Pub Date : 2011-01-18DOI: 10.4199/C00021ED1V01Y201012CBM004
J. D. Pardee
Abstract The mysterious disease of cancer, including breast cancer, has plagued mankind since the dawn of recorded history. Regarding the elusive cause of the disease, the "Father of Medicine," Hippocrates of Athens (460–377 BC), wrote that, "For instability is characteristic of the humours and so they may be easily altered by nature and by chance." The enigma has persisted until today. In 1971, then President Richard Nixon signed the National Cancer Act and declared a "War on Cancer." He believed the counsel of scientists and physicians that if sufficient resources were committed to the fight, cancer could be virtually eliminated within 5 years. The prophesy failed. Although mortality from a few cancers, most notably leukemias, has been significantly reduced, carcinomas, cancers of the epithelium, which account for 80% of cancer deaths, remain unchanged. While tremendous advances have taken place in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms operant in cancer, it has proven exceedingly di...
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Pub Date : 2011-01-14DOI: 10.4199/C00022ED1V01Y201012CBM005
J. D. Pardee
Abstract In this lecture, we will briefly review the principles of physics, central metabolism, and cell biology that make health possible. This exercise is appropriate for those of us who have set before ourselves the problem of understanding and preserving life processes, because it is through the medium of a cell that energy creates life. We are aware that life processes require a complex set of biochemical reactions. But that is not enough. Not only are complex reactions necessary, but superimposed on this essential requirement is the necessity to build and maintain a dynamic cellular structure. Chemical energy builds cells. In this lecture, we will see how cells extract energy from the entropic dissolution of the universe, how the extracted energy is used to build cell structure, and how cell structure determines cell function. Table of Contents: Origin and Energy of Life / How Cells Make a Living / Order From Chaos: Entropy and The River of Time / Capturing Entropy / Cell Architecture / Why Cells ar...
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Pub Date : 2009-05-18DOI: 10.4199/C00002ED1V01Y200904CBM002
D. Fischman
Abstract Histologically, muscle is conveniently divided into two groups, striated and nonstriated, based on whether the cells exhibit cross-striations in the light microscope (Figure 3). Smooth muscle is involuntary: its contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Striated muscle includes both cardiac (involuntary) and skeletal (voluntary). The former is innervated by visceral efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, whereas the latter is innervated by somatic efferent fibers, most of which have their cell bodies in the ventral, motor horn of the spinal cord. Smooth muscle is designed to have slow, relatively sustained contractions, while striated muscle contracts rapidly and usually phasically. Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells are mononucleated, whereas skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are multinucleated. [In aging hearts or hypertrophied hearts, cardiac muscle cells are often binucleated.] Multinucleation of skeletal muscle arises during development by the cytoplasmic fusion of ...
{"title":"Skeletal Muscle & Muscular Dystrophy: A Visual Approach","authors":"D. Fischman","doi":"10.4199/C00002ED1V01Y200904CBM002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4199/C00002ED1V01Y200904CBM002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Histologically, muscle is conveniently divided into two groups, striated and nonstriated, based on whether the cells exhibit cross-striations in the light microscope (Figure 3). Smooth muscle is involuntary: its contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Striated muscle includes both cardiac (involuntary) and skeletal (voluntary). The former is innervated by visceral efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, whereas the latter is innervated by somatic efferent fibers, most of which have their cell bodies in the ventral, motor horn of the spinal cord. Smooth muscle is designed to have slow, relatively sustained contractions, while striated muscle contracts rapidly and usually phasically. Both cardiac and smooth muscle cells are mononucleated, whereas skeletal muscle cells (fibers) are multinucleated. [In aging hearts or hypertrophied hearts, cardiac muscle cells are often binucleated.] Multinucleation of skeletal muscle arises during development by the cytoplasmic fusion of ...","PeriodicalId":353975,"journal":{"name":"Colloquium Series on The Cell Biology of Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130193407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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