresses on butt logs and taper) influencing the stacking process of logs of increasing length. For logs with a length of 3, 4 and 5 m, the average value of the conversion factor increased with the log thickness class, although this dependence was not statistically significant. In the case of spruce raw material, the obtained conversion factors are similar to the values determined in previous studies. There was no significant correlation between the length of the log and its average diameter. A prerequisite for using conversion factors for large-sized logs is accurate stacking, where special attention should be paid to the parallel stacking of individual logs, aligning their front and back sides to be flush and forming the stack so that its top plane is parallel to the ground.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79811285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Silver fir Abies alba Mill. provenance trials started in Poland a few years after Pavari (1951) proved that the origin of this tree species influences its genetic variability. Further confirmation came from provenance trials, which selected provenances for cultivation in Denmark and showed provenance-dependent genetic variability even within a relatively small area such as the Czech Republic. The Polish trial, started in 1960, compared 6 provenances from the West and Central Carpathian region (4 from Poland, 2 from Slovakia) and 3 from the Hercinic region (Czech Republic). The trial was established in the Experimental Forests of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Rogów, at the northern border of the natural silver fir range. Results from the nursery stage experiments proved the existence of latitudinal and altitudinal clines based on data for seed weight, height growth, number of terminal buds as well as bud and needle development. The Polish provenance ‘Stary Sącz’ and two Slovak provenances, ‘Čierný Váh’ and ‘Beňuš’, were early flushing, whereas the Polish provenance ‘Rogów’ behaved differently and was late flushing. Even at the nursery stage, the positive influence of tree selection on height growth and progeny characteristics of the two Czech provenances was evident. The Carpathian provenances were furthermore evaluated according to the index of cultivation and breeding: very good – ‘Rogów’; good ‘ŚPN (Świętokrzyski PN)’, ‘Stary Sącz’ and ‘Skarżysko’; poor – ‘Čierný Váh’ and ‘Beňuš’.
{"title":"The first Polish provenance experiments with silver fir Abies alba Mill.","authors":"S. Gunia, J. Łukaszewicz, H. Szeligowski","doi":"10.2478/frp-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/frp-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Silver fir Abies alba Mill. provenance trials started in Poland a few years after Pavari (1951) proved that the origin of this tree species influences its genetic variability. Further confirmation came from provenance trials, which selected provenances for cultivation in Denmark and showed provenance-dependent genetic variability even within a relatively small area such as the Czech Republic. The Polish trial, started in 1960, compared 6 provenances from the West and Central Carpathian region (4 from Poland, 2 from Slovakia) and 3 from the Hercinic region (Czech Republic). The trial was established in the Experimental Forests of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Rogów, at the northern border of the natural silver fir range. Results from the nursery stage experiments proved the existence of latitudinal and altitudinal clines based on data for seed weight, height growth, number of terminal buds as well as bud and needle development. The Polish provenance ‘Stary Sącz’ and two Slovak provenances, ‘Čierný Váh’ and ‘Beňuš’, were early flushing, whereas the Polish provenance ‘Rogów’ behaved differently and was late flushing. Even at the nursery stage, the positive influence of tree selection on height growth and progeny characteristics of the two Czech provenances was evident. The Carpathian provenances were furthermore evaluated according to the index of cultivation and breeding: very good – ‘Rogów’; good ‘ŚPN (Świętokrzyski PN)’, ‘Stary Sącz’ and ‘Skarżysko’; poor – ‘Čierný Váh’ and ‘Beňuš’.","PeriodicalId":35347,"journal":{"name":"USDA Forest Service - Research Papers PNW-RP","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87231221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：