Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.631126
K. Pajukoski, Jari Savusalo
This paper describes a wideband code division multiple access test system developed by Nokia. This system is a general purpose test equipment for developing CDMA telecommunication system. It can be described as a configurable test equipment that can be used for evaluating radio interface of next generation mobile telecommunication systems. The performance of the test systems has been evaluated in laboratory measurements and field trials. We introduce a system concept and architecture. Some performance results are reported.
{"title":"Wideband CDMA test system","authors":"K. Pajukoski, Jari Savusalo","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.631126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.631126","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a wideband code division multiple access test system developed by Nokia. This system is a general purpose test equipment for developing CDMA telecommunication system. It can be described as a configurable test equipment that can be used for evaluating radio interface of next generation mobile telecommunication systems. The performance of the test systems has been evaluated in laboratory measurements and field trials. We introduce a system concept and architecture. Some performance results are reported.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129120964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.624354
F. Babich, G. Lombardi
The effect of the Rayleigh fading channel on data block transmission is investigated. In a packet communication system the correctness or incorrectness of the received blocks is usually strictly related to a comparison of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with a set of thresholds. The possibility of fitting a Markovian model to the quantized fading process is investigated, assuming the states of the model are coincident with the quantization levels (symbols). The two-threshold case is considered and the suitability of a first-order Markov model or even a zero-order Markov model (that means independent and identically distributed symbols) in describing such a process is verified. For this purpose, the parameters of a second-order Markov model are estimated and the table of contingency analysis for Markov chains is applied. It is shown that, in the fast fading case, process symbols can be considered as independent and identically distributed, while in the slow fading case the first-order Markovian model only approximates the real behavior of the fading.
{"title":"On verifying a first-order Markovian model for the multi-threshold success/failure process for Rayleigh channel","authors":"F. Babich, G. Lombardi","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.624354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.624354","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the Rayleigh fading channel on data block transmission is investigated. In a packet communication system the correctness or incorrectness of the received blocks is usually strictly related to a comparison of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with a set of thresholds. The possibility of fitting a Markovian model to the quantized fading process is investigated, assuming the states of the model are coincident with the quantization levels (symbols). The two-threshold case is considered and the suitability of a first-order Markov model or even a zero-order Markov model (that means independent and identically distributed symbols) in describing such a process is verified. For this purpose, the parameters of a second-order Markov model are estimated and the table of contingency analysis for Markov chains is applied. It is shown that, in the fast fading case, process symbols can be considered as independent and identically distributed, while in the slow fading case the first-order Markovian model only approximates the real behavior of the fading.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130748110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.624381
A. Kato, T. Manabe, Y. Miura, K. Sato, T. Ihara
Investigates the effects of antenna radiation patterns at the base station or the remote terminal on the multipath propagation characteristics for the design of millimeter-wave indoor communication systems. These effects were investigated by indoor multipath propagation and BPSK transmission measurements at 60 GHz conducted in a modern office room. Multipath channel characteristics were estimated from impulse responses measured for three types of base-station antennas and for two types of directive terminal antennas with different beam widths. The effects of multipath propagation characteristics on high-speed digital transmission channels were also investigated for almost simultaneously measured bit-error performances at transmission rates of 64, 128, and 256 Mbps. From the results of measurements, the use of directive antennas at the remote terminal and also the use of base station antennas with appropriate radiation patterns were found to be effective for reducing the effect of multipath. It is also found that the reduction of multipath is achieved by the use of circular polarization instead of linear polarization. We also examined the effectiveness of several propagation parameters obtained from multipath propagation measurements for the estimation of the indoor digital transmission characteristics such as bit-error performance.
{"title":"Measurements of millimeter wave indoor propagation and high-speed digital transmission characteristics at 60 GHz","authors":"A. Kato, T. Manabe, Y. Miura, K. Sato, T. Ihara","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.624381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.624381","url":null,"abstract":"Investigates the effects of antenna radiation patterns at the base station or the remote terminal on the multipath propagation characteristics for the design of millimeter-wave indoor communication systems. These effects were investigated by indoor multipath propagation and BPSK transmission measurements at 60 GHz conducted in a modern office room. Multipath channel characteristics were estimated from impulse responses measured for three types of base-station antennas and for two types of directive terminal antennas with different beam widths. The effects of multipath propagation characteristics on high-speed digital transmission channels were also investigated for almost simultaneously measured bit-error performances at transmission rates of 64, 128, and 256 Mbps. From the results of measurements, the use of directive antennas at the remote terminal and also the use of base station antennas with appropriate radiation patterns were found to be effective for reducing the effect of multipath. It is also found that the reduction of multipath is achieved by the use of circular polarization instead of linear polarization. We also examined the effectiveness of several propagation parameters obtained from multipath propagation measurements for the estimation of the indoor digital transmission characteristics such as bit-error performance.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132493728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627002
P. Luukkanen, J. Joutsensalo
This paper focuses on the initial code phase estimation, also called acquisition, in the asynchronous multiuser CDMA system. The performance of the subspace-based MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) estimator is compared to the conventional matched filter. Simulation results for a communication system with ten users each having a 2-path Rayleigh fading channel and raised-cosine shaped chip waveform are presented. It is shown that the celebrated near-far resistance and the overall performance of MUSIC is maintained only at the signal-to-noise ratios higher than normally realizable in practical systems.
{"title":"Comparison of MUSIC and matched filter delay estimators in DS-CDMA","authors":"P. Luukkanen, J. Joutsensalo","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the initial code phase estimation, also called acquisition, in the asynchronous multiuser CDMA system. The performance of the subspace-based MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) estimator is compared to the conventional matched filter. Simulation results for a communication system with ten users each having a 2-path Rayleigh fading channel and raised-cosine shaped chip waveform are presented. It is shown that the celebrated near-far resistance and the overall performance of MUSIC is maintained only at the signal-to-noise ratios higher than normally realizable in practical systems.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132507166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627057
K. Hamaguchi, E. Moriyama
A multicarrier and an adaptive modulation combined system, where a suitable level of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is selected for each carrier and time-slot using a QAM-level selection scheme, is proposed for digital land mobile communications. The advantages of the system are a mode in which information cannot be transmitted under adverse propagation conditions and a buffer memory to limit a transmission delay time. The QAM-level of each carrier is also controlled collectively according to the amount of the stored data bits in the memory. We confirmed the bit error rate (BER) performances of the system using computer simulation and we found that the system provided a noticeable BER improvement over frequency-selective fading channels and that the selection scheme was effective for a low maximum Doppler frequency and a small size of the memory.
{"title":"Multicarrier/QAM-level-controlled adaptive modulation for land mobile communication systems","authors":"K. Hamaguchi, E. Moriyama","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627057","url":null,"abstract":"A multicarrier and an adaptive modulation combined system, where a suitable level of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is selected for each carrier and time-slot using a QAM-level selection scheme, is proposed for digital land mobile communications. The advantages of the system are a mode in which information cannot be transmitted under adverse propagation conditions and a buffer memory to limit a transmission delay time. The QAM-level of each carrier is also controlled collectively according to the amount of the stored data bits in the memory. We confirmed the bit error rate (BER) performances of the system using computer simulation and we found that the system provided a noticeable BER improvement over frequency-selective fading channels and that the selection scheme was effective for a low maximum Doppler frequency and a small size of the memory.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125498786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.631161
M. Breiling, L. Hanzo
By observing the structure of the decoder's trellis a new, non-iterative turbo-decoder based on a super-trellis structure is proposed, which exhibits the same decoding complexity as a conventional convolutional decoder possessing an identical number of trellis states. For the investigated half-rate, memory-length two code the proposed algorithm requires about 0.5 dB lower Gaussian channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm using 16 iterations.
{"title":"Optimum non-iterative turbo-decoding","authors":"M. Breiling, L. Hanzo","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.631161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.631161","url":null,"abstract":"By observing the structure of the decoder's trellis a new, non-iterative turbo-decoder based on a super-trellis structure is proposed, which exhibits the same decoding complexity as a conventional convolutional decoder possessing an identical number of trellis states. For the investigated half-rate, memory-length two code the proposed algorithm requires about 0.5 dB lower Gaussian channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm using 16 iterations.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126265826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627026
T. Ohtsuki
This paper proposes Viterbi decoding differential detection (Viterbi decoding DD) with space diversity for 16DAPSK. Power ratio combing (PRC) is employed as a diversity combining scheme. The bit error probability performance is evaluated on Rayleigh fading channels by the computer simulation. It is shown that extending the length of a trellis path is effective for bits encoded in phase by 8DPSK to improve the bit error probability, while not effective for bits encoded in amplitude by 2DASK. However, Viterbi decoding DD with N/sub A/=2 for bits encoded in amplitude by 2DASK can achieve better performance than conventional DD. The proposed system with the lengths of trellis path N/sub A/=2 for bits encoded in amplitude by 2DASK and N/sub P/=100 for bits encoded in phase by 8DPSK is shown to achieve gains for the DD with space diversity systems when the fading is fast or not. Therefore, the Viterbi decoding DD with PRC diversity is shown to be effective for 16DAPSK to improve the bit error probability performance on Rayleigh fading channels.
{"title":"Viterbi decoding differential detection with space diversity for 16DAPSK on Rayleigh fading channels","authors":"T. Ohtsuki","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627026","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes Viterbi decoding differential detection (Viterbi decoding DD) with space diversity for 16DAPSK. Power ratio combing (PRC) is employed as a diversity combining scheme. The bit error probability performance is evaluated on Rayleigh fading channels by the computer simulation. It is shown that extending the length of a trellis path is effective for bits encoded in phase by 8DPSK to improve the bit error probability, while not effective for bits encoded in amplitude by 2DASK. However, Viterbi decoding DD with N/sub A/=2 for bits encoded in amplitude by 2DASK can achieve better performance than conventional DD. The proposed system with the lengths of trellis path N/sub A/=2 for bits encoded in amplitude by 2DASK and N/sub P/=100 for bits encoded in phase by 8DPSK is shown to achieve gains for the DD with space diversity systems when the fading is fast or not. Therefore, the Viterbi decoding DD with PRC diversity is shown to be effective for 16DAPSK to improve the bit error probability performance on Rayleigh fading channels.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126310175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627071
Howard C. Huang, I. Chih-Lin
The IS-95 downlink channel incorporates a pilot signal to aid the mobile receiver in obtaining coherent channel estimates for use in the RAKE receiver. We propose a simple, recursive multipath noise cancellation (MNC) detector which uses an on/off switch mechanism for controlling the noise cancellation for each RAKE finger. We derive the switch mechanism which minimizes the mean-squared error (MSE) at the RAKE output. This switched-MNC detector, when compared with the conventional RAKE receiver, demonstrates significant performance gains, increasing the downlink capacity of a typical IS-95 system by up to 10%, while requiring minimal additional complexity when implemented using a simple recursive structure for the MNC function. Furthermore, we observe that almost all of the performance gains of the MMSE switched-MNC detector can be achieved using the simpler, ad-hoc, "always-on" MNC detector, in which pilot multipath noise cancellation always occurs at each finger input without regard to minimizing the MSE.
{"title":"Improving receiver performance for pilot-aided frequency selective CDMA channels using a MMSE switch mechanism and multipath noise canceller","authors":"Howard C. Huang, I. Chih-Lin","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627071","url":null,"abstract":"The IS-95 downlink channel incorporates a pilot signal to aid the mobile receiver in obtaining coherent channel estimates for use in the RAKE receiver. We propose a simple, recursive multipath noise cancellation (MNC) detector which uses an on/off switch mechanism for controlling the noise cancellation for each RAKE finger. We derive the switch mechanism which minimizes the mean-squared error (MSE) at the RAKE output. This switched-MNC detector, when compared with the conventional RAKE receiver, demonstrates significant performance gains, increasing the downlink capacity of a typical IS-95 system by up to 10%, while requiring minimal additional complexity when implemented using a simple recursive structure for the MNC function. Furthermore, we observe that almost all of the performance gains of the MMSE switched-MNC detector can be achieved using the simpler, ad-hoc, \"always-on\" MNC detector, in which pilot multipath noise cancellation always occurs at each finger input without regard to minimizing the MSE.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126802381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627060
M. Hämäläinen, Asko Nykänen, V. Hovinen, Pentti A. Leppänen
This paper explains the realization and the performance of a digital stepping correlator in a wideband radio channel measurement system. Radio channel sounding is based on the estimation of the radio channel by use of maximum length sequence (m-sequence) as an effective sounding signal. Signal is detected using the stepping correlator receiver. The received signal is not converted to the baseband but the sampling is done direct from the IF-frequency. Digital implementation gives also a possibility to use a windowing property when those parts of the impulse responses that do not contain signal power are abandoned during measurements. The windowing enables high radio channel sampling rates.
{"title":"Digital stepping correlator in a wideband radio channel measurement system","authors":"M. Hämäläinen, Asko Nykänen, V. Hovinen, Pentti A. Leppänen","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627060","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains the realization and the performance of a digital stepping correlator in a wideband radio channel measurement system. Radio channel sounding is based on the estimation of the radio channel by use of maximum length sequence (m-sequence) as an effective sounding signal. Signal is detected using the stepping correlator receiver. The received signal is not converted to the baseband but the sampling is done direct from the IF-frequency. Digital implementation gives also a possibility to use a windowing property when those parts of the impulse responses that do not contain signal power are abandoned during measurements. The windowing enables high radio channel sampling rates.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"7 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120930956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-09-01DOI: 10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627001
V. Tuukkanen, J. Vesma, M. Renfors
Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation theory provides a general framework for developing optimum timing recovery schemes for digital communication systems. Feedforward schemes based on ML-theory have been shown to have rapid acquisition characteristics. Another important trend is to use digital interpolation for symbol timing adjustment. The so-called Farrow (1988) structure has become popular in this context because it offers an efficient and flexible realization structure for such an interpolation task. In a previous paper Vesma and Tuukkanen (see Proc. IEEE NORSIG 96, Espoo, Finland, p.183-6, 1997) proposed a new feedforward timing estimation scheme which utilizes the Farrow structure efficiently. The scheme is based on a low-order polynomial approximation for the log-likelihood function and also the derivative of this function is available with a small additional computational cost. The performance of the new timing recovery technique was found to be close to ideal even with short symbol block-lengths which is very important in mobile systems. In this paper, we show that this new scheme gives much better results when optimized training sequences are used. The scheme works also with severe multipath distortion channel.
{"title":"Efficient near optimal maximum likelihood symbol timing recovery in digital modems","authors":"V. Tuukkanen, J. Vesma, M. Renfors","doi":"10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.1997.627001","url":null,"abstract":"Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation theory provides a general framework for developing optimum timing recovery schemes for digital communication systems. Feedforward schemes based on ML-theory have been shown to have rapid acquisition characteristics. Another important trend is to use digital interpolation for symbol timing adjustment. The so-called Farrow (1988) structure has become popular in this context because it offers an efficient and flexible realization structure for such an interpolation task. In a previous paper Vesma and Tuukkanen (see Proc. IEEE NORSIG 96, Espoo, Finland, p.183-6, 1997) proposed a new feedforward timing estimation scheme which utilizes the Farrow structure efficiently. The scheme is based on a low-order polynomial approximation for the log-likelihood function and also the derivative of this function is available with a small additional computational cost. The performance of the new timing recovery technique was found to be close to ideal even with short symbol block-lengths which is very important in mobile systems. In this paper, we show that this new scheme gives much better results when optimized training sequences are used. The scheme works also with severe multipath distortion channel.","PeriodicalId":362340,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 8th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - PIMRC '97","volume":"110 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122628137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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