The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago has set itself some lofty targets in terms of reducing CO2 emissions from public transportation by 2030. Several initiatives have been launched since 2015 in order to fulfill these targets. One key strategy is the adoption of a higher percentage of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) into the overall fleet of vehicles. This article reviews the history and implementation of the various AFV oriented policies and examines the effectiveness of these initiatives. The authors describe the current state of the motorised vehicle fleet in terms of fuel type and highlight where adoption levels have fallen short of the target. The percentage of AVFs per public transit mode ranges from about 2 to 20 percent, where the higher percent represents the CNG buses belonging to the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC). In Trinidad, the natural gas supply is already well-established, refuelling stations are in operation and up to 20 original equipment manufacturer CNG vehicles are available on the market, supplemented by the option of vehicle conversion. The opposite is true for electric vehicles. The article further identifies the four key issues affecting the improved adoption of AFVs namely: (i) Fuel Prices (ii) Availability of Alternative Fuels, (iii) Consumer Perception and Resistance, and (iv) Lack of Institutional Support. In addition to presenting the proposals by others for improvements to the local transportation system, the authors recommend six key actions that should be taken to achieve the targets set for 2021 and beyond.
{"title":"Challenges to Alternative Fuel Vehicle Usage in Trinidad","authors":"Kohan Dolcy, T. Townsend","doi":"10.47412/yjdc3406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/yjdc3406","url":null,"abstract":"The Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago has set itself some lofty targets in terms of reducing CO2 emissions from public transportation by 2030. Several initiatives have been launched since 2015 in order to fulfill these targets. One key strategy is the adoption of a higher percentage of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) into the overall fleet of vehicles. This article reviews the history and implementation of the various AFV oriented policies and examines the effectiveness of these initiatives. The authors describe the current state of the motorised vehicle fleet in terms of fuel type and highlight where adoption levels have fallen short of the target. The percentage of AVFs per public transit mode ranges from about 2 to 20 percent, where the higher percent represents the CNG buses belonging to the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC). In Trinidad, the natural gas supply is already well-established, refuelling stations are in operation and up to 20 original equipment manufacturer CNG vehicles are available on the market, supplemented by the option of vehicle conversion. The opposite is true for electric vehicles. The article further identifies the four key issues affecting the improved adoption of AFVs namely: (i) Fuel Prices (ii) Availability of Alternative Fuels, (iii) Consumer Perception and Resistance, and (iv) Lack of Institutional Support. In addition to presenting the proposals by others for improvements to the local transportation system, the authors recommend six key actions that should be taken to achieve the targets set for 2021 and beyond.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113987245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar thermal storage systems (STSS) are renewable energy systems that provide a continuous, controllable source of heat for many applications. The inherent variability of solar insolation poses a challenge to the use of direct solar power for continuous operations. A dynamic non-linear model of the STSS was initialised via a steady state analysis and verified by drying 1000 kg of cocoa beans per batch from 60% to 8% moisture content. Ambient temperature and insolation data for Trinidad in 2017 were used as inputs. This was achieved by modifying flow rates, varying aspect ratio of the storage tank, and observing their effect on storage tank temperature profiles and drying air temperatures. The steady state analysis determined the tank volume as 12.57 m3 and a required mass airflow rate of 1020 kg/h. A dynamic model of the STSS revealed an optimal tank aspect ratio of 2:4 m (D: H) and that three AE-40 solar collectors were sufficient. The effect of the circulation rate between the storage tank and solar collectors on energy storage was found to be negligible. The need for temperature control was demonstrated and a control strategy developed. A pilot plant was built using recommended specifications, albeit without temperature control. As predicted, drying was more than sufficient, but poor control led to burnt cocoa beans. The application of this work extends well beyond the cocoa bean test case, and the open-source models built can be applied to optimise the design of any solar heating application.
太阳能蓄热系统(STSS)是一种可再生能源系统，为许多应用提供连续、可控的热源。太阳日照的固有可变性对使用直接太阳能进行连续操作提出了挑战。通过稳态分析初始化了STSS的动态非线性模型，并通过每批1000公斤可可豆从60%到8%的水分干燥来验证。使用特立尼达2017年的环境温度和日照数据作为输入。这是通过改变流量，改变储罐的长径比，并观察它们对储罐温度曲线和干燥空气温度的影响来实现的。稳态分析确定罐体容积为12.57 m3，所需质量气流率为1020 kg/h。STSS的动态模型显示，最佳水箱长径比为2:4 m (D: H)，三个AE-40太阳能集热器就足够了。储罐与太阳能集热器之间的循环速率对能量储存的影响可以忽略不计。论证了温度控制的必要性，并制定了控制策略。按照推荐的规格建造了一个试验工厂，尽管没有温度控制。正如预测的那样，干燥是绰绰有余的，但控制不善导致可可豆烧焦。这项工作的应用远远超出了可可豆的测试案例，并且所建立的开源模型可以应用于优化任何太阳能加热应用的设计。
{"title":"Applied Mathematical Model for Solar Energy Collection and Thermal Storage","authors":"Adrian Lutchman, E. John, B. Aufderheide","doi":"10.47412/cnlp6848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/cnlp6848","url":null,"abstract":"Solar thermal storage systems (STSS) are renewable energy systems that provide a continuous, controllable source of heat for many applications. The inherent variability of solar insolation poses a challenge to the use of direct solar power for continuous operations. A dynamic non-linear model of the STSS was initialised via a steady state analysis and verified by drying 1000 kg of cocoa beans per batch from 60% to 8% moisture content. Ambient temperature and insolation data for Trinidad in 2017 were used as inputs. This was achieved by modifying flow rates, varying aspect ratio of the storage tank, and observing their effect on storage tank temperature profiles and drying air temperatures. The steady state analysis determined the tank volume as 12.57 m3 and a required mass airflow rate of 1020 kg/h. A dynamic model of the STSS revealed an optimal tank aspect ratio of 2:4 m (D: H) and that three AE-40 solar collectors were sufficient. The effect of the circulation rate between the storage tank and solar collectors on energy storage was found to be negligible. The need for temperature control was demonstrated and a control strategy developed. A pilot plant was built using recommended specifications, albeit without temperature control. As predicted, drying was more than sufficient, but poor control led to burnt cocoa beans. The application of this work extends well beyond the cocoa bean test case, and the open-source models built can be applied to optimise the design of any solar heating application.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130840976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the various dimensions of measuring productivity in health systems in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The authors seek to unearth the difficulties which arise when measuring the productivity in these systems, identifying the various forms of productivity which are applicable to health systems and determining the best means of measuring productivity in these health systems. The findings show that the development of partial productivity measures is difficult, but it is best for decision making and improvement of performance of the health systems. The paper concludes by proposing the use of a composite measure, Ci = α1 Pi1 + α2 Pi2 +…. + Σi αj Pij which is based on the partial productivity measures as a more robust measure of productivity in the health systems in SIDS. The overall productivity of elements of the health system, or the entre health system itself, can be measured, monitored and disaggregated for identifying areas for productivity improvement through management intervention.
{"title":"Productivity Modelling: A Health Systems Focus in Small Island Developing States","authors":"Ruel L. A. Ellis, Nishanie Mohammed","doi":"10.47412/hsqw4764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/hsqw4764","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the various dimensions of measuring productivity in health systems in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The authors seek to unearth the difficulties which arise when measuring the productivity in these systems, identifying the various forms of productivity which are applicable to health systems and determining the best means of measuring productivity in these health systems. The findings show that the development of partial productivity measures is difficult, but it is best for decision making and improvement of performance of the health systems. The paper concludes by proposing the use of a composite measure, Ci = α1 Pi1 + α2 Pi2 +…. + Σi αj Pij which is based on the partial productivity measures as a more robust measure of productivity in the health systems in SIDS. The overall productivity of elements of the health system, or the entre health system itself, can be measured, monitored and disaggregated for identifying areas for productivity improvement through management intervention.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133352899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a meshfree approach for simulating fluid flow in fractured porous media using a novel fracture (FM) mapping approach. Fracture mapping is a continuum-based approach which simulates the flow interaction between the porous matrix and existing fractures via a transfer function. The approach simulates fluid flow through both the matrix and the fractures and is well suited to models containing sparsely spaced, unconnected fractures. The presented approach determines the fluid flow using approximating functions constructed employing the radial point interpolation method (RPIM) meshfree formulation which uses radial basis functions (RBFs) augmented with polynomials. As part of this meshfree scheme a nodal integration procedure has been implemented thereby removing the need for background integration cells that are usually required for meshfree schemes that rely on Gaussian integration. Numerical test results illustrate the methods ability to adequately describe the fluid pressure fields within a fractured porous domain
{"title":"A Meshfree Approach for Simulating Fluid Flow in Fractured Porous Media","authors":"A. R. Lamb, D. Villarroel-Lamb","doi":"10.47412/qpcd7447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/qpcd7447","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a meshfree approach for simulating fluid flow in fractured porous media using a novel fracture (FM) mapping approach. Fracture mapping is a continuum-based approach which simulates the flow interaction between the porous matrix and existing fractures via a transfer function. The approach simulates fluid flow through both the matrix and the fractures and is well suited to models containing sparsely spaced, unconnected fractures. The presented approach determines the fluid flow using approximating functions constructed employing the radial point interpolation method (RPIM) meshfree formulation which uses radial basis functions (RBFs) augmented with polynomials. As part of this meshfree scheme a nodal integration procedure has been implemented thereby removing the need for background integration cells that are usually required for meshfree schemes that rely on Gaussian integration. Numerical test results illustrate the methods ability to adequately describe the fluid pressure fields within a fractured porous domain","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127426293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ackee seeds are a major waste of the ackee canning industry. The seeds bio-accumulate the toxin hypoglycin but are also a potential source of protein. The objective of this study was to produce a protein isolate from the ackee seed and determine the chemical and functional properties of the isolate. Proteins were extracted from the defatted ackee seed flour using sodium borate buffer (pH 10.0, 50 mM) and aqueous ethanol (75% v/v). The protein isolate was then dried under vacuum and milled into a powder. The ackee seed protein isolate contained low molecular weight proteins comprising principally glutamic acid, arginine, glycine and aspartic acid with hypoglycin content within regulatory limits. Ackee seed protein powder, in comparison to soy protein isolate, demonstrated high solubility, formed stable emulsions and demonstrated good foaming properties, particularly at acidic pH values, making it suitable for use in acidic foods such as fruit juices, beverages and yoghurts. The purity (g protein/100 g isolate) of the ackee seed protein isolate was found to be lower than that of the commercial soybean protein isolate while higher quantities of fat and ash were present in the soybean protein isolate. The water and oil absorption capacities (g/g isolate) of ackee seed protein were lower than those of the commercial soybean protein isolate. Hypoglycin content in the ackee seed protein isolate was determined to be below the commercial standard for ackee products.
{"title":"Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Protein Isolate from Ackee (Blighia sapida) Seed","authors":"O. Falloon, S. Mujaffar, D. Minott","doi":"10.47412/ajtd3244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/ajtd3244","url":null,"abstract":"Ackee seeds are a major waste of the ackee canning industry. The seeds bio-accumulate the toxin hypoglycin but are also a potential source of protein. The objective of this study was to produce a protein isolate from the ackee seed and determine the chemical and functional properties of the isolate. Proteins were extracted from the defatted ackee seed flour using sodium borate buffer (pH 10.0, 50 mM) and aqueous ethanol (75% v/v). The protein isolate was then dried under vacuum and milled into a powder. The ackee seed protein isolate contained low molecular weight proteins comprising principally glutamic acid, arginine, glycine and aspartic acid with hypoglycin content within regulatory limits. Ackee seed protein powder, in comparison to soy protein isolate, demonstrated high solubility, formed stable emulsions and demonstrated good foaming properties, particularly at acidic pH values, making it suitable for use in acidic foods such as fruit juices, beverages and yoghurts. The purity (g protein/100 g isolate) of the ackee seed protein isolate was found to be lower than that of the commercial soybean protein isolate while higher quantities of fat and ash were present in the soybean protein isolate. The water and oil absorption capacities (g/g isolate) of ackee seed protein were lower than those of the commercial soybean protein isolate. Hypoglycin content in the ackee seed protein isolate was determined to be below the commercial standard for ackee products.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127805002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outbreak of Covid-19 disease has caused issues in public health, and its impact has grown in population with non-communicable diseases like diabetes, a life-threatening condition, worldwide. Individuals in low-income countries with limited diagnosis and monitoring systems require continuous and regular blood glucose monitoring. Invasive or minimally invasive blood glucose monitoring has been utilised with good accuracy but a high risk of infections and complications. Non-invasive monitoring technology is critical and recommended worldwide, with the potential of improving safety and reducing workload in blood glucose control. The design, development, and evaluation analysis of a non-invasive GSM (Glucose Screening Measurement) module glucometer using near-infrared sensors at 1550nm wavelength as an emitter, transmitting through the fingertip and the ATMega38 microcontroller as the controller to determine the glucose level in human blood are presented in this study. A total of forty individuals were recruited in the investigation. Repeatability, validity, and reliability were evaluated using the Bland and Altman Analysis, the concurrent validity, and the reliability analysis. Passing and Boblok Regression Analysis was used to assess the statistical significance further. Repeatability showed no significant difference with a 95% confidence interval and 0.6895 bias. The linear relationship showed 99.72% agreement and 99.9% reliability using regression analysis. This study revealed that using a non-invasive GSM module glucometer to measure blood glucose effectively enhances patient surveillance in diabetes insulin treatment.
{"title":"Design and Development of a Non-invasive Glucometer System","authors":"Abiodun O. Ogunsanya, Deborah O. Daramola","doi":"10.47412/icpw8648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/icpw8648","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of Covid-19 disease has caused issues in public health, and its impact has grown in population with non-communicable diseases like diabetes, a life-threatening condition, worldwide. Individuals in low-income countries with limited diagnosis and monitoring systems require continuous and regular blood glucose monitoring. Invasive or minimally invasive blood glucose monitoring has been utilised with good accuracy but a high risk of infections and complications. Non-invasive monitoring technology is critical and recommended worldwide, with the potential of improving safety and reducing workload in blood glucose control. The design, development, and evaluation analysis of a non-invasive GSM (Glucose Screening Measurement) module glucometer using near-infrared sensors at 1550nm wavelength as an emitter, transmitting through the fingertip and the ATMega38 microcontroller as the controller to determine the glucose level in human blood are presented in this study. A total of forty individuals were recruited in the investigation. Repeatability, validity, and reliability were evaluated using the Bland and Altman Analysis, the concurrent validity, and the reliability analysis. Passing and Boblok Regression Analysis was used to assess the statistical significance further. Repeatability showed no significant difference with a 95% confidence interval and 0.6895 bias. The linear relationship showed 99.72% agreement and 99.9% reliability using regression analysis. This study revealed that using a non-invasive GSM module glucometer to measure blood glucose effectively enhances patient surveillance in diabetes insulin treatment.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115456995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology transmits data wirelessly and falls under the broad classification of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). The advances in RFID technology continue to be accepted worldwide for various tracking and monitoring type applications. This paper reviews the principle of RFID system operation using an extensive search of relevant articles from technology management and related journals, over the past two decades. It explores 1) the RFID tags operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, 2) analyses some of the major advancements of this technology in the field of sensor tagging solutions in the past two decades, and 3) discusses industry-based applications utilising UHF RFID sensor tagging solutions for process measurement data acquisition. The main challenges identified are privacy and security concerns on their applications in industry. The paper contributes to amalgamating a list of UHF RFID industry-based applications. It is expected that the findings from this review exercise would shed light on critical areas of the UHF RFID Technology.
{"title":"Advancing the Ultra High Frequency RFID in Industrial Applications: A Review","authors":"Tracy Aleong, Kit Fai Pun","doi":"10.47412/pwpg5760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/pwpg5760","url":null,"abstract":"Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology transmits data wirelessly and falls under the broad classification of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). The advances in RFID technology continue to be accepted worldwide for various tracking and monitoring type applications. This paper reviews the principle of RFID system operation using an extensive search of relevant articles from technology management and related journals, over the past two decades. It explores 1) the RFID tags operating in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, 2) analyses some of the major advancements of this technology in the field of sensor tagging solutions in the past two decades, and 3) discusses industry-based applications utilising UHF RFID sensor tagging solutions for process measurement data acquisition. The main challenges identified are privacy and security concerns on their applications in industry. The paper contributes to amalgamating a list of UHF RFID industry-based applications. It is expected that the findings from this review exercise would shed light on critical areas of the UHF RFID Technology.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124137368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrial automation and control systems (IACS) are oftentimes the backbone of businesses and critical infrastructure (CI) around the world. They underpin control of nuclear plants, refineries, manufacturing and distribution systems. Today, organisations are routinely targeted by cyber-attackers. Cyberattacks have been increasing in frequency and sophistication. This is especially true of those attacks directed against high-profile operations such as petrochemical refineries. Attackers invest considerable time and money to study a target and probe inherent weaknesses, which they eventually attempt, and succeed in some cases, to exploit. Historically, industrial networks were kept separate from corporate networks. However, significant efficiency gains and demands for digital interconnectivity have driven a convergence between operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) systems. The business of cybersecurity has been evolving dramatically, posing significant challenges to management teams, across all industries and business domains. Countries within the Caribbean, such as Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), are by no means an exception given their dependence on the energy sector and supporting IACSs. This paper examines the effectiveness of next generation firewalls (NGFWs) in their defense of Process Control Networks (PCNs) against malware. It focuses on the case of a process plant complex in T&T.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Paired Next Generation Firewalls in Securing Industrial Automation and Control Systems: A Case Study","authors":"Eddison Jaggernauth, Sean Rocke","doi":"10.47412/marq2173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/marq2173","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial automation and control systems (IACS) are oftentimes the backbone of businesses and critical infrastructure (CI) around the world. They underpin control of nuclear plants, refineries, manufacturing and distribution systems. Today, organisations are routinely targeted by cyber-attackers. Cyberattacks have been increasing in frequency and sophistication. This is especially true of those attacks directed against high-profile operations such as petrochemical refineries. Attackers invest considerable time and money to study a target and probe inherent weaknesses, which they eventually attempt, and succeed in some cases, to exploit. Historically, industrial networks were kept separate from corporate networks. However, significant efficiency gains and demands for digital interconnectivity have driven a convergence between operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) systems. The business of cybersecurity has been evolving dramatically, posing significant challenges to management teams, across all industries and business domains. Countries within the Caribbean, such as Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), are by no means an exception given their dependence on the energy sector and supporting IACSs. This paper examines the effectiveness of next generation firewalls (NGFWs) in their defense of Process Control Networks (PCNs) against malware. It focuses on the case of a process plant complex in T&T.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121328912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration of renewable energy (RE) into the overall energy mix of Caribbean nations has been increasing in recent times. The volatile nature of the carbon-based industry through fluctuations in prices of fossil fuel based-products renders it necessary to promote an aggressive energy profile transition to renewable energy, as this is crucial to energy security in these vulnerable Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The nation of Barbados has notably understood this reality and, as such, its government has endorsed the approach of 100% RE implementation by 2030. This paper explores three distinctive annual growth rate (AGR) scenarios to assess the impact on the expected power generation, economic and environmental parameters through the period of 2019-2030. Notable findings at a high case scenario for 2030 (at an AGR of 3%) projects a power generation of 1.343 Tera-watts-hour (TWh), which will displace 790,500 barrels of oil equivalent (boe), resulting in an abatement of approximately 0.95 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
{"title":"Barbados towards 100% Renewable Energy: Case Scenarios for 2030 National Energy Target Plans","authors":"S. Marshall, R. Koon Koon","doi":"10.47412/bgee6760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/bgee6760","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of renewable energy (RE) into the overall energy mix of Caribbean nations has been increasing in recent times. The volatile nature of the carbon-based industry through fluctuations in prices of fossil fuel based-products renders it necessary to promote an aggressive energy profile transition to renewable energy, as this is crucial to energy security in these vulnerable Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The nation of Barbados has notably understood this reality and, as such, its government has endorsed the approach of 100% RE implementation by 2030. This paper explores three distinctive annual growth rate (AGR) scenarios to assess the impact on the expected power generation, economic and environmental parameters through the period of 2019-2030. Notable findings at a high case scenario for 2030 (at an AGR of 3%) projects a power generation of 1.343 Tera-watts-hour (TWh), which will displace 790,500 barrels of oil equivalent (boe), resulting in an abatement of approximately 0.95 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123949176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interest in the civilian applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has been growing worldwide, especially in government and commercial tasks such as surveillance, search and rescue, inspection of infrastructure, agriculture, mining, and mapping. Likewise, Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) has been witnessing a growing interest and application of commercial and non-commercial UAS operations. However, there is little assessment for the growth of the UAS market nor is there characterisation of UAS-based activities since the pertinent regulations established in 2016. This study seeks to formally identify the emerging UAS landscape in T&T during the period 2015 to 2019. As such, this study maps and characterises the spatial and temporal patterns of UAS distribution, then appraises the various categories for the existing operations. To achieve these goals, this study utilised qualitative and quantitative techniques of Geoinformatics. The intent for this study is to provide a perspective on the growth and the implications of the UAS industry in T&T, and to guide strategic planning among organisations with a stake in the emergence of UAS into civil airspace.
{"title":"Assessment of the Emerging Landscape of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Trinidad and Tobago","authors":"R. Al-Tahir, Giatri K. Lalla","doi":"10.47412/mtnv5056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/mtnv5056","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the civilian applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) has been growing worldwide, especially in government and commercial tasks such as surveillance, search and rescue, inspection of infrastructure, agriculture, mining, and mapping. Likewise, Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) has been witnessing a growing interest and application of commercial and non-commercial UAS operations. However, there is little assessment for the growth of the UAS market nor is there characterisation of UAS-based activities since the pertinent regulations established in 2016. This study seeks to formally identify the emerging UAS landscape in T&T during the period 2015 to 2019. As such, this study maps and characterises the spatial and temporal patterns of UAS distribution, then appraises the various categories for the existing operations. To achieve these goals, this study utilised qualitative and quantitative techniques of Geoinformatics. The intent for this study is to provide a perspective on the growth and the implications of the UAS industry in T&T, and to guide strategic planning among organisations with a stake in the emergence of UAS into civil airspace.","PeriodicalId":364752,"journal":{"name":"West Indian Journal of Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127509562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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