Pub Date : 2019-09-11DOI: 10.31857/s0435-42812019391-101
O. Shilova, О С Шилова, F. A. Romanenko, Ф А Романенко, V. Kolka, В В Колька, D. Denisov, Дмитрий Борисович Денисов
The article presents the results of diatom analysis of bottom sediment cores of Lake Shchuchye located in the northern part of the Khibiny Mountains. Data of radiocarbon dating of lacustrine sediments and comparison with previously published sections of lake sediments in the Kola Peninsula suggest that the accumulation of sediments in Shchuchye Lake began during the final stages of deglaciation in the early Holocene and continued uninterruptedly until the present time. Changes in the composition of diatom associations in sediments reflect alterations in the hydrodynamic regime of the lake associated with the isolation from the Goltsovoye Lake, influence of Kunyok River runoff, evolution of vegetation and weathering processes in the catchment area. We used concentration, variety and composition of species and distinguished 8 separate zones of diatoms. Climate changes in the Holocene are reflected directly in the change of the percentage of indicator species, and indirectly through changes in pH, etc. The early Holocene rise of temperature began in this region later than in the sea coastal area. It may reflect the pecularities of deglaciation, namely — late melting of alpine glaciers. Along with the evolutionary environmental changes some catastrophic events are reflected in the sediments of the Shchuchye Lake. For example, in early stages, there the yield of big quantity of terrigenous deposits into the lake was revealed produced by mud flows and erosion from slopes covered by scarce vegetation at that time. Mudflow processes probably led to the formation of a clear interlayer of terrigenous material in the biogenic sediments in the upper part of the section.
{"title":"Holocene environmental changes in the Northern Khibiny mountains (Kola Peninsula) inferred by diatom analysis of lake sediments","authors":"O. Shilova, О С Шилова, F. A. Romanenko, Ф А Романенко, V. Kolka, В В Колька, D. Denisov, Дмитрий Борисович Денисов","doi":"10.31857/s0435-42812019391-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0435-42812019391-101","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of diatom analysis of bottom sediment cores of Lake Shchuchye located in the northern part of the Khibiny Mountains. Data of radiocarbon dating of lacustrine sediments and comparison with previously published sections of lake sediments in the Kola Peninsula suggest that the accumulation of sediments in Shchuchye Lake began during the final stages of deglaciation in the early Holocene and continued uninterruptedly until the present time. Changes in the composition of diatom associations in sediments reflect alterations in the hydrodynamic regime of the lake associated with the isolation from the Goltsovoye Lake, influence of Kunyok River runoff, evolution of vegetation and weathering processes in the catchment area. We used concentration, variety and composition of species and distinguished 8 separate zones of diatoms. Climate changes in the Holocene are reflected directly in the change of the percentage of indicator species, and indirectly through changes in pH, etc. The early Holocene rise of temperature began in this region later than in the sea coastal area. It may reflect the pecularities of deglaciation, namely — late melting of alpine glaciers. Along with the evolutionary environmental changes some catastrophic events are reflected in the sediments of the Shchuchye Lake. For example, in early stages, there the yield of big quantity of terrigenous deposits into the lake was revealed produced by mud flows and erosion from slopes covered by scarce vegetation at that time. Mudflow processes probably led to the formation of a clear interlayer of terrigenous material in the biogenic sediments in the upper part of the section.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42895632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-11DOI: 10.31857/s0435-42812019346-56
N. Koronkevich, Н.И. Коронкевич, S. Dolgov, С.В. Долгов
On the example of a southern part of the Russian Plain the surface slope runoff, the runoff from the hydrographic network and snow melt river runoff are considered. Based on the analysis of the data by water balance stations and the correlation of surface slope runoff values from different lands to the zonal river runoff value, the zonal values of the spring surface slope flow from separate lands located on loam and sandy loam soils are determined. Within agricultural lands there are fall plowed fields and non-plowed in autumn (stubble, layland, winter crops, perennial grasses). By the beginning of the spring flood, the soil at autumn-plowed fields is loosened and reduces the runoff, while on the fields that were not plowed in the autumn soil is compacted. In addition, the microtopography created by autumn plowing also contributes to the runoff reduction. The smallest surface slope runoff occurs under the forest. Differences in runoff increase in the direction from the southern part of the forest zone to the steppe areas. Taking into account the land composition and the mechanical composition of the soils, the weighted average values of the surface slope runoff were obtained for the period of the long-time average annual flow calculation (late 19th century and early 1960s). It is shown that subsequently there was a decrease in the spring surface slope runoff, initially as a result of the autumn plowing increase, and more recently, mainly as a result of changes in meteorological conditions, especially during the cold season (air temperature rising, frequent thaws, increased infiltration). In the overall structure of the spring river flood, along with a decrease in the share of surface slope runoff, the share of surface runoff formed in the hydrographic network increases, and especially the flow of infiltration origin (verhovodka and underground runoff). In the steppe zone the structure of river flow has changed most significantly.
{"title":"On the hydrological role of the relief in the southern part of the Russian plain","authors":"N. Koronkevich, Н.И. Коронкевич, S. Dolgov, С.В. Долгов","doi":"10.31857/s0435-42812019346-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0435-42812019346-56","url":null,"abstract":"On the example of a southern part of the Russian Plain the surface slope runoff, the runoff from the hydrographic network and snow melt river runoff are considered. Based on the analysis of the data by water balance stations and the correlation of surface slope runoff values from different lands to the zonal river runoff value, the zonal values of the spring surface slope flow from separate lands located on loam and sandy loam soils are determined. Within agricultural lands there are fall plowed fields and non-plowed in autumn (stubble, layland, winter crops, perennial grasses). By the beginning of the spring flood, the soil at autumn-plowed fields is loosened and reduces the runoff, while on the fields that were not plowed in the autumn soil is compacted. In addition, the microtopography created by autumn plowing also contributes to the runoff reduction. The smallest surface slope runoff occurs under the forest. Differences in runoff increase in the direction from the southern part of the forest zone to the steppe areas. Taking into account the land composition and the mechanical composition of the soils, the weighted average values of the surface slope runoff were obtained for the period of the long-time average annual flow calculation (late 19th century and early 1960s). It is shown that subsequently there was a decrease in the spring surface slope runoff, initially as a result of the autumn plowing increase, and more recently, mainly as a result of changes in meteorological conditions, especially during the cold season (air temperature rising, frequent thaws, increased infiltration). In the overall structure of the spring river flood, along with a decrease in the share of surface slope runoff, the share of surface runoff formed in the hydrographic network increases, and especially the flow of infiltration origin (verhovodka and underground runoff). In the steppe zone the structure of river flow has changed most significantly.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41812081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-11DOI: 10.31857/s0435-42812019368-82
А. Pasynkov, Андрей Александрович Пасынков, B. A. Vakhrushev, Б А Вахрушев
The principles of morphostructural zoning are presented on the example of the North-West of the Black Sea. Research techniques and criteria for distinguishing the morphostructural regions are discussed. In the morphostructural province of the Black Sea the following subprovinces were identified: shelf under conditions of active and passive wave action, continental slope with non-wave accumulation, deep-sea depression. Fragment of the map of morphostructural zoning of the North-West of the Black Sea at 1:500 000 scale is presented. Main morphogenetic types of morphostructures of the shelf, continental slope and deep sea basin of the Black sea are given. The characteristics of the selected morphostructural taxa are described.
{"title":"Factors and criteria of the morphostructural zoning and the main types of morphostructures of the North-West of the Black Sea","authors":"А. Pasynkov, Андрей Александрович Пасынков, B. A. Vakhrushev, Б А Вахрушев","doi":"10.31857/s0435-42812019368-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0435-42812019368-82","url":null,"abstract":"The principles of morphostructural zoning are presented on the example of the North-West of the Black Sea. Research techniques and criteria for distinguishing the morphostructural regions are discussed. In the morphostructural province of the Black Sea the following subprovinces were identified: shelf under conditions of active and passive wave action, continental slope with non-wave accumulation, deep-sea depression. Fragment of the map of morphostructural zoning of the North-West of the Black Sea at 1:500 000 scale is presented. Main morphogenetic types of morphostructures of the shelf, continental slope and deep sea basin of the Black sea are given. The characteristics of the selected morphostructural taxa are described.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44817504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-11DOI: 10.31857/s0435-428120193102-112
V. Chichagov, В П Чичагов
Academician A. A. Grigoriev was the acknowledged creator of the theory of physical-geographical process, of the role of the ratio of heat and moisture in the formation of vegetation zones of the Earth, many theoretical issues of physical geography, etc. At the beginning of his scientific activity, A. A. Grigoriev was a talented geomorphologist. His scientific interests were unusually broad, he developed the theory and practice of physical geography, regional geography, paleogeography, economic geography, climatology and geomorphology, history of science. He was a talented geomorphologist and prominent organizer of geomorphological science in our country in the first half of the 20th century.
{"title":"Andrey Aleksandrovich Grigoryev (1883–1968) — prominent geomorphologist and organizer of geomorphology in the USSR in 1920–1930s","authors":"V. Chichagov, В П Чичагов","doi":"10.31857/s0435-428120193102-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s0435-428120193102-112","url":null,"abstract":"Academician A. A. Grigoriev was the acknowledged creator of the theory of physical-geographical process, of the role of the ratio of heat and moisture in the formation of vegetation zones of the Earth, many theoretical issues of physical geography, etc. At the beginning of his scientific activity, A. A. Grigoriev was a talented geomorphologist. His scientific interests were unusually broad, he developed the theory and practice of physical geography, regional geography, paleogeography, economic geography, climatology and geomorphology, history of science. He was a talented geomorphologist and prominent organizer of geomorphological science in our country in the first half of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41995966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.31857/S0435-42812019257-67
I. Abdullaeva, И В Абдуллаева, A. Bredikhin, А В Бредихин
The article presents a methodological approach to assessing the geomorphological safety of sea coasts based on the close interdependence between geomorphological conditions and active coastal recreational activities. One of the key stages of the proposed assessment is recreational-geomorphological zoning, which results in separation of regions, districts and local areas in relation to relief homogeneity and recreational situation. The suggested approach is based on the quantitative indicators of the environment — conditions of relief formation and the geomorphological properties of the territory. Group of criteria for the situation of relief formation includes lithological, hydrometeorological, human and social factors. Among the group of geomorphological criteria are: morphometric characteristics of the coast, the dynamics of the coast and the activity of slope processes. Resultant geomorphological safety was classified into three classes: the most suitable areas for recreation; territories subject to further refinement; and inconvenience territories that cannot be used at all. The results of the geomorphological safety assessment are designed to increase the effectiveness of recreational environmental planning. The suggested principles of geomorphological assessment can be used not only for the Baltic region, but almost for any coastal region, which may require some correction of criteria.
{"title":"Methodology of the multiscale assessment of geomorphological safety of seacoasts, on the example of the south-eastern Baltic coast","authors":"I. Abdullaeva, И В Абдуллаева, A. Bredikhin, А В Бредихин","doi":"10.31857/S0435-42812019257-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S0435-42812019257-67","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents a methodological approach to assessing the geomorphological safety of sea coasts based on the close interdependence between geomorphological conditions and active coastal recreational activities. One of the key stages of the proposed assessment is recreational-geomorphological zoning, which results in separation of regions, districts and local areas in relation to relief homogeneity and recreational situation. The suggested approach is based on the quantitative indicators of the environment — conditions of relief formation and the geomorphological properties of the territory. Group of criteria for the situation of relief formation includes lithological, hydrometeorological, human and social factors. Among the group of geomorphological criteria are: morphometric characteristics of the coast, the dynamics of the coast and the activity of slope processes. Resultant geomorphological safety was classified into three classes: the most suitable areas for recreation; territories subject to further refinement; and inconvenience territories that cannot be used at all. The results of the geomorphological safety assessment are designed to increase the effectiveness of recreational environmental planning. The suggested principles of geomorphological assessment can be used not only for the Baltic region, but almost for any coastal region, which may require some correction of criteria.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42586300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.31857/S0435-42812019279-94
V. V. Afanasev, Владимир Владимирович Афанасьев
The results of the analysis of geospatial and geological information on the structure and dynamics of the lagoon coast of the North-Eastern Sakhalin are presented. On the basis of a number of parameters of the coastal erosion-accumulation processes and migration of lagoon straits during the period 1927–2014. the morpholithodynamics system of the North-Eastern Sakhalin was considered. The volume of sediments transported during the migration of the straits, was estimated with the help of three-dimensional models, in which, parallel with time-averaged areas of erosion and accumulation, additional data were used, namely: bathymetry of the straits and adjacent water area, characteristics of the relief of the barrier forms and geological information obtained as a result of georadar survey and drilling. Georadar data, together with remote sensing data, have made it possible to create a model of sedimentation, which formed the basis for the analysis of the history of the coast formation beyond the period of observations. Currently, we can trace the situation as long as to the middle of the XIXth century.
{"title":"Morpholithodynamics of lagoonal straits of the North-Eastern Sakhalin","authors":"V. V. Afanasev, Владимир Владимирович Афанасьев","doi":"10.31857/S0435-42812019279-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S0435-42812019279-94","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the analysis of geospatial and geological information on the structure and dynamics of the lagoon coast of the North-Eastern Sakhalin are presented. On the basis of a number of parameters of the coastal erosion-accumulation processes and migration of lagoon straits during the period 1927–2014. the morpholithodynamics system of the North-Eastern Sakhalin was considered. The volume of sediments transported during the migration of the straits, was estimated with the help of three-dimensional models, in which, parallel with time-averaged areas of erosion and accumulation, additional data were used, namely: bathymetry of the straits and adjacent water area, characteristics of the relief of the barrier forms and geological information obtained as a result of georadar survey and drilling. Georadar data, together with remote sensing data, have made it possible to create a model of sedimentation, which formed the basis for the analysis of the history of the coast formation beyond the period of observations. Currently, we can trace the situation as long as to the middle of the XIXth century.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48214012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.31857/S0435-42812019237-56
A. Gusarov, Андрей Владимирович Гусаров, Ivan Rysin, И И Рысин, A. Sharifullin, А Г Шарифуллин, V. Golosov, В.Н. Голосов
This paper is devoted to revealing and estimating the contemporary soil erosion rates trend within arable lands in the south of the forest zone of European Russia, based on the study of sedimentation rates at a small dry valley bottom with almost completely cultivated catchment slopes. The dry valley catchment (0.68 km2) is located in the south part of the Udmurt Republic (the mixed forests zone) within the Izh River basin. The bomb-derived and Chernobyl-derived radiocaesium–137 was used for dating valley bottom sediments in two time intervals: 1954(1963)–1986 and 1986–2016. To analyze the causes of change in sediment redistribution rates, morphological and morphometric analyzes of the valley, the results of year-to-year observations for gully heads retreat in the catchment vicinities, hydrometeorological observations of the Russian Hydrometeorological Survey network, and also aero- and satellite images across years were used. There was a noticeable decrease in the sedimentation rates of washed-out soil material from the catchment slopes at the valley bottom over the past 60 years: from 1.8–2.5 cm/year during 1954–1986 to 0.15–0.75 cm/year for 1986–2016. Hence, the sedimentation rates have decreased by 2.5–3 times as a minimum. This trend is consistent with a decline of the average retreat rates of gully headcuts within cultivated lands in the Udmurt Republic over the past 40 years — from 1.3 m/year in 1978–1997 to 0.3 m/year in 1998–2014. We suppose that the main reason for such significant reduction of erosion rates was a increase in protective crop coefficient associated with a increase in the proportion of perennial grasses since the late 1980s. Additional contribution to the erosion reduction was owing to a decrease in surface snowmelt water runoff within the catchment area since the early 2000s, associated with the reduction in soil freezing depth and general increase in air temperature during the winter and spring months in this region of the Russian Plain.
{"title":"Assessment of contemporary erosion/sedimentation rates trend within a small cultivated catchment using the radiocaesium-137 as a chronomarker (a case study from the Udmurt republic, European Russia)","authors":"A. Gusarov, Андрей Владимирович Гусаров, Ivan Rysin, И И Рысин, A. Sharifullin, А Г Шарифуллин, V. Golosov, В.Н. Голосов","doi":"10.31857/S0435-42812019237-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S0435-42812019237-56","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is devoted to revealing and estimating the contemporary soil erosion rates trend within arable lands in the south of the forest zone of European Russia, based on the study of sedimentation rates at a small dry valley bottom with almost completely cultivated catchment slopes. The dry valley catchment (0.68 km2) is located in the south part of the Udmurt Republic (the mixed forests zone) within the Izh River basin. The bomb-derived and Chernobyl-derived radiocaesium–137 was used for dating valley bottom sediments in two time intervals: 1954(1963)–1986 and 1986–2016. To analyze the causes of change in sediment redistribution rates, morphological and morphometric analyzes of the valley, the results of year-to-year observations for gully heads retreat in the catchment vicinities, hydrometeorological observations of the Russian Hydrometeorological Survey network, and also aero- and satellite images across years were used. There was a noticeable decrease in the sedimentation rates of washed-out soil material from the catchment slopes at the valley bottom over the past 60 years: from 1.8–2.5 cm/year during 1954–1986 to 0.15–0.75 cm/year for 1986–2016. Hence, the sedimentation rates have decreased by 2.5–3 times as a minimum. This trend is consistent with a decline of the average retreat rates of gully headcuts within cultivated lands in the Udmurt Republic over the past 40 years — from 1.3 m/year in 1978–1997 to 0.3 m/year in 1998–2014. We suppose that the main reason for such significant reduction of erosion rates was a increase in protective crop coefficient associated with a increase in the proportion of perennial grasses since the late 1980s. Additional contribution to the erosion reduction was owing to a decrease in surface snowmelt water runoff within the catchment area since the early 2000s, associated with the reduction in soil freezing depth and general increase in air temperature during the winter and spring months in this region of the Russian Plain.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48172125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.31857/S0435-42812019295-108
R. Chalov, Р С Чалов, K. M. Berkovich, К М Беркович, G. Larionov, Геннадий Александрович Ларионов, L. Litvin, Л Ф Литвин
The article is dedicated to the 50th anniversary since the N. I. Makkaveev’s Scientific Research Laboratory for soil erosion and channel processes was organized at the Moscow University. The history of scientific school, created by N. I. Makkaveev, establishment is considered, as well as the discipline on integral erosion-depositional process and its evolution to the theory of catchment erosion-fluvial systems. The analysis of the fundamental researches performed by the Laboratory is submitted, and the application tasks in the area of soil erosion, gully erosion, channel and estuarine processes are outlined. Main directions of research are formulated, the prospects for their development are evaluated.
这篇文章是为了纪念莫斯科大学成立N. I. Makkaveev土壤侵蚀和河道过程科学研究实验室50周年。本文考虑了由N. I. Makkaveev创立的科学学派的历史，以及整体侵蚀-沉积过程的学科及其向流域侵蚀-河流系统理论的演变。对实验室开展的基础研究进行了分析，并概述了实验室在土壤侵蚀、沟壑侵蚀、河道和河口过程等领域的应用任务。提出了今后的主要研究方向，并对其发展前景进行了展望。
{"title":"Study of erosion-channel systems and its components: theory, history, and practice","authors":"R. Chalov, Р С Чалов, K. M. Berkovich, К М Беркович, G. Larionov, Геннадий Александрович Ларионов, L. Litvin, Л Ф Литвин","doi":"10.31857/S0435-42812019295-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S0435-42812019295-108","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the 50th anniversary since the N. I. Makkaveev’s Scientific Research Laboratory for soil erosion and channel processes was organized at the Moscow University. The history of scientific school, created by N. I. Makkaveev, establishment is considered, as well as the discipline on integral erosion-depositional process and its evolution to the theory of catchment erosion-fluvial systems. The analysis of the fundamental researches performed by the Laboratory is submitted, and the application tasks in the area of soil erosion, gully erosion, channel and estuarine processes are outlined. Main directions of research are formulated, the prospects for their development are evaluated.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48861876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.31857/S0435-4281201923-17
K. M. Berkovich, К.М. Беркович, L. Zlotina, Л.В. Злотина, L. Turykin, Л.А. Турыкин
The riverbank erosion produces a great risk for the urban development, structures and communications located on the banks. Bank erosion, as an integral part of the lateral river channel migrations, is a multi-factorial phenomenon. Empirical evidence suggests that the riverbank erosion depends on the size of the river, the morphology of the bends, water flow; however, a big role plays erosion resistance of the banks, due to their structure and vegetation. It varies at changeable riverbank soils wetting in accordance with the hydrological regime of the river. Human activity contributes significantly to the intensification of lateral migrations, especially the construction of reservoirs that change the hydrological regime of rivers and sediment transport. Incision, daily flow regulation, redistribution of annual runoff, reducing the sediment load are the main factors that intensify the riverbank erosion. As an example, the situated downstream of the dam sections of the Volga River and Sheksna River in the Rybinsk City were examined and all these factors were revealed there themselves clearly. Considering these factors allowed predicting the riverbank erosion and provided the basis for bank protection program.
{"title":"Riverbank erosion: factors, mechanism, human activity","authors":"K. M. Berkovich, К.М. Беркович, L. Zlotina, Л.В. Злотина, L. Turykin, Л.А. Турыкин","doi":"10.31857/S0435-4281201923-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S0435-4281201923-17","url":null,"abstract":"The riverbank erosion produces a great risk for the urban development, structures and communications located on the banks. Bank erosion, as an integral part of the lateral river channel migrations, is a multi-factorial phenomenon. Empirical evidence suggests that the riverbank erosion depends on the size of the river, the morphology of the bends, water flow; however, a big role plays erosion resistance of the banks, due to their structure and vegetation. It varies at changeable riverbank soils wetting in accordance with the hydrological regime of the river. Human activity contributes significantly to the intensification of lateral migrations, especially the construction of reservoirs that change the hydrological regime of rivers and sediment transport. Incision, daily flow regulation, redistribution of annual runoff, reducing the sediment load are the main factors that intensify the riverbank erosion. As an example, the situated downstream of the dam sections of the Volga River and Sheksna River in the Rybinsk City were examined and all these factors were revealed there themselves clearly. Considering these factors allowed predicting the riverbank erosion and provided the basis for bank protection program.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43454643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-26DOI: 10.31857/S0435-42812019218-36
I. Melekestsev, И В Мелекесцев
The review of the reconstructions of the eruptive activity of the Yellowstone Caldera Complex (YCC) in the USA allows to suggests three groups of arguments supporting that the “volcanic super-eruption of Yellowstone” is not likely to occur in the coming hundreds or thousands of years. First is the gradual weakening of the volcanic potential of the magmatic source (which is the frontal lobe of the magmatic super-flow, and not the mantle plume) during the last 2 million yeats. Second is the impact of the repeated occurrence of ice sheets in the YCC area during the past 640 thousand years. Finally, the equivalent super-eruption, in terms of energy released and the mass of exploded material, had already occurred at about 70 thousand years ago, and since that time, the YCC has passed from the volcanic to the hydrothermal evolutionary stage.
{"title":"The expected future super-eruption of the Yellowstone super volcano (USA) is “cancelled” by the Pleistocene glaciation and by the inversion of caldera complex development","authors":"I. Melekestsev, И В Мелекесцев","doi":"10.31857/S0435-42812019218-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S0435-42812019218-36","url":null,"abstract":"The review of the reconstructions of the eruptive activity of the Yellowstone Caldera Complex (YCC) in the USA allows to suggests three groups of arguments supporting that the “volcanic super-eruption of Yellowstone” is not likely to occur in the coming hundreds or thousands of years. First is the gradual weakening of the volcanic potential of the magmatic source (which is the frontal lobe of the magmatic super-flow, and not the mantle plume) during the last 2 million yeats. Second is the impact of the repeated occurrence of ice sheets in the YCC area during the past 640 thousand years. Finally, the equivalent super-eruption, in terms of energy released and the mass of exploded material, had already occurred at about 70 thousand years ago, and since that time, the YCC has passed from the volcanic to the hydrothermal evolutionary stage.","PeriodicalId":35940,"journal":{"name":"Geomorfologiya","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42063789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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