We propose to consider non confluence with respect to implicit complexity. We come back to some well known classes of first-order functional program, for which we have a characterization of their intentional properties, namely the class of cons-free programs, the class of programs with an interpretation, and the class of programs with a quasi-interpretation together with a termination proof by the product path ordering. They all correspond to PTIME. We prove that adding non confluence to the rules leads to respectively PTIME, NPTIME and PSPACE. Our thesis is that the separation of the classes is actually a witness of the intentional properties of the initial classes of programs.
{"title":"Observation of implicit complexity by non confluence","authors":"Guillaume Bonfante","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.23.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.23.2","url":null,"abstract":"We propose to consider non confluence with respect to implicit complexity. We come back to some well known classes of first-order functional program, for which we have a characterization of their intentional properties, namely the class of cons-free programs, the class of programs with an interpretation, and the class of programs with a quasi-interpretation together with a termination proof by the product path ordering. They all correspond to PTIME. We prove that adding non confluence to the rules leads to respectively PTIME, NPTIME and PSPACE. Our thesis is that the separation of the classes is actually a witness of the intentional properties of the initial classes of programs.","PeriodicalId":35380,"journal":{"name":"CESifo DICE Report","volume":"83 1","pages":"15-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88609859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2008, Ben-Amram, Jones and Kristiansen showed that for a simple "core" programming language - an imperative language with bounded loops, and arithmetics limited to addition and multiplication - it was possible to decide precisely whether a program had certain growth-rate properties, namely polynomial (or linear) bounds on computed values, or on the running time. This work emphasized the role of the core language in mitigating the notorious undecidability of program properties, so that one deals with decidable problems. A natural and intriguing problem was whether more elements can be added to the core language, improving its utility, while keeping the growth-rate properties decidable. In particular, the method presented could not handle a command that resets a variable to zero. This paper shows how to handle resets. The analysis is given in a logical style (proof rules), and its complexity is shown to be PSPACE-complete (in contrast, without resets, the problem was PTIME). The analysis algorithm evolved from the previous solution in an interesting way: focus was shifted from proving a bound to disproving it, and the algorithm works top-down rather than bottom-up.
{"title":"On Decidable Growth-Rate Properties of Imperative Programs","authors":"Amir M. Ben-Amram","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.23.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.23.1","url":null,"abstract":"In 2008, Ben-Amram, Jones and Kristiansen showed that for a simple \"core\" programming language - an imperative language with bounded loops, and arithmetics limited to addition and multiplication - it was possible to decide precisely whether a program had certain growth-rate properties, namely polynomial (or linear) bounds on computed values, or on the running time. \u0000This work emphasized the role of the core language in mitigating the notorious undecidability of program properties, so that one deals with decidable problems. \u0000A natural and intriguing problem was whether more elements can be added to the core language, improving its utility, while keeping the growth-rate properties decidable. In particular, the method presented could not handle a command that resets a variable to zero. This paper shows how to handle resets. The analysis is given in a logical style (proof rules), and its complexity is shown to be PSPACE-complete (in contrast, without resets, the problem was PTIME). The analysis algorithm evolved from the previous solution in an interesting way: focus was shifted from proving a bound to disproving it, and the algorithm works top-down rather than bottom-up.","PeriodicalId":35380,"journal":{"name":"CESifo DICE Report","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75550833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1142/9789814513197_0016
P. Grauwe
In normal times, when people have confidence in the banks, these crises do not occur. But confidence can quickly disappear, for example, when one or more banks experience a solvency problem due to non-performing loans. Then bank runs are possible. A liquidity crisis erupts that can bring down sound banks also.The latter become innocent bystanders that are hit in the same way as the insolvent banks by the collective movement of distrust.
{"title":"Lessons from the Banking Crisis: A Return to Narrow Banking","authors":"P. Grauwe","doi":"10.1142/9789814513197_0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814513197_0016","url":null,"abstract":"In normal times, when people have confidence in the banks, these crises do not occur. But confidence can quickly disappear, for example, when one or more banks experience a solvency problem due to non-performing loans. Then bank runs are possible. A liquidity crisis erupts that can bring down sound banks also.The latter become innocent bystanders that are hit in the same way as the insolvent banks by the collective movement of distrust.","PeriodicalId":35380,"journal":{"name":"CESifo DICE Report","volume":"7 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64068880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-A-010812476
Christian Baretti, Doina Radulescu, M. Stimmelmayr
At the beginning of 2008 the enterprise tax reform took effect in Germany. Christian Baretti, Doina Maria Radulescu and Michael Stimmelmayr examine the extent to which the reform has improved Germany's attractiveness as a business location. In their opinion the lowering of the tax burden for corporations is in keeping with this goal. The arguments for the other measures - in particular the counter-financing - are not so compelling, however. Despite its positive signals, the tax reform proves to be a patchwork in many areas.
2008年初，德国实施了企业税改革。Christian Baretti、Doina Maria Radulescu和Michael Stimmelmayr研究了改革在多大程度上提高了德国作为商业地点的吸引力。他们认为，降低企业的税收负担符合这一目标。然而，支持其它措施(尤其是反融资措施)的理由并不那么令人信服。尽管发出了积极的信号，但税制改革在许多领域被证明是大杂烩。
{"title":"The Corporate tax reform of 2008: Germany's answer to globalization - or just patchwork?","authors":"Christian Baretti, Doina Radulescu, M. Stimmelmayr","doi":"10.3929/ETHZ-A-010812476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-A-010812476","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of 2008 the enterprise tax reform took effect in Germany. Christian Baretti, Doina Maria Radulescu and Michael Stimmelmayr examine the extent to which the reform has improved Germany's attractiveness as a business location. In their opinion the lowering of the tax burden for corporations is in keeping with this goal. The arguments for the other measures - in particular the counter-financing - are not so compelling, however. Despite its positive signals, the tax reform proves to be a patchwork in many areas.","PeriodicalId":35380,"journal":{"name":"CESifo DICE Report","volume":"6 1","pages":"50-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70174193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-07-28DOI: 10.4337/9781845421434.00007
R. Bird, E. Slack
Every country has some form of tax on land and property. Such taxes have historically been local in most countries (although there are a few exceptions, such as Latvia and Chile, where they are mainly central taxes) and are often important sources of local revenue. One reason is that property is immovable – it is unable to shift location in response to the tax. Another reason is the connection between many of the services typically funded at the local level and the benefit to property values.
{"title":"Land and Property Taxation in 25 Countries: A Comparative Review","authors":"R. Bird, E. Slack","doi":"10.4337/9781845421434.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845421434.00007","url":null,"abstract":"Every country has some form of tax on land and property. Such taxes have historically been local in most countries (although there are a few exceptions, such as Latvia and Chile, where they are mainly central taxes) and are often important sources of local revenue. One reason is that property is immovable – it is unable to shift location in response to the tax. Another reason is the connection between many of the services typically funded at the local level and the benefit to property values.","PeriodicalId":35380,"journal":{"name":"CESifo DICE Report","volume":"3 1","pages":"34-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70712646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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