In this paper we address the problem of planning in rich domains, where knowledge representation is a key aspect for managing the complexity and size of the planning domain. We follow the approach of Description Logic (DL) based Dynamic Knowledge Bases, where a state of the world is represented concisely by a (possibly changing) ABox and a (fixed) TBox containing the axioms, and actions that allow to change the content of the ABox. The plan goal is given in terms of satisfaction of a DL query. In this paper we start from a traditional forward planning algorithm and we propose a much more efficient variant by combining backward and forward search. In particular, we propose a Backward State-space Reduction technique that consists in two phases: first, an Abstract Planning Graph P is created by using the Abstract Backward Planning Algorithm (ABP), then the abstract planning graph P is instantiated into a corresponding planning graph P by using the Forward Plan Instantiation Algorithm (FPI). The advantage is that in the preliminary ABP phase we produce a symbolic plan that is a pattern to direct the search of the concrete plan. This can be seen as a kind of informed search where the preliminary backward phase is useful to discover properties of the state-space that can be used to direct the subsequent forward phase. We evaluate the effectiveness of our ABP+FPI algorithm in the reduction of the explored planning domain by comparing it to a standard forward planning algorithm and applying both of them to a concrete business case study.
{"title":"Backwards State-space Reduction for Planning in Dynamic Knowledge Bases","authors":"V. Senni, M. Stawowy","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.8","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we address the problem of planning in rich domains, where knowledge representation is a key aspect for managing the complexity and size of the planning domain. We follow the approach of Description Logic (DL) based Dynamic Knowledge Bases, where a state of the world is represented concisely by a (possibly changing) ABox and a (fixed) TBox containing the axioms, and actions that allow to change the content of the ABox. The plan goal is given in terms of satisfaction of a DL query. In this paper we start from a traditional forward planning algorithm and we propose a much more efficient variant by combining backward and forward search. In particular, we propose a Backward State-space Reduction technique that consists in two phases: first, an Abstract Planning Graph P is created by using the Abstract Backward Planning Algorithm (ABP), then the abstract planning graph P is instantiated into a corresponding planning graph P by using the Forward Plan Instantiation Algorithm (FPI). The advantage is that in the preliminary ABP phase we produce a symbolic plan that is a pattern to direct the search of the concrete plan. This can be seen as a kind of informed search where the preliminary backward phase is useful to discover properties of the state-space that can be used to direct the subsequent forward phase. We evaluate the effectiveness of our ABP+FPI algorithm in the reduction of the explored planning domain by comparing it to a standard forward planning algorithm and applying both of them to a concrete business case study.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117251502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Entity-linking is a natural-language-processing task that consists in identifying the entities mentioned in a piece of text, linking each to an appropriate item in some knowledge base; when the knowledge base is Wikipedia, the problem comes to be known as wikification (in this case, items are wikipedia articles). One instance of entity-linking can be formalized as an optimization problem on the underlying concept graph, where the quantity to be optimized is the average distance between chosen items. Inspired by this application, we define a new graph problem which is a natural variant of the Maximum Capacity Representative Set. We prove that our problem is NP-hard for general graphs; nonetheless, under some restrictive assumptions, it turns out to be solvable in linear time. For the general case, we propose two heuristics: one tries to enforce the above assumptions and another one is based on the notion of hitting distance; we show experimentally how these approaches perform with respect to some baselines on a real-world dataset.
{"title":"Entity-Linking via Graph-Distance Minimization","authors":"Roi Blanco, P. Boldi, Andrea Marino","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.4","url":null,"abstract":"Entity-linking is a natural-language-processing task that consists in identifying the entities mentioned in a piece of text, linking each to an appropriate item in some knowledge base; when the knowledge base is Wikipedia, the problem comes to be known as wikification (in this case, items are wikipedia articles). One instance of entity-linking can be formalized as an optimization problem on the underlying concept graph, where the quantity to be optimized is the average distance between chosen items. Inspired by this application, we define a new graph problem which is a natural variant of the Maximum Capacity Representative Set. We prove that our problem is NP-hard for general graphs; nonetheless, under some restrictive assumptions, it turns out to be solvable in linear time. For the general case, we propose two heuristics: one tries to enforce the above assumptions and another one is based on the notion of hitting distance; we show experimentally how these approaches perform with respect to some baselines on a real-world dataset.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130563686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compiler optimizations, usually expressed as rewrites on program graphs, are a core part of all modern compilers. However, even production compilers have bugs, and these bugs are difficult to detect and resolve. The problem only becomes more complex when compiling parallel programs; from the choice of graph representation to the possibility of race conditions, optimization designers have a range of factors to consider that do not appear when dealing with single-threaded programs. In this paper we present PTRANS, a domain-specific language for formal specification of compiler transformations, and describe its executable semantics. The fundamental approach of PTRANS is to describe program transformations as rewrites on control flow graphs with temporal logic side conditions. The syntax of PTRANS allows cleaner, more comprehensible specification of program optimizations; its executable semantics allows these specifications to act as prototypes for the optimizations themselves, so that candidate optimizations can be tested and refined before going on to include them in a compiler. We demonstrate the use of PTRANS to state, test, and refine the specification of a redundant store elimination optimization on parallel programs.
{"title":"Specifying and Executing Optimizations for Parallel Programs","authors":"William Mansky, Dennis Griffith, E. Gunter","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.6","url":null,"abstract":"Compiler optimizations, usually expressed as rewrites on program graphs, are a core part of all modern compilers. However, even production compilers have bugs, and these bugs are difficult to detect and resolve. The problem only becomes more complex when compiling parallel programs; from the choice of graph representation to the possibility of race conditions, optimization designers have a range of factors to consider that do not appear when dealing with single-threaded programs. In this paper we present PTRANS, a domain-specific language for formal specification of compiler transformations, and describe its executable semantics. The fundamental approach of PTRANS is to describe program transformations as rewrites on control flow graphs with temporal logic side conditions. The syntax of PTRANS allows cleaner, more comprehensible specification of program optimizations; its executable semantics allows these specifications to act as prototypes for the optimizations themselves, so that candidate optimizations can be tested and refined before going on to include them in a compiler. We demonstrate the use of PTRANS to state, test, and refine the specification of a redundant store elimination optimization on parallel programs.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133213037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern software systems increasingly incorporate self-* behavior to adapt to changes in the environment at runtime. Such adaptations often involve reconfiguring the software architecture of the system. Many systems also need to manage their architecture themselves, i.e., they need a planning component to autonomously decide which reconfigurations to execute to reach a desired target configuration. For the specification of reconfigurations, we employ graph transformations systems (GTS) due to the close relation of graphs and UML object diagrams. We solve the resulting planning problems with a planning system that works directly on a GTS. It features a domain-independent heuristic that uses the solution length of an abstraction of the original problem as an estimate. Finally, we provide experimental results on two different domains, which confirm that our heuristic performs better than another domain-independent heuristic which resembles heuristics employed in related work.
{"title":"Graph Transformation Planning via Abstraction","authors":"Steffen Ziegert","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.7","url":null,"abstract":"Modern software systems increasingly incorporate self-* behavior to adapt to changes in the environment at runtime. Such adaptations often involve reconfiguring the software architecture of the system. Many systems also need to manage their architecture themselves, i.e., they need a planning component to autonomously decide which reconfigurations to execute to reach a desired target configuration. For the specification of reconfigurations, we employ graph transformations systems (GTS) due to the close relation of graphs and UML object diagrams. We solve the resulting planning problems with a planning system that works directly on a GTS. It features a domain-independent heuristic that uses the solution length of an abstraction of the original problem as an estimate. Finally, we provide experimental results on two different domains, which confirm that our heuristic performs better than another domain-independent heuristic which resembles heuristics employed in related work.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127992900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present strategic portgraph rewriting as a basis for the implementation of visual modelling and analysis tools. The goal is to facilitate the specification, analysis and simulation of complex systems, using port graphs. A system is represented by an initial graph and a collection of graph rewriting rules, together with a user-defined strategy to control the application of rules. The strategy language includes constructs to deal with graph traversal and management of rewriting positions in the graph. We give a small-step operational semantics for the language, and describe its implementation in the graph transformation and visualisation tool PORGY.
{"title":"Strategic Port Graph Rewriting: An Interactive Modelling and Analysis Framework","authors":"M. Fernández, H. Kirchner, Bruno Pinaud","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.3","url":null,"abstract":"We present strategic portgraph rewriting as a basis for the implementation of visual modelling and analysis tools. The goal is to facilitate the specification, analysis and simulation of complex systems, using port graphs. A system is represented by an initial graph and a collection of graph rewriting rules, together with a user-defined strategy to control the application of rules. The strategy language includes constructs to deal with graph traversal and management of rewriting positions in the graph. We give a small-step operational semantics for the language, and describe its implementation in the graph transformation and visualisation tool PORGY.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123107334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a new tool for verification of modal mu-calculus formulae for process specifications, based on symbolic parity games. It enhances an existing method, that first encodes the problem to a Parameterised Boolean Equation System (PBES) and then instantiates the PBES to a parity game. We improved the translation from specification to PBES to preserve the structure of the specification in the PBES, we extended LTSmin to instantiate PBESs to symbolic parity games, and implemented the recursive parity game solving algorithm by Zielonka for symbolic parity games. We use Multi-valued Decision Diagrams (MDDs) to represent sets and relations, thus enabling the tools to deal with very large systems. The transition relation is partitioned based on the structure of the specification, which allows for efficient manipulation of the MDDs. We performed two case studies on modular specifications, that demonstrate that the new method has better time and memory performance than existing PBES based tools and can be faster (but slightly less memory efficient) than the symbolic model checker NuSMV.
{"title":"Generating and Solving Symbolic Parity Games","authors":"G. Kant, J. Pol","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.2","url":null,"abstract":"We present a new tool for verification of modal mu-calculus formulae for process specifications, based on symbolic parity games. It enhances an existing method, that first encodes the problem to a Parameterised Boolean Equation System (PBES) and then instantiates the PBES to a parity game. We improved the translation from specification to PBES to preserve the structure of the specification in the PBES, we extended LTSmin to instantiate PBESs to symbolic parity games, and implemented the recursive parity game solving algorithm by Zielonka for symbolic parity games. We use Multi-valued Decision Diagrams (MDDs) to represent sets and relations, thus enabling the tools to deal with very large systems. The transition relation is partitioned based on the structure of the specification, which allows for efficient manipulation of the MDDs. We performed two case studies on modular specifications, that demonstrate that the new method has better time and memory performance than existing PBES based tools and can be faster (but slightly less memory efficient) than the symbolic model checker NuSMV.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131072509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Paxos distributed consensus algorithm is a challenging case-study for standard, vector-based model checking techniques. Due to asynchronous communication, exhaustive analysis may generate very large state spaces already for small model instances. In this paper, we show the advantages of graph transformation as an alternative modelling technique. We model Paxos in a rich declarative transformation language, featuring (among other things) nested quantifiers, and we validate our model using the GROOVE model checker, a graph-based tool that exploits isomorphism as a natural way to prune the state space via symmetry reductions. We compare the results with those obtained by the standard model checker Spin on the basis of a vector-based encoding of the algorithm.
{"title":"Graph- versus Vector-Based Analysis of a Consensus Protocol","authors":"G. Delzanno, A. Rensink, Riccardo Traverso","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.159.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.159.5","url":null,"abstract":"The Paxos distributed consensus algorithm is a challenging case-study for standard, vector-based model checking techniques. Due to asynchronous communication, exhaustive analysis may generate very large state spaces already for small model instances. In this paper, we show the advantages of graph transformation as an alternative modelling technique. We model Paxos in a rich declarative transformation language, featuring (among other things) nested quantifiers, and we validate our model using the GROOVE model checker, a graph-based tool that exploits isomorphism as a natural way to prune the state space via symmetry reductions. We compare the results with those obtained by the standard model checker Spin on the basis of a vector-based encoding of the algorithm.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133766121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reachability problem in cooperating systems is known to be PSPACE-complete. We show here that this problem remains PSPACE-complete when we restrict the communication structure between the subsystems in various ways. For this purpose we introduce two basic and incomparable subclasses of cooperating systems that occur often in practice and provide respective reductions. The subclasses we consider consist of cooperating systems the communication structure of which forms a line respectively a star.
{"title":"Reachability in Cooperating Systems with Architectural Constraints is PSPACE-Complete","authors":"M. Majster-Cederbaum, Nils Semmelrock","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.138.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.138.1","url":null,"abstract":"The reachability problem in cooperating systems is known to be PSPACE-complete. We show here that this problem remains PSPACE-complete when we restrict the communication structure between the subsystems in various ways. For this purpose we introduce two basic and incomparable subclasses of cooperating systems that occur often in practice and provide respective reductions. The subclasses we consider consist of cooperating systems the communication structure of which forms a line respectively a star.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121857927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider the problem of computing reachability probabilities: given a Markov chain, an initial state of the Markov chain, and a set of goal states of the Markov chain, what is the probability of reaching any of the goal states from the initial state? This problem can be reduced to solving a linear equation Ax = b for x, where A is a matrix and b is a vector. We consider two iterative methods to solve the linear equation: the Jacobi method and the biconjugate gradient stabilized (BiCGStab) method. For both methods, a sequential and a parallel version have been implemented. The parallel versions have been implemented on the compute unified device architecture (CUDA) so that they can be run on a NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU). From our experiments we conclude that as the size of the matrix increases, the CUDA implementations outperform the sequential implementations. Furthermore, the BiCGStab method performs better than the Jacobi method for dense matrices, whereas the Jacobi method does better for sparse ones. Since the reachability probabilities problem plays a key role in probabilistic model checking, we also compared the implementations for matrices obtained from a probabilistic model checker. Our experiments support the conjecture by Bosnacki et al. that the Jacobi method is superior to Krylov subspace methods, a class to which the BiCGStab method belongs, for probabilistic model checking.
{"title":"A Comparison of Sequential and GPU Implementations of Iterative Methods to Compute Reachability Probabilities","authors":"Elise Cormie-Bowins","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.99.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.99.5","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of computing reachability probabilities: given a Markov chain, an initial state of the Markov chain, and a set of goal states of the Markov chain, what is the probability of reaching any of the goal states from the initial state? This problem can be reduced to solving a linear equation Ax = b for x, where A is a matrix and b is a vector. We consider two iterative methods to solve the linear equation: the Jacobi method and the biconjugate gradient stabilized (BiCGStab) method. For both methods, a sequential and a parallel version have been implemented. The parallel versions have been implemented on the compute unified device architecture (CUDA) so that they can be run on a NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU). From our experiments we conclude that as the size of the matrix increases, the CUDA implementations outperform the sequential implementations. Furthermore, the BiCGStab method performs better than the Jacobi method for dense matrices, whereas the Jacobi method does better for sparse ones. Since the reachability probabilities problem plays a key role in probabilistic model checking, we also compared the implementations for matrices obtained from a probabilistic model checker. Our experiments support the conjecture by Bosnacki et al. that the Jacobi method is superior to Krylov subspace methods, a class to which the BiCGStab method belongs, for probabilistic model checking.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122191049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parameterised Boolean Equation Systems (PBESs) are sequences of Boolean fixed point equations with data variables, used for, e.g., verification of modal mu-calculus formulae for process algebraic specifications with data. Solving a PBES is usually done by instantiation to a Parity Game and then solving the game. Practical game solvers exist, but the instantiation step is the bottleneck. We enhance the instantiation in two steps. First, we transform the PBES to a Parameterised Parity Game (PPG), a PBES with each equation either conjunctive or disjunctive. Then we use LTSmin, that offers transition caching, efficient storage of states and both distributed and symbolic state space generation, for generating the game graph. To that end we define a language module for LTSmin, consisting of an encoding of variables with parameters into state vectors, a grouped transition relation and a dependency matrix to indicate the dependencies between parts of the state vector and transition groups. Benchmarks on some large case studies, show that the method speeds up the instantiation significantly and decreases memory usage drastically.
{"title":"Efficient Instantiation of Parameterised Boolean Equation Systems to Parity Games","authors":"G. Kant, J. Pol","doi":"10.4204/EPTCS.99.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.99.7","url":null,"abstract":"Parameterised Boolean Equation Systems (PBESs) are sequences of Boolean fixed point equations with data variables, used for, e.g., verification of modal mu-calculus formulae for process algebraic specifications with data. \u0000Solving a PBES is usually done by instantiation to a Parity Game and then solving the game. Practical game solvers exist, but the instantiation step is the bottleneck. \u0000We enhance the instantiation in two steps. First, we transform the PBES to a Parameterised Parity Game (PPG), a PBES with each equation either conjunctive or disjunctive. Then we use LTSmin, that offers transition caching, efficient storage of states and both distributed and symbolic state space generation, for generating the game graph. To that end we define a language module for LTSmin, consisting of an encoding of variables with parameters into state vectors, a grouped transition relation and a dependency matrix to indicate the dependencies between parts of the state vector and transition groups. \u0000Benchmarks on some large case studies, show that the method speeds up the instantiation significantly and decreases memory usage drastically.","PeriodicalId":360852,"journal":{"name":"Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and Southeast Asia","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132731837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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