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A Pilot Study on Aeronautics 航空学的初步研究
Pub Date : 2014-04-05 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000e122
S. S. Kumar
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引用次数: 0
A Dimensionless Analysis of Young's Modulus and Stress Distribution for Orthotropic Materials 正交各向异性材料杨氏模量和应力分布的无因次分析
Pub Date : 2014-04-01 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000128
H. Yeh, H. Yeh
The effect of various offaxis angles and lamina material properties on the axial and transverse modulus of the orthotropic lamina under off-axis loading is studied. Also, the stress distribution of the orthotropic composite plate containing a circular cutout with normal pressure distributed uniformly along the opening edge is investigated. Through the generalized Hooke’s law and plane stress condition, a dimensionless analysis is used to evaluate the influence of various elastic moduli E1, E2, G12 and ν12 on the axial and transverse modulus of the orthotropic lamina under various off-axis loadings. Moreover, based on the generalized Hooke’s law, the generalized plane stress and the complex variable method, a dimensionless analysis is used to evaluate the influence of various elastic moduli E1, E2, G12 and ν12 on the stress distribution along the boundary of the circular cutout of the orthotropic plate with normal pressure distributed uniformly along the opening edge. The results obtained from this dimensionless analysis provide a set of general design guidelines for structural laminates with high precision requirements in the engineering applications.
研究了离轴载荷作用下不同离轴角和层材性能对正交各向异性层材轴向模量和横向模量的影响。同时,研究了法向压力沿开口边缘均匀分布的带圆孔正交各向异性复合材料板的应力分布。通过广义Hooke定律和平面应力条件,采用无因次分析方法,评价了不同弹性模量E1、E2、G12和φ 12在不同离轴载荷下对正交各向异性板轴向模量和横向模量的影响。此外,基于广义胡克定律、广义平面应力和复变法,采用无因次分析方法,评价了法向压力沿开口边缘均匀分布的正交各向异性板,不同弹性模量E1、E2、G12和φ 12对圆切口边界应力分布的影响。这种无量纲分析的结果为工程应用中对精度要求较高的结构层压板提供了一套通用的设计准则。
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引用次数: 2
Interaction of Spherical Flames of Hydrogen-Air and Methane-Air Mixtures in the Closed Reactor at the Central Spark Initiation with Closed Meshed Obstacles 封闭反应器中氢气-空气和甲烷-空气混合物在中心火花起爆处的相互作用
Pub Date : 2013-12-25 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000127
N. Rubtsov, Sepljarsky Bs, I.M.Naboko, V. I. Chernysh, Tsvetkov Gi
It is shown that spark initiated flames of lean hydrogen-air mixtures (8%-15% Н2) pass through close-meshed aluminum spherical obstacles with the cell size 0.04-0.1 mm2; the flame of 15% Н2 in air after an obstacle is accelerated; acoustic gas fluctuations occur in the reactor. The flame of 7.5% hydrogen-air mixture does not propagate through the obstacles the flame of 8% natural gas-air mixture is not accelerated after an obstacle; acoustic fluctuations are missing. It is shown that active centers of methane and hydrogen combustion, determining flame propagation, have different chemical nature.
结果表明,贫氢-空气混合物(8% ~ 15% Ð)的火花引发火焰可穿过胞格尺寸为0.04 ~ 0.1 mm2的密网铝球形障碍物;空气中15% Ð’2的火焰在障碍物加速后;声波气体波动发生在反应器中。7.5%氢气-空气混合物的火焰不通过障碍物传播,8%天然气-空气混合物的火焰在障碍物后不加速;没有声音波动。结果表明,决定火焰传播的甲烷和氢的燃烧活性中心具有不同的化学性质。
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引用次数: 4
Dynamics of a Flexible Body with Rapid Mass Loss 具有快速质量损失的柔性体动力学
Pub Date : 2013-12-21 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000126
A. Banerjee, M. Lemak
Equations of motion of an elastic rocket are given using an extension of Kane’s method with an efficient choice of generalized speeds. The modal integrals are updated for the time-time-varying mass of the rocket by Hermite interpolation. The formulation includes geometric softening due to thrust and is suitable for nonlinear control design of a flexible booster vehicle.
利用凯恩方法的推广,给出了弹性火箭的运动方程,并给出了广义速度的有效选择。采用赫米特插值法对火箭时变质量的模态积分进行了更新。该公式包含推力引起的几何软化,适用于柔性助推器的非线性控制设计。
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引用次数: 1
CFD Analysis on MAV NACA 2412 Wing in High Lift Take-Off Configuration for Enhanced Lift Generation MAV NACA 2412大升力起飞构型机翼增强升力的CFD分析
Pub Date : 2013-12-04 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000125
Arvind Prabhakar, Ayush Ohri
In a high lift take off configuration an MAV wing utilizes partially extended flaps and slats. Slats and Flaps are high lift devices installed on a wing for the purpose of augmenting Coefficient of Lift (CL). While Slats are installed on the leading edge of a wing the Flaps may be installed on the trailing edge or the leading edge of a wing. In this paper the effect of Slot size created by the Slats in percentage of wing chord ‘c’ and Double Slotted Flaps on CL for a MAV NACA 2412 has been studied using CFD analysis at 2*105 Reynolds Number. It is found that the maximum value of CL achieved is 67.134% higher than the plain NACA 2412 wing at 4 degrees angle of attack when slats are extended at 1.7 percent of wing chord ‘c’. The Stall angle of the MAV NACA 2412 wing in high lift take-off configuration was found to be 54 degrees whereas the plain NACA 2412 wing stalled at 20 degrees angle of attack.
在高升力起飞配置中,MAV机翼利用部分扩展的襟翼和板条。翼板和襟翼是安装在机翼上的高升力装置,用于增加升力系数(CL)。板条安装在机翼的前缘,襟翼可以安装在机翼的后缘或前缘。本文在2*105雷诺数条件下,采用CFD分析方法研究了翼弦“c”占翼弦百分比的狭缝尺寸和双狭缝襟翼对MAV NACA 2412的折射率的影响。结果表明,在迎角为4度时,当板条长度为弦c长度的1.7%时,所获得的最大CL值比普通NACA 2412机翼高67.134%。MAV NACA 2412机翼在高升力起飞配置中的失速角被发现为54度,而普通NACA 2412机翼的失速角为20度。
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引用次数: 19
Deflgration to Detonation Transition in Kerosene Pulse Detonation Engine 煤油脉冲爆震发动机的爆燃-爆震过渡
Pub Date : 2013-11-28 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000124
Mayur R Anvekar, Prasad Kallolimath
The kerosene pulse detonation engine is an unsteady propulsive device in which the combustion chamber is periodically filled with a reactive gas mixture, a detonation is initiated, the detonation propagates through the chamber and the product gases are exhausted. The high pressures and resultant momentum flux out of the chamber generate thrust. To get the complete combustion of propellant the kerosene must be atomized at high pressure maintaining constant flow rate. The detonation is achieved here by discretizing the spark with continuous supply of air fuel mixture. The pulse detonation has got high specific impulse and very less specific fuel consumption as compared to other fueled pulse detonation engines. The velocity and pressure at the exit and all the intermittent points inside the tube is studied.
煤油脉冲爆震发动机是一种非定常推进装置,在该装置中,周期性地向燃烧室填充反应性气体混合物,引起爆震,爆震通过燃烧室传播并排出产物气体。高压和由此产生的动量从腔室流出产生推力。为了使推进剂完全燃烧,必须在高压下雾化煤油,并保持恒定的流量。在这里,爆轰是通过连续供应空气燃料混合物来离散火花来实现的。与其他燃料脉冲爆震发动机相比,脉冲爆震具有较高的比冲和极低的比油耗。研究了出口和管内各间歇点的速度和压力。
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引用次数: 0
Hyplane: Challenges for Space Tourism and Business Transportation 超平面:太空旅游和商务运输的挑战
Pub Date : 2013-11-14 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000123
R. Savino, G. Russo, Carandente, D’oriano
In the present work a preliminary study on a small hypersonic airplane for a long duration space tourism mission is presented. It is also consistent with a point-to-point medium range (5000 km) hypersonic trip, in the frame of the “urgent business travel” market segment. Main idea is to transfer technological solutions developed for aeronautical and space atmospheric re-entry systems to the design of such a hypersonic airplane. A winged vehicle characterized by high aerodynamic efficiency and able to maneuver along the flight path, in all aerodynamic regimes encountered, is taken into consideration. Rocket-Based Combined Cycle and Turbine-Based Combined Cycle engines are investigated to ensure higher performances in terms of flight duration and range. Different flight-paths are also considered, including sub-orbital parabolic trajectories and steady state hypersonic cruise. The former, in particular, takes advance of the high aerodynamic efficiency during the unpowered phase, in combination with a periodic engine actuation, to guarantee a long duration oscillating flight path. These trajectories offer Space tourists the opportunity of extended missions, characterized by repeated periods of low-gravity at altitudes high enough to ensure a wide view of the Earth from Space.
本文对用于长时间空间旅游任务的小型高超声速飞机进行了初步研究。在“紧急商务旅行”细分市场的框架下,这也符合点对点中程(5000公里)高超音速旅行。主要思想是将航空和空间大气再入系统的技术解决方案转移到这种高超音速飞机的设计中。考虑了一种具有高气动效率和能够沿飞行路径机动的带翼飞行器在遇到的所有气动状态下的特点。研究了基于火箭的联合循环和基于涡轮的联合循环发动机,以确保在飞行时间和航程方面具有更高的性能。不同的飞行路径也被考虑,包括亚轨道抛物线轨迹和稳态高超声速巡航。特别是前者,在无动力阶段采用了高气动效率,结合周期性发动机驱动,以保证长时间的振荡飞行路径。这些轨道为太空游客提供了延长任务的机会,其特点是在足够高的高度反复进行低重力飞行,以确保从太空中看到地球的广阔视野。
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引用次数: 11
Energy Efficiency Studies of A Morphing Unmanned Aircraft 变形无人机的能源效率研究
Pub Date : 2013-11-07 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000122
J. Vale, F. Lau, A. Suleman
In this paper an analytical model is used for the development of the controls for the optimal longitudinal performances of two small UAV aircraft which differ exclusively on the wing: an optimum Fixed Wing (FWA) and a telescopic and camber varying Morphing Wing (MWA). The aerodynamic data of the two wings is based on previous coupled FEM-CFD work. Both static and dynamic formulations for the longitudinal control are presented and applied to the two aircrafts. The static results show that the MWA has an extended operational range when compared to the FWA with the exception of the rate of climb which is slightly penalized. The dynamic results include the analysis of 128 different missions which include climb-cruise missions and descent missions. The dynamic formulation shows very satisfactory results in optimal control calculation for trajectory tracking. Energy actuation estimates based on the optimal control obtained for the missions are calculated and total mission energy consumption estimates comparisons are presented. The actuation energy estimates show that actuation energy is two orders of magnitude inferior to the engine output.
本文采用解析模型对两种仅在机翼上存在差异的小型无人机:最佳固定翼(FWA)和伸缩变弧度翼(MWA)进行了纵向性能优化控制。机翼的气动数据是基于之前FEM-CFD的耦合工作。提出了纵向控制的静态和动态公式,并对两架飞机进行了应用。静态结果表明,除了爬升速率受到轻微的影响外,MWA比FWA具有更大的工作范围。动力学结果包括对128种不同任务的分析,包括爬升-巡航任务和下降任务。该动力学公式在轨迹跟踪的最优控制计算中取得了令人满意的结果。计算了基于最优控制的各任务的能量驱动估计,并对各任务的总能耗估计进行了比较。对驱动能量的估计表明,驱动能量比发动机输出低两个数量级。
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引用次数: 3
Corrugated Tabs for Subsonic and Sonic Jet Control 用于亚音速和音速射流控制的波纹片
Pub Date : 2013-10-23 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000120
E. Rathakrishnan
Experiments were carried out to study the effect of rectangular tabs of aspect ratio 4, with and without corrugation, on controlling the mixing of subsonic and sonic free jets. The corrugations used in the present investigation were rectangular. The blockage of the tabs without and with corrugation is 4.2% and 3.6%, respectively. The centerline pitot pressure decay for the jets, without control, with plain rectangular tabs, and with corrugated rectangular tabs, revealed that the core length reduction caused by the plain tabs is larger than that by the corrugated tabs, at all the Mach numbers studied. Up to an axial distance of about 22D, the uncontrolled and controlled jets retain their signatures. For the sonic jet, a maximum core length reduction of 32.3% was achieved with the plain tabs, whereas with the corrugated tabs the corresponding reduction was 17.63%.
通过实验研究了长径比为4、带波纹和不带波纹的矩形叶片对亚音速和音速自由射流混合的控制效果。本研究中使用的波纹是矩形的。无波纹片和有波纹片的堵塞率分别为4.2%和3.6%。在所有马赫数下,无控制、平面矩形和波纹矩形叶片的射流中心线皮托管压力衰减表明,在所有马赫数下,平面叶片引起的堆芯长度减小要大于波纹叶片。在大约22D的轴向距离内,不受控制和受控制的射流仍保留着它们的特征。对于声速射流,采用平片可最大减少32.3%的芯长,而采用波纹片可减少17.63%的芯长。
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引用次数: 16
Flight Dynamics and Control of a Vertical Tailless Aircraft 垂直无尾飞行器的飞行动力学与控制
Pub Date : 2013-10-04 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9792.1000119
M. Bras, J. Vale, F. Lau, A. Suleman
The present work aims at studying a new concept of a vertical tailless aircraft provided with a morphing tail solution with the purpose of eliminating the drag and weight created by the vertical tail structure. The solution consists on a rotary horizontal tail with independent left and right halves to serve as control surfaces. Different static scenarios are studied for different tail configurations. The proposed morphing configurations are analyzed in terms of static and dynamic stability and compared with a conventional configuration. The stability derivatives defining the limits of static stability are calculated for the whole range of tail rotation angles. The aircraft’s dynamic model is developed and feedback control systems are implemented. A sideslip suppression system, a heading control system and a speed and altitude hold system are studied for three different configurations, MC1, MC2 and MC3 configurations. Static results show that the aircraft is longitudinally stable for a wide range of tail rotation angles. Variation of tail dihedral and rotation angles are two mechanisms able to maintain directional and lateral stability but only the last is able to produce lateral force and yawing moment. Dynamic stability results demonstrate no spiral nor Dutch-roll modes due to the absence of the vertical stabilizer. The increase in tail rotation produces an appearance of the spiral mode and an unstable Dutch-roll mode that quickly degenerates into two unstable real roots with the increase in tail rotation. The addition of dihedral to the tail increases the stability of the overall modes while decreasing their variation amplitude with the tail rotation. The morphing tail configuration proved to be a feasible control solution to implement in an aircraft such as a small UAV, with the MC1 configuration being the most simple of the three morphing configurations and also the most reliable one.
为了消除垂直尾翼结构产生的阻力和重量,本文研究了一种具有变形尾翼的垂直无尾飞机的新概念。解决方案包括一个旋转水平尾与独立的左右半作为控制面。针对不同的尾翼构型,研究了不同的静态场景。从静态稳定性和动态稳定性两方面分析了所提出的变形构型,并与传统构型进行了比较。在整个尾翼旋转角度范围内,计算了定义静稳定性极限的稳定性导数。建立了飞机的动力学模型,实现了反馈控制系统。研究了MC1、MC2和MC3三种不同构型的侧滑抑制系统、航向控制系统和速度高度保持系统。静力分析结果表明,在较大的尾翼转角范围内,飞机具有较好的纵向稳定性。机尾二面体和机尾转角的变化是机尾保持方向和侧向稳定的两种机制,但只有后者才能产生侧向力和偏航力矩。动态稳定性结果表明,由于没有垂直稳定器,没有螺旋和荷兰滚模式。尾翼旋转的增加产生螺旋模态和不稳定的荷兰滚模态,随着尾翼旋转的增加,荷兰滚模态迅速退化为两个不稳定的实根。尾翼二面体的加入增加了整体模态的稳定性,同时减小了其随尾翼旋转的变化幅度。变形尾翼结构被证明是一种可行的控制方案,可以在小型无人机等飞机上实现,MC1结构是三种变形结构中最简单也是最可靠的一种。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Journal of Aeronautics and Aerospace Engineering
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