Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585806
O. Thiele, V. Beachum
With the advent of new power system analysis software, a more detailed arc flash analysis can be performed under various load conditions. These new ldquotoolsrdquo can also evaluate equipment damage, design systems with lower arc flash, and predict electrical fire locations based on high arc flash levels. This paper demonstrates how arc flash levels change with available utility MVA (mega volt amperes), additions in connected load, and selection of system components. This paper summarizes a detailed analysis of several power systems to illustrate possible misuses of 2004 NFPA 70E Risk Category Classification Tables while pointing toward future improvements of the Standards. In particular, findings indicate upstream protection may not open quick enough for fault on the secondary of a transformer or at the far end of a long cable due to the increase in system impedance. Several examples of how these problem areas can be dealt with are described in detail.
{"title":"Case studies in arc flash reduction to improve safety and productivity","authors":"O. Thiele, V. Beachum","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585806","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of new power system analysis software, a more detailed arc flash analysis can be performed under various load conditions. These new ldquotoolsrdquo can also evaluate equipment damage, design systems with lower arc flash, and predict electrical fire locations based on high arc flash levels. This paper demonstrates how arc flash levels change with available utility MVA (mega volt amperes), additions in connected load, and selection of system components. This paper summarizes a detailed analysis of several power systems to illustrate possible misuses of 2004 NFPA 70E Risk Category Classification Tables while pointing toward future improvements of the Standards. In particular, findings indicate upstream protection may not open quick enough for fault on the secondary of a transformer or at the far end of a long cable due to the increase in system impedance. Several examples of how these problem areas can be dealt with are described in detail.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121656779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585827
T. Neal, M. Lang
Research on the convective and radiant arc flash heat transfer process through arc rated protective clothing and equipment and the impact of modified arc testing configurations on the arc rating of PPE is discussed. The effective arc rating of modified PPE designs in high convective heat exposures is also discussed. Recommendations for PPE selection for high convective energy arc flash exposures and the path forward to address the results of this arc testing research is provided.
{"title":"The impact of arc flash test conditions on the arc rating of PPE","authors":"T. Neal, M. Lang","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585827","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the convective and radiant arc flash heat transfer process through arc rated protective clothing and equipment and the impact of modified arc testing configurations on the arc rating of PPE is discussed. The effective arc rating of modified PPE designs in high convective heat exposures is also discussed. Recommendations for PPE selection for high convective energy arc flash exposures and the path forward to address the results of this arc testing research is provided.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123715808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585815
R. Curiac
During starting, several thermal and mechanical processes take place in a squirrel cage induction motor. The nature and effects of these processes, the resulting forces and stresses are discussed. The paper also deals with some aspects of the thermal and mechanical ageing of winding insulation. Various techniques that may be applied to limit stress levels are described.
{"title":"Forces and stresses in squirrel cage motors during starting","authors":"R. Curiac","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585815","url":null,"abstract":"During starting, several thermal and mechanical processes take place in a squirrel cage induction motor. The nature and effects of these processes, the resulting forces and stresses are discussed. The paper also deals with some aspects of the thermal and mechanical ageing of winding insulation. Various techniques that may be applied to limit stress levels are described.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117197904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585829
J. Hill, K. Behrendt
One large Midwestern paper mill is resolving an arc-flash hazard (AFH) problem by installing microprocessor-based (muP) bus differential protection on medium-voltage switchgear and selectively replacing electromechanical (EM) overcurrent relays with muP relays. In addition to providing critical bus differential protection, the muP relays will provide analog and digital communications for operator monitoring and control via the power plant data and control system (DCS) and will ultimately be used as the backbone to replace an aging hardwired load-shedding system.
{"title":"Upgrading power system protection to improve safety, monitoring, Protection, and control","authors":"J. Hill, K. Behrendt","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585829","url":null,"abstract":"One large Midwestern paper mill is resolving an arc-flash hazard (AFH) problem by installing microprocessor-based (muP) bus differential protection on medium-voltage switchgear and selectively replacing electromechanical (EM) overcurrent relays with muP relays. In addition to providing critical bus differential protection, the muP relays will provide analog and digital communications for operator monitoring and control via the power plant data and control system (DCS) and will ultimately be used as the backbone to replace an aging hardwired load-shedding system.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122429145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585801
W. V. Jones
A line-shaft drive paper machine was investigated while operating to determine the individual power requirement of each section. A step by step sequence of tests was developed to isolate the operating power requirements of each section. This paper documents the steps required for this power evaluation and generalizes the recommendations for other paper machines.
{"title":"A case history for assessing power requirements on line-shaft driven sections for the purpose of converting the sections to electrical sections","authors":"W. V. Jones","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585801","url":null,"abstract":"A line-shaft drive paper machine was investigated while operating to determine the individual power requirement of each section. A step by step sequence of tests was developed to isolate the operating power requirements of each section. This paper documents the steps required for this power evaluation and generalizes the recommendations for other paper machines.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126187957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585818
D. Doan, J. Slivka
The authors have used the calculation methods in IEEE1584 to do hazard assessments for more than 80 industrial sites, from small warehouse facilities to large plants. This paper gives a statistical analysis of the data from those assessments, along with a discussion on modifying equipment design to minimize arc flash hazard exposures.
{"title":"Learnings from arc flash hazard assessments","authors":"D. Doan, J. Slivka","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585818","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have used the calculation methods in IEEE1584 to do hazard assessments for more than 80 industrial sites, from small warehouse facilities to large plants. This paper gives a statistical analysis of the data from those assessments, along with a discussion on modifying equipment design to minimize arc flash hazard exposures.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116039005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585802
R. Schaefer, T. Eberly
Over the years, many rotating exciters have been replaced for static exciters on synchronous machines. As these replacement static exciters age, much of the analog hardware becomes obsolete and can no longer be supported by the manufacturer, again forcing the replacement of the entire excitation system. For many systems, the power rectifier bridge has proven to be reliable with replacement components for power SCRs and power diodes utilized in the bridge still being accessible. Today, rather than replacing the entire excitation system, another approach is to replace only the analog portion and keep the power rectifier bridge; hence, saving on the overall cost of a replacement rather than the investment of the entire excitation system. This paper will discuss the results of this alternative solution and will demonstrate the improved performance gained by implementing a digital front-end controller into the existing power rectifier bridge/s that can result in substantial cost saving to a project.
{"title":"Alternate solutions to replacing aged static exciter systems","authors":"R. Schaefer, T. Eberly","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585802","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, many rotating exciters have been replaced for static exciters on synchronous machines. As these replacement static exciters age, much of the analog hardware becomes obsolete and can no longer be supported by the manufacturer, again forcing the replacement of the entire excitation system. For many systems, the power rectifier bridge has proven to be reliable with replacement components for power SCRs and power diodes utilized in the bridge still being accessible. Today, rather than replacing the entire excitation system, another approach is to replace only the analog portion and keep the power rectifier bridge; hence, saving on the overall cost of a replacement rather than the investment of the entire excitation system. This paper will discuss the results of this alternative solution and will demonstrate the improved performance gained by implementing a digital front-end controller into the existing power rectifier bridge/s that can result in substantial cost saving to a project.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127375441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585826
D. Durocher, D. Mohla
Over the past several years a growing focus on improved electrical safety has arisen. A better understanding of both electrical shock and arc flash hazards faced by personnel working on or near energized equipment has led to consensus standards such as the NFPA-70E. These standards deal primarily with safe work practices - designed to identify and quantify the hazard, then assure that personnel are clothed with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce the risk. Consensus opinion among safety experts is that the best method to reduce the risk of injury is by designing the hazards out. The next frontier in reducing electrical injuries will arise from improved designs of electrical products which mitigate hazards by design. One primary product area of interest is the low-voltage motor control center used for control of motors rated 1000 volts and below. In process applications such as cement, pulp and paper and petroleum and chemical plants, maintenance personnel often find it necessary to work on, or near, energized motor control centers while performing maintenance and operational activities. This paper will review work in progress by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Working Group 1683 ldquoStandard for Motor Control Centers Rated up to 1000 volts with Requirements Intended to Reduce Injuriesrdquo Working Group. This group was initially formed by the IEEE Industry Applications Society Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee and is working on ideas to improve the functional design and test requirements for motor control centers rated up to 1000 volts ac 50/60 Hz with specified safety and reliability features. The paper will briefly review the emerging standard and advise engineers that are interested in how to get involved to offer inputs for improving the standard. Information on new safety based low-voltage motor control center designs that have been recently introduced by several manufacturers will be reviewed. The review will show how the industry is responding to the product need articulated by the user community and the IEEE 1683 Working Group for product safety by design.
{"title":"The final frontier — safety by design: Emerging standards and designs in low-voltage motor control assemblies","authors":"D. Durocher, D. Mohla","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585826","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past several years a growing focus on improved electrical safety has arisen. A better understanding of both electrical shock and arc flash hazards faced by personnel working on or near energized equipment has led to consensus standards such as the NFPA-70E. These standards deal primarily with safe work practices - designed to identify and quantify the hazard, then assure that personnel are clothed with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce the risk. Consensus opinion among safety experts is that the best method to reduce the risk of injury is by designing the hazards out. The next frontier in reducing electrical injuries will arise from improved designs of electrical products which mitigate hazards by design. One primary product area of interest is the low-voltage motor control center used for control of motors rated 1000 volts and below. In process applications such as cement, pulp and paper and petroleum and chemical plants, maintenance personnel often find it necessary to work on, or near, energized motor control centers while performing maintenance and operational activities. This paper will review work in progress by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Working Group 1683 ldquoStandard for Motor Control Centers Rated up to 1000 volts with Requirements Intended to Reduce Injuriesrdquo Working Group. This group was initially formed by the IEEE Industry Applications Society Petroleum and Chemical Industry Committee and is working on ideas to improve the functional design and test requirements for motor control centers rated up to 1000 volts ac 50/60 Hz with specified safety and reliability features. The paper will briefly review the emerging standard and advise engineers that are interested in how to get involved to offer inputs for improving the standard. Information on new safety based low-voltage motor control center designs that have been recently introduced by several manufacturers will be reviewed. The review will show how the industry is responding to the product need articulated by the user community and the IEEE 1683 Working Group for product safety by design.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124209637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585813
E. Lebenhaft, M. Zeller
This paper proposes a procedure to estimate key motor parameters for ac motors that lack manufacturerpsilas data. Often users lack important motor data needed to provide optimal motor performance and protection. The manufacturer may never have supplied this information, or the documentation may have been lost. This method provides motor users with a way to determine the lost or missing information.
{"title":"Estimating key parameters for protection of undocumented ac motors","authors":"E. Lebenhaft, M. Zeller","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585813","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a procedure to estimate key motor parameters for ac motors that lack manufacturerpsilas data. Often users lack important motor data needed to provide optimal motor performance and protection. The manufacturer may never have supplied this information, or the documentation may have been lost. This method provides motor users with a way to determine the lost or missing information.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130720374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-22DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585822
M. Melfi, S. Evon, R. McElveen
The present and future market for motors places high value on power density, operating efficiency, reliability, variable speed operation and low cost. Permanent magnet (PM) motors are now able to meet these market expectations. Compared to the prolific induction motor, PM motors provide the attributes of efficiency and reliability, plus have the additional advantages of higher power density (power per mass or volume), superior power factor (low current), low rotor temperature, and synchronous operation. Advancement in magnet technologies allows operation at higher temperatures without permanent magnetization loss. PM motors are now economically viable due to the availability of rare-earth magnets such as neodymium iron boron at lower prices. Performance comparisons between induction, surface permanent magnet, and salient pole permanent magnet motors are presented in this paper.
{"title":"Permanent magnet motors for power density and energy savings in industrial applications","authors":"M. Melfi, S. Evon, R. McElveen","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2008.4585822","url":null,"abstract":"The present and future market for motors places high value on power density, operating efficiency, reliability, variable speed operation and low cost. Permanent magnet (PM) motors are now able to meet these market expectations. Compared to the prolific induction motor, PM motors provide the attributes of efficiency and reliability, plus have the additional advantages of higher power density (power per mass or volume), superior power factor (low current), low rotor temperature, and synchronous operation. Advancement in magnet technologies allows operation at higher temperatures without permanent magnetization loss. PM motors are now economically viable due to the availability of rare-earth magnets such as neodymium iron boron at lower prices. Performance comparisons between induction, surface permanent magnet, and salient pole permanent magnet motors are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":365184,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2008 54th Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130888321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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