Kristine Micheletti, William D. Aguado, P. Ndiaye, J. Pruetz
Chimpanzees use tools extensively, but tool-assisted hunting has been reported at only two sites thus far. Systematic tool-assisted hunting has only been recorded at the Fongoli site in Senegal, where hundreds of cases have been recorded of chimpanzees using tools to hunt bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) prey. Here, we report a putative case of tool-assisted hunting at the Bantan study site in southeastern Senegal, based on indirect evidence of tools and tool-making traces in a context similar to that observed at neighboring Fongoli chimpanzee community. If our interpretations are correct, the simplest explanation is that Fongoli females have dispersed to this neighboring community, bringing with them the behavior of tool-assisted hunting. However, the persistence and frequency of tool-assisted hunting at other sites in Senegal is still unknown. Tool-assisted hunting in the Bantan chimpanzee community would present only the third such known site for such behavior among wild chimpanzees thus far.
{"title":"Indirect evidence of tool-assisted hunting in the Bantan chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) community in southeastern Senegal savanna-woodlands","authors":"Kristine Micheletti, William D. Aguado, P. Ndiaye, J. Pruetz","doi":"10.5134/274453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/274453","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Chimpanzees use tools extensively, but tool-assisted hunting has been reported at only two sites thus far. Systematic tool-assisted hunting has only been recorded at the Fongoli site in Senegal, where hundreds of cases have been recorded of chimpanzees using tools to hunt bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) prey. Here, we report a putative case of tool-assisted hunting at the Bantan study site in southeastern Senegal, based on indirect evidence of tools and tool-making traces in a context similar to that observed at neighboring Fongoli chimpanzee community. If our interpretations are correct, the simplest explanation is that Fongoli females have dispersed to this neighboring community, bringing with them the behavior of tool-assisted hunting. However, the persistence and frequency of tool-assisted hunting at other sites in Senegal is still unknown. Tool-assisted hunting in the Bantan chimpanzee community would present only the third such known site for such behavior among wild chimpanzees thus far.\u0000","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133585167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sociosexual behaviors such as mounting and genital touch have been extensively reported in chimpanzees. However, there are a small number of reported cases of fellatio, with only a few cases between captive juveniles or adult males. In this study, fellatio from a non-estrus adult female to an adult male holding bushpig meat were observed for the first time. After a series of sociosexual behaviors including fellatio, the meat was shared through begging behavior from the female to the male, suggesting that the series of displayed sociosexual behaviors may have occurred to reduce tension, so that the female could then make a smooth transition to begging behaviors. In addition, the fact that fellatio displayed between male and female in a context similar to previously reported cases of fellatio between adult males suggests that the social bond-strengthening effect of fellatio can also function between an adult male and female.
{"title":"First observation of fellatio by a wild non-estrus adult female chimpanzee on an adult male, and subsequent meat sharing in Mahale","authors":"Kenichiro Hikida","doi":"10.5134/274454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/274454","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sociosexual behaviors such as mounting and genital touch have been extensively reported in chimpanzees. However, there are a small number of reported cases of fellatio, with only a few cases between captive juveniles or adult males. In this study, fellatio from a non-estrus adult female to an adult male holding bushpig meat were observed for the first time. After a series of sociosexual behaviors including fellatio, the meat was shared through begging behavior from the female to the male, suggesting that the series of displayed sociosexual behaviors may have occurred to reduce tension, so that the female could then make a smooth transition to begging behaviors. In addition, the fact that fellatio displayed between male and female in a context similar to previously reported cases of fellatio between adult males suggests that the social bond-strengthening effect of fellatio can also function between an adult male and female.\u0000","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117168790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MWCS under COVID-19 crisis","authors":"K. Hosaka","doi":"10.5134/274455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/274455","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132940428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-lethal handling of a captured duiker by a bonobo (Pan paniscus) at Wamba: Implications for prey image in bonobos","authors":"Takumasa Yokoyama","doi":"10.5134/265353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/265353","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129606742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
8 INTRODUCTION Besides humans, self-stimulation of the genitalia (masturbation) has been documented in many primate species (Dixson 2012; Thomsen & Sommer 2017). Although masturbation by captive nonhuman primates is sometimes considered abnormal or, at least, undesirable behaviour (e.g., Mallapur & Choudhury 2003), masturbation also occurs under natural conditions and may represent a phylogenetically ancient and widespread trait in primates (Thomsen & Sommer 2017). Several studies have reported masturbation in wild male primates living in multimale–multifemale groups where sperm competition occurs (e.g., Temminck’s red colobus, Piliocolobus badius temminckii; Starin 2004; Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata; Thomsen & Soltis 2004; rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta; Dubuc et al. 2013). While the hypothesis that male masturbation functions to increase sperm quality (Baker & Bellis 1993) received support in one study of Japanese macaques (Thomsen & Soltis 2004), masturbation leading to ejaculation was observed rather rarely in most reports, suggesting alternative explanations require consideration (Starin 2004; Dubuc et al. 2013). In chimpanzees, masturbation occurs commonly in captive settings where it has been linked to restricted rearing, which can impede development of speciestypical social and sexual behaviour (Kollar et al. 1968; Rogers & Davenport 1969; Lopresti-Goodman et al. 2013). Masturbation by captive chimpanzees is performed by hand, foot or mouth, against a cage wall or screen, or sometimes using a manipulable object (Shefferly & Fritz 1992). In the wild, object-assisted masturbation occurs in male long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), which stimulate their genitals using stones (Cenni et al. 2020). Such self-directed employment of a manipulable object meets the criteria of an animal ‘tool’ (Shumaker et al. 2011). In contrast to captivity, masturbation appears to be rare among male chimpanzees in the wild. Male chimpanzees of all ages at Gombe and Mahale, Tanzania, manipulated (or ‘fumbled’ or ‘fiddled’ with) their erect penises occasionally, but this was never observed to lead to ejaculation (van Lawick-Goodall 1968; Nishida 1997). Recently, Nakamura (2018) described an infant chimpanzee at Mahale ‘copulating’ with a discarded fruit wadge, which was likened to a ‘sex toy’. Besides this, there seem to be no other reports of wild male chimpanzees using manipulable objects as tools in sexual behaviour. We observed a wild subadult male chimpanzee at Bulindi, Uganda, using a novel human object—a discarded plastic bottle—as a masturbatory tool. While anecdotal (Ramsay & Teichroeb 2019), this unusual observation raises questions about the function of masturbation in male chimpanzees, and contributes to an understanding of the range in behavioural responses of wild apes to novel objects.
除人类外，许多灵长类动物也有生殖器自我刺激(手淫)的记录(Dixson 2012;Thomsen & Sommer 2017)。尽管圈养的非人类灵长类动物的手淫有时被认为是不正常的，或者至少是不受欢迎的行为(例如，Mallapur & Choudhury 2003)，但手淫也会在自然条件下发生，可能代表了灵长类动物中一种古老而普遍的特征(Thomsen & Sommer 2017)。一些研究报告了生活在多雌多雄群体中的野生雄性灵长类动物的自慰行为，这些群体中存在精子竞争(例如，Temminck的红疣猴，Piliocolobus badius temminckii;Starin 2004;日本猕猴;Thomsen & Soltis 2004;恒河猴，猕猴;Dubuc et al. 2013)。虽然男性手淫可以提高精子质量的假设(Baker & Bellis 1993)在一项日本猕猴研究中得到了支持(Thomsen & Soltis 2004)，但在大多数报告中很少观察到手淫导致射精，这表明需要考虑其他解释(Starin 2004;Dubuc et al. 2013)。在黑猩猩中，手淫通常发生在圈养环境中，这与受到限制的饲养有关，这可能阻碍特有的社会和性行为的发展(Kollar等人，1968;Rogers & Davenport 1969;lopret - goodman et al. 2013)。被囚禁的黑猩猩通过手、脚或嘴对着笼子的墙壁或屏风进行自慰，有时也会使用可操纵的物体(Shefferly & Fritz 1992)。在野外，雄性长尾猕猴(Macaca fascicularis)会进行物体辅助手淫，它们会用石头刺激生殖器(Cenni et al. 2020)。这种对可操纵物体的自主使用符合动物“工具”的标准(Shumaker et al. 2011)。与圈养相比，野生雄性黑猩猩似乎很少自慰。在坦桑尼亚的贡贝和马哈尔，所有年龄段的雄性黑猩猩偶尔会操纵(或“摸索”或“摆弄”)它们勃起的阴茎，但这从未被观察到导致射精(van lawwick - goodall 1968;Nishida 1997)。最近，Nakamura(2018)描述了马哈尔的一只婴儿黑猩猩与一个废弃的水果wagge“交配”，这被比作“性玩具”。除此之外，似乎没有其他关于野生雄性黑猩猩使用可操纵的物体作为性行为工具的报道。我们在乌干达布林迪观察到一只野生的亚成年雄性黑猩猩，它使用一种新的人类物品——一个废弃的塑料瓶——作为手淫的工具。虽然这是轶事(Ramsay & Teichroeb 2019)，但这一不寻常的观察结果引发了人们对雄性黑猩猩自慰功能的质疑，并有助于理解野生猿类对新物体的行为反应范围。
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{"title":"Chimpanzees digging up termites: A problematic but persisting issue","authors":"W. McGrew","doi":"10.5134/265352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/265352","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114403752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Krief, C. Couturier, Julie Bonnald, J. Okimat, Asalu Edward, Jean-Michel Krief
{"title":"COVID-19 and chimpanzees from a field perspective: Mitigation measures, ecological and economical situation after four months in Sebitoli, Kibale National Park, Uganda","authors":"S. Krief, C. Couturier, Julie Bonnald, J. Okimat, Asalu Edward, Jean-Michel Krief","doi":"10.5134/261166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/261166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114428634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
24 When the editor-inchief of PAN contacted me to review this book, I was somewhat hesitant. This was not because I was uninterested, but because it takes me a signif icant amount of t ime to read through a 352-page academic book in English. The reading process actually took three weeks, not simply because of my modest English ability, but also because the book contained rather intricate philosophical discussions referring to Rousseau, Heidegger, Merleau‒Ponty, etc. Nonetheless, I felt compelled to finish because the book’s theme is quite relevant to my own research and many of the people mentioned in the text are familiar to me. In brief, this book is an ethnography of “cultural primatologists” studying chimpanzees. Two famous primatologists, one from Europe and another from Japan, are the main figures of the book, although many other supporting individuals appear at relevant points. These two eminent scholars differ in various ways, which readers will learn in detail from the book, but I would like to highlight their commonalities. First, both study western subspecies of chimpanzees, field studies of which started later than those of eastern subspecies. Second, both belong to academic institutions where they were able to delve entirely into research, avoiding the need to devote time to undergraduate teaching. Third, the two were heads of their respective institutions while also conducting their own research projects (so, they have long been “alpha males!”). Fourth, their research teams are highly international in terms of membership. I draw attention to these points as I think they can affect the behaviors of researchers in the same way as the leaders’ regional or cultural origins. The descriptions of these two stalwarts by Langlitz were quite interesting and useful. Being Japanese myself, I was more familiar with the situation in Japan, but discovered a great deal from accounts of the Max Planck team. For example, it was interesting to learn of the very refined hygiene measures taken at the field site, the important role of a specialized statistician at the institute, the overhabituation problem of chimpanzees, and the tendency for students to rely exclusively on electronic devices to take data and even to read e-books in the forest (though this last point may be more of a generational difference than a cultural one), etc. Perhaps Western readers can learn likewise from descriptions of the Japanese side. The aim of this book is not just to describe the behaviors of two human alpha males, of course. By going into the field sites and laboratories of these primatologists, Langlitz’s ultimate aim is to understand the reflections of “cultural primatologists” from the viewpoint of cultural anthropology. While Langlitz is well aware that his observations are “very much skewed toward the researchers who allowed me” (p. 12), he looks more broadly at the controversy over whether or not chimpanzees have cultures by comparing the backgrounds of “field stu
{"title":"Chimpanzee Culture Wars: Rethinking Human Nature alongside Japanese, European, and American Cultural Primatologists By Nicolas Langlitz","authors":"Michio Nakamura","doi":"10.5134/265355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/265355","url":null,"abstract":"24 When the editor-inchief of PAN contacted me to review this book, I was somewhat hesitant. This was not because I was uninterested, but because it takes me a signif icant amount of t ime to read through a 352-page academic book in English. The reading process actually took three weeks, not simply because of my modest English ability, but also because the book contained rather intricate philosophical discussions referring to Rousseau, Heidegger, Merleau‒Ponty, etc. Nonetheless, I felt compelled to finish because the book’s theme is quite relevant to my own research and many of the people mentioned in the text are familiar to me. In brief, this book is an ethnography of “cultural primatologists” studying chimpanzees. Two famous primatologists, one from Europe and another from Japan, are the main figures of the book, although many other supporting individuals appear at relevant points. These two eminent scholars differ in various ways, which readers will learn in detail from the book, but I would like to highlight their commonalities. First, both study western subspecies of chimpanzees, field studies of which started later than those of eastern subspecies. Second, both belong to academic institutions where they were able to delve entirely into research, avoiding the need to devote time to undergraduate teaching. Third, the two were heads of their respective institutions while also conducting their own research projects (so, they have long been “alpha males!”). Fourth, their research teams are highly international in terms of membership. I draw attention to these points as I think they can affect the behaviors of researchers in the same way as the leaders’ regional or cultural origins. The descriptions of these two stalwarts by Langlitz were quite interesting and useful. Being Japanese myself, I was more familiar with the situation in Japan, but discovered a great deal from accounts of the Max Planck team. For example, it was interesting to learn of the very refined hygiene measures taken at the field site, the important role of a specialized statistician at the institute, the overhabituation problem of chimpanzees, and the tendency for students to rely exclusively on electronic devices to take data and even to read e-books in the forest (though this last point may be more of a generational difference than a cultural one), etc. Perhaps Western readers can learn likewise from descriptions of the Japanese side. The aim of this book is not just to describe the behaviors of two human alpha males, of course. By going into the field sites and laboratories of these primatologists, Langlitz’s ultimate aim is to understand the reflections of “cultural primatologists” from the viewpoint of cultural anthropology. While Langlitz is well aware that his observations are “very much skewed toward the researchers who allowed me” (p. 12), he looks more broadly at the controversy over whether or not chimpanzees have cultures by comparing the backgrounds of “field stu","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125304862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tackling the COVID-19 crisis to create a new era for chimpanzee research and conservation","authors":"K. Hosaka","doi":"10.5134/261165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/261165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134465071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of bonobo tourism in the Lomako Yokokala Faunal Reserve, the Democratic Republic of the Congo","authors":"Tetsuya Sakamaki, Cléo Mashini, J. Dupain","doi":"10.5134/261167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5134/261167","url":null,"abstract":"2","PeriodicalId":358068,"journal":{"name":"Pan Africa News","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114861199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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