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The Knowledge Test Under the CISG - A Global Threefold Distinction of Negligence, Gross Negligence and De Facto Knowledge 《销售公约》下的知识测试——过失、重大过失和事实知识的全球三重区分
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-02 DOI: 10.5195/JLC.2015.98
M. Fogt
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引用次数: 1
The Employee-Lawyer: A Candid Reflection on the True Roles and Responsibilities of in-House Counsel 雇员-律师:对内部法律顾问真实角色和责任的坦诚反思
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-02 DOI: 10.5195/jlc.2015.99
S. Lovett
This article1 is an examination of the variety of real-world roles and characteristics which are the hallmarks of valuable, and well-balanced, inhouse counsel. As the number of employee-lawyers has steadily increased over time, the expectations, needs, demands, and complexities of representing client-companies “in-house” have also increased. The traditional approach to, and the practice of, law leaves significant gaps in the preparedness of lawyers to join in the employee, and executive, ranks of businesses. While a substantial body of literature focuses on specific issues, such as a privilege preservation, or on specific roles or nuances of roles, such as serving as general counsel, few resources discuss the practicalities of an in-house lawyer’s responsibility to make sure his or her contribution to a client-company—combined as legal counsel and as an employee or executive—is valuable, productive, and appropriate. Much of what this article discusses is based on anecdotal experiences and observations. Opinions and experiences may certainly vary, but the fact remains, in-house counsel are increasingly responsible for adding value to, and becoming more involved in the business strategy of, their organizations. This heightened need for employee-lawyers to understand and fulfill roles outside of the mere practice of law means that successful in-house counsel must be willing and able to wear many more hats than an advocate’s wig. * Assistant Professor of Business Law and Ethics, Emporia State University. 1 With permission, certain portions of this article are adapted from a book, authored by Steven Lovett, and published by ABA Publishing. STEVEN L. LOVETT, CORPORATE COUNSEL GUIDES: PRACTICE BASICS (2013). 114 JOURNAL OF LAW AND COMMERCE [Vol. 34:113 Vol. 34, No. 1 (2015) ● ISSN: 2164-7984 (online) ● ISSN 0733-2491 (print) DOI 10.5195/jlc.2015.99 ● http://jlc.law.pitt.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS I. The Increasing Presence of, and the Need for, In-House Counsel ............................................................................................. 115 II. The “Simplicity” of a Single Client .................................................. 119 III. General Counsel ................................................................................ 120 A. Advisor, Counselor, and Pundit ................................................ 121 B. The Managerial Role: “O Captain, My Captain!” ..................... 125 C. Working as an Executive Crewmember .................................... 127 D. Emissary, Agent, and Proxy ...................................................... 131 IV. In-House Counsel .............................................................................. 136 A. Adaptability ............................................................................... 139 B. Dedication ................................................................................. 140 C. Dependability ..................................................................
如果这些数字在2014年保持不变,那么有理由估计,在所有从事“律师”职业的人中,有13%到16%的人担任内部法律顾问:管理和/或受雇于公司的律师这一估计没有考虑到最近内部律师职位的上升趋势由于这个庞大的专业人口,大多数州律师协会,以及美国律师协会,都有专门的委员会和部门来研究公司法的细微差别,或者互换称为“商法”。独立的专业组织也如雨后春笋般涌现,以扩大传统的银行相关机构。公司法律顾问协会致力于“为在公司法律部门执业的律师的专业和商业利益服务”,目前拥有“代表美国和全球85个国家的10,000多家公司的35,000多名内部律师的多元化组合”。《内部法律顾问》是一份月刊,出版于《企业法律顾问协会内部法律顾问简介》(2006年12月),http://www.acc.com/vl/public/Surveys/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=16297&page=/le galresources/resource。cfm&qstring =显示= 16297标题= ACC % 20人口% 20的202006% % 20名内部% 20律师% 20。这是Cogent Research (www.cogentresearch.com)为企业法律顾问协会进行的一次性研究。3这一估计是基于对企业法律顾问协会调查提供的数据(上表,注2)和美国劳工统计局提供的职业图表的比较。参见美国劳工统计局,法律服务行业最大职业(2014年5月),http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/ind_emp_chart/ind_emp_chart.htm(最后访问日期:2015年4月23日)。访谈由John Okray和Diana Li进行,内部法律顾问的招聘和薪酬趋势,联邦律师(2014年3月24日),可在http://www.mlaglobal.com/ community/thought-leadership/ Hiring -and- Compensation - tren- for- internal。例如,参见美国律师协会商法部门的企业法律顾问委员会http://apps.americanbar.org/dch/committee.cfm?com=CL240000或美国律师协会诉讼部门的企业法律顾问委员会http://apps.americanbar.org/litigation/committees/corporate/ about.html。6企业法律顾问协会,会员,http://www.acc.com/membership/faqs.cfm(最后一次访问,2015年3月5日)。116 JOURNAL OF LAW AND COMMERCE [Vol. 34:13 13 Vol. 34, No. 1(2015)●ISSN: 2164-7984 (online)●ISSN 0733-2491 (print) DOI 10.5195/jlc.2015.99●http://jlc.law.pitt.edu专供内部法律顾问使用,”发行量4万份,包括首席法律官、副总裁和总法律顾问商业世界正变得越来越复杂。为了保持竞争力和发展,公司面临着一系列令人眼花缭乱的挑战:就业问题、监管合规、诉讼风险、交易问题和关系、多司法管辖区利益、知识产权、媒体关系,以及不断发展、很少满足的需求方消费者。律师日益成为这种环境中的关键参与者,企业比以往任何时候都更加认识到获得和留住称职、有效和高效的法律顾问的战略重要性许多企业已经采取了内部化律师的措施,聘请内部法律顾问加入他们的管理和运营团队,并将他们纳入公司的决策矩阵2007年,史蒂夫·乔布斯,苹果的标志性的创始人,是很难找到人来构建合适的法律部门在苹果公司(Apple Inc .),他发现丹尼尔·库珀曼当时甲骨文公司的法律总顾问Corporation.10一旦库普曼先生开店在苹果(祝福的拉里·埃里森,甲骨文)的首席执行官,他领导的方式建立一个法律部门,现在“整体公司的3000亿美元——保护其签名标志和7,INSIDECOUNSEL, http://www.insidecounsel.com/pages/aboutus.php(上次访问于2015年3月5日)。公司法律顾问协会(Association of Corporate Counsel)的“首席法律官2016年调查”(Chief Legal officer 2016 Survey)中的一段评论提供了一个大致的概念,说明有多少律师担任内部法律顾问。行政协调会将自己描述为“为85个国家的1万多个组织的4万多名公司律师提供服务的领导组织”。ACC首席法律官2016年调查1(企业法律顾问协会编辑,ACC 2016), http://www.acc.com/vl/public/Surveys/loader .cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=1422254&page=/legalresources/resource。cfm&qstring=show= 1422254&title=ACC%20Chief%20Legal%20Officer%20CLO%202016%20Survey%20%20Executive %20Summary&recorded=1(最后访问日期为2016年2月5日)。 该报告还反映了2015年“内部律师职位的显著增长(超过10%)”。Id。在31日。
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引用次数: 1
Farmers’ Market Fraud: California’s Approach and What It Means for Farmers’ Market Regulation 农贸市场欺诈:加州的做法及其对农贸市场监管的意义
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-02 DOI: 10.5195/JLC.2015.88
Nathan J. Marketich
The United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) defines a farmers’ market as “a multi-stall market at which farmer-producers sell agricultural products directly to the general public at a central or fixed location, particularly fresh fruit and vegetables (but also meat products, dairy products, and/or grains).” [1] The recent resurgence in the popularity of farmers’ markets represents a return to days past where local producers were the predominant source for fresh produce and agricultural goods. With the most farmers’ markets of any state, [2] California has a large interest in the success of its farmers’ markets. In furtherance of this interest, California endeavors to protect its farmers’ markets from fraud. [3] Prior to 2015, California had one of the strictest farmers’ market regulatory programs in the United States. [4] Even so, the California legislature decided that more needed to be done in order to prevent farmers’ market fraud and on September 26, 2014 enacted Assembly Bill 1871 (“A.B. 1871”). [5] The primary function of this Note is to analyze A.B. 1871 and develop an understanding of the California model for regulation of farmers’ markets. This model will be compared to the approaches taken by New York and Michigan (states with the second and third most farmers’ markets) [6] to develop a greater understanding of the various approaches to farmers’ market regulation. The goal of this Note is to serve as a policy guide for farmers’ market regulation. Following this introduction, this Note will proceed in six parts. Part I will discuss the recent history of farmers’ markets with a particular emphasis on the economic and social impact that farmers’ markets have on the communities in which they operate. Part II addresses the nature of farmers’ market fraud and some general ways that states and farmers’ market vendors and operators combat fraud. Part III will provide a comprehensive analysis of A.B. 1871 and its components. Part IV will provide a comparative analysis of the regulatory approaches taken by New York and Michigan. Part V outlines four general factors for states to consider before enacting statewide regulations for farmers’ markets. Finally, Part VI concludes with guidance on state policy regarding regulation of farmers’ markets. [1] What is a Farmers’ Market? , USDA Food & Nutrition Serv., (May 27, 2015), http://www.fns.usda.gov/ebt/what-farmers-market. This Note will adhere to this definition of “farmers’ market,” and any reference to “farmers’ market,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is intended to reference this definition. [2] National Farmers Market Directory , USDA Agric. Mktg. Serv., http://search.ams.usda.gov/farmersmarkets/ (last visited February 1, 2015). As of January 2015, California had over 760 farmers’ markets registered with the USDA. The USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service (“AMS”) collects farmers’ market information and numbers through voluntarily submitted data. Id. [3] For the purposes of this N
美国农业部(“USDA”)将农贸市场定义为“农民生产者在中心或固定地点直接向公众出售农产品的多摊位市场,特别是新鲜水果和蔬菜(也包括肉类产品、乳制品和/或谷物)。”[1]最近,农贸市场重新流行起来,这代表着一种回归,过去,当地生产者是新鲜农产品和农产品的主要来源。加州拥有全美最多的农贸市场[2],因此农贸市场的成功与加州有着很大的利害关系。为了促进这一利益,加州努力保护其农贸市场免受欺诈。[3] 2015年之前,加州拥有美国最严格的农贸市场监管计划之一。[4]尽管如此,加州立法机构还是决定采取更多措施防止农贸市场欺诈,并于2014年9月26日颁布了第1871号议会法案(“A.B.”)1871”)。[5]本文的主要功能是分析A.B. 1871法案,并加深对加州农贸市场监管模式的理解。该模型将与纽约州和密歇根州(农贸市场第二和第三多的州)采取的方法进行比较[6],以更好地理解农贸市场监管的各种方法。本说明的目的是为农贸市场监管提供政策指导。在这个介绍之后,本文将分为六个部分。第一部分将讨论农贸市场的近代史,特别强调农贸市场对其经营所在社区的经济和社会影响。第二部分阐述了农贸市场欺诈的性质以及各州和农贸市场供应商和经营者打击欺诈的一些一般方法。第三部分将对A.B. 1871及其组成部分进行全面分析。第四部分将对纽约州和密歇根州采取的监管方法进行比较分析。第五部分概述了各州在制定全州农贸市场法规之前要考虑的四个一般因素。最后,第六部分总结了关于农贸市场监管的国家政策指导。[1]什么是农贸市场?,美国农业部食品与营养服务部,(2015年5月27日),http://www.fns.usda.gov/ebt/what-farmers-market。本说明将遵循“农贸市场”的定义,除非另有明确说明,否则任何提及“农贸市场”的内容均旨在引用此定义。[2]《全国农贸市场目录》,美国农业部农业部。Mktg。Serv., http://search.ams.usda.gov/farmersmarkets/(最后访问日期:2015年2月1日)。截至2015年1月,加州有超过760个农贸市场在美国农业部注册。美国农业部的农业营销服务(AMS)通过自愿提交的数据收集农贸市场信息和数字。Id。[3]就本说明而言,农贸市场“欺诈”指的是小贩出售并非自己生产、栽培或收获的商品,以及/或小贩谎称商品来自当地。第二部分对农贸市场欺诈的性质进行了探讨。[4]刘志强,《中国农产品市场监管现状与对策》,《中国农业科学》第26卷,第3期(2013-2014)。[5]中国科学院学报,2014。,注册。税。(卡尔。2014)。[6]《全国农贸市场目录》,上注2。
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引用次数: 0
Experiential Education Through the Vis Moot 通过虚拟现实进行体验式教育
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-02 DOI: 10.5195/JLC.2015.97
Eric E. Bergsten
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引用次数: 0
United States v. Morrison 15 Years Later: How the Supreme Court's Disjointed Adjudication of Commerce Clause Legislation Opens a Back Door to Restoring Federal Civil Recourse for Certain Victims of Gender-Based Violence 15年后的美国诉莫里森案:最高法院对商业条款立法的脱节裁决如何为某些基于性别的暴力受害者恢复联邦民事追索权打开了后门
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2016-03-02 DOI: 10.5195/jlc.2015.94
Anne M. Schober
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引用次数: 0
Employing One's "Talents": The Power of Innovative Bond Transactions to Finance Catholic Nonprofits 运用自己的“才能”:创新债券交易为天主教非营利组织融资的力量
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-02 DOI: 10.5195/jlc.2015.84
C. Blain
This article discusses such new and innovative methods of bond financing that utilize unique security devices and repayment techniques in order to provide financing to nonprofit entities that otherwise would not have had access to capital on favorable terms. In Part I, this article will discuss how Catholic conduit mortgage bonds compare to more common municipal bonds, the specific terms of Conduit Mortgage Bonds, and offer a case study intended to demonstrate the mechanics of these bonds. Part II will discuss the comparative advantages of the Endowment Funding Program, explain the role of bond financing in the Program, and provide another case study. Part III will explain how the LIFT Bond Program is being used to facilitate structured giving—again with a focus on the role of bond financing as part of the Program—and analyze its role as one component in the larger Endowment Funding Program. Finally, Part IV will discuss the newest developments in the realm of Catholic conduit mortgage bonds.
本文讨论了这种新的和创新的债券融资方法,它利用独特的安全装置和偿还技术,为非营利实体提供融资,否则这些实体将无法以优惠的条件获得资金。在第一部分中,本文将讨论天主教导管抵押债券与更常见的市政债券的比较,导管抵押债券的具体条款,并提供一个案例研究,旨在展示这些债券的机制。第二部分将讨论捐赠基金计划的比较优势,解释债券融资在该计划中的作用,并提供另一个案例研究。第三部分将解释如何利用LIFT债券计划促进结构性捐赠——再次强调债券融资作为该计划的一部分的作用——并分析其作为更大的捐赠基金计划的一个组成部分的作用。最后,第四部分将讨论天主教管道抵押债券领域的最新发展。
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引用次数: 0
Retail Therapy: How a Trip to the Store Can Make You Feel Better in the Evolving Health Care Landscape Created by the Affordable Care Act 零售疗法:在平价医疗法案创造的不断发展的医疗保健环境中,去商店购物如何让你感觉更好
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-02 DOI: 10.5195/jlc.2015.81
C. Liba
As the ACA expands Medicaid eligibility by creating a national Medicaid minimum eligibility level of 133% of the federal poverty level and requires U.S. citizens to purchase health insurance as a result of the individual mandate, the shortage of primary care physicians will become painfully apparent for those seeking treatment. As a result, many health policy analysts and lawmakers are examining the potential ability of retail health clinics (RHCs) to address the consequences of primary care physician shortages in the United States, among other deficiencies in the provision of health care.
随着《平价医疗法案》扩大医疗补助资格,将全国医疗补助最低资格标准设定为联邦贫困水平的133%,并要求美国公民根据个人强制要求购买医疗保险,初级保健医生的短缺对那些寻求治疗的人来说将变得痛苦而明显。因此,许多卫生政策分析家和立法者正在审查零售卫生诊所(RHCs)的潜在能力,以解决美国初级保健医生短缺的后果,以及提供卫生保健的其他缺陷。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Corruption on the Developing World: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, International Commerce and Africa 腐败对发展中国家的影响:《反海外腐败法》、国际商业和非洲
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-07-02 DOI: 10.5195/JLC.2015.82
Nellie R. Dunderdale
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) demonstrates the United States’ commitment to fight against bribery and corruption and the FCPA has had a substantial impact on commerce between organizations in the United States and the developing word.
《反海外腐败法》表明了美国打击贿赂和腐败的承诺,《反海外腐败法》对美国与发展中国家组织之间的商业往来产生了重大影响。
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引用次数: 2
Stretching the Twenty-First Amendment Beyond Its Limit: A Critique of S. Wine & Spirits of Am., Inc. v. Div. of Alcohol & Tobacco Control 将第二十一修正案延伸到其极限之外:对美国葡萄酒和Am酒的批评。公司诉酒精和烟草控制部案
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-04-21 DOI: 10.5195/JLC.2014.77
Kevin Green
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引用次数: 0
Amazon, or the Modern Prometheus: How the Kindle is Firing Up a Reading Revolution, and Why the Status Quo is Resisting 亚马逊,或现代普罗米修斯:Kindle如何引发阅读革命,以及为什么现状是抗拒的
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2015-04-21 DOI: 10.5195/JLC.2014.76
Stanley Joseph Konoval
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce
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