Samar Sultan, Meshari Alharbi, Nuha Alrayes, Nehad Makki, Hanan Faruqui, Lama Basuni, Amani Alhozali, Reham Abdulnoor, Anwar Borai, Abdullah Almalki, Abdullah Alzahrani, Reem Alamoudi, Mazin Almaghrabi
Introduction
One of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) is diabetic nephropathy (DN), which plays a significant role in the progression of end-stage renal disease. Oxidative stress is implicated in DN pathogenesis, and genetic variations in antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) may contribute to the susceptibility. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant enzymes, specifically SOD2 rs4880 and CAT rs769217, and the risk of T2D and susceptibility to DN within the Saudi population.
Methods
This case–control study included 150 participants, comprising 50 patients with T2D without DN (group 1), 50 patients with T2D with DN (group 2), and 50 healthy participants (group 3). The samples were genotyped using real-time PCR for SOD2 rs4880 and CAT rs769217 SNPs. Sanger sequencing was used for validation. Statistical analyses were performed to explore associations between these SNPs and T2D with or without DN.
Results
No significant difference was observed in CAT rs769217 expression between the groups. However, a significant difference was observed in SOD2 rs4880 expression between the healthy controls and patients with T2D with DN (p = .028). Furthermore, SOD2 rs4880 was associated with approximately threefold increased risk of DN in patients with T2D compared to that in healthy participants (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99 [1.31–6.83]). Validation through Sanger sequencing further confirmed these findings.
Conclusions
The findings of this study provide evidence that SOD2 rs4880 SNP may contribute to inadequate defence by the antioxidant enzyme, SOD2, against DM-induced oxidative stress and thus cause DN in Saudi patients with T2D. Therefore, SOD2 rs4880 may serve as a predictive marker to prevent the development and progression of DN in patients with T2D.
{"title":"Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in SOD2 with susceptibility for the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A Saudi population study","authors":"Samar Sultan, Meshari Alharbi, Nuha Alrayes, Nehad Makki, Hanan Faruqui, Lama Basuni, Amani Alhozali, Reham Abdulnoor, Anwar Borai, Abdullah Almalki, Abdullah Alzahrani, Reem Alamoudi, Mazin Almaghrabi","doi":"10.1002/edm2.449","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.449","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One of the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) is diabetic nephropathy (DN), which plays a significant role in the progression of end-stage renal disease. Oxidative stress is implicated in DN pathogenesis, and genetic variations in antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) may contribute to the susceptibility. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in antioxidant enzymes, specifically <i>SOD2</i> rs4880 and <i>CAT rs769217</i>, and the risk of T2D and susceptibility to DN within the Saudi population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This case–control study included 150 participants, comprising 50 patients with T2D without DN (group 1), 50 patients with T2D with DN (group 2), and 50 healthy participants (group 3). The samples were genotyped using real-time PCR for <i>SOD2</i> rs4880 and <i>CAT</i> rs769217 SNPs. Sanger sequencing was used for validation. Statistical analyses were performed to explore associations between these SNPs and T2D with or without DN.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>No significant difference was observed in <i>CAT</i> rs769217 expression between the groups. However, a significant difference was observed in <i>SOD2</i> rs4880 expression between the healthy controls and patients with T2D with DN (<i>p</i> = .028). Furthermore, <i>SOD2</i> rs4880 was associated with approximately threefold increased risk of DN in patients with T2D compared to that in healthy participants (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99 [1.31–6.83]). Validation through Sanger sequencing further confirmed these findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings of this study provide evidence that <i>SOD2</i> rs4880 SNP may contribute to inadequate defence by the antioxidant enzyme, SOD2, against DM-induced oxidative stress and thus cause DN in Saudi patients with T2D. Therefore, <i>SOD2</i> rs4880 may serve as a predictive marker to prevent the development and progression of DN in patients with T2D.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10638619/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10211196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vanessa Guerreiro, Fernando Mendonça, Helena Urbano Ferreira, Paula Freitas, Josué Pereira, Irene Bernardes, Jorge Pinheiro, Tiago Guimarães, Davide Carvalho
Background
Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) constitute one of the most common tumours in the sellar region and are often discovered only when associated with compressive symptoms. With the frequent use of brain imaging, there has been an increase in the prevalence of incidentally discovered NFPAs.
Aim
We aim to determine the prevalence of incidental diagnosis with NPAs observed over a decade and compare the analytical, clinical and treatment differences between those who were diagnosed either incidentally or symptomatically. We also intend to evaluate the pathology differences between both groups.
Methods
We retrospectively analysed patients aged ≥18 years with an apparent NFPA, defined as a pituitary lesion compatible with pituitary adenoma which is not associated with the clinical or biochemical evidence of a hormone-secreting tumour. Inclusion criteria included normal prolactin level for lesions <9 mm or a prolactin level <100 ng/mL for lesions ≥10 mm in maximal tumour diameter.
Results
We included 119 patients [53.8% males; mean age: 56.8 years (SD = 16.7)]. Diagnosis was incidental in 47.1% of patients, and many patients had unappreciated signs and symptoms of pituitary disease. In the symptomatic and incidental groups, 66.7% and 41.1% of patients had hypopituitarism, respectively (p = .005). Only 20.4% of patients incidentally diagnosed had microadenoma (p = .060). Hypopituitarism was present in 18.8% of those patients with microadenomas. Most tumours were macroadenomas (87.4%). Half of those patients diagnosed incidentally were submitted to surgery, compared with 75.8% of those who were diagnosed symptomatically (p = .004).
Conclusions
Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas are commonly diagnosed incidentally, with many manifesting symptoms on examination. NFPAs incidentally diagnosed are more commonly macroadenomas and less frequently associated with hypopituitarism than symptomatic. Accordingly, if there was a greater level of knowledge and more suspicion about these pathologies, it might be possible to discover them earlier.
{"title":"Incidental versus symptomatic nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: Are they different?","authors":"Vanessa Guerreiro, Fernando Mendonça, Helena Urbano Ferreira, Paula Freitas, Josué Pereira, Irene Bernardes, Jorge Pinheiro, Tiago Guimarães, Davide Carvalho","doi":"10.1002/edm2.445","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.445","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) constitute one of the most common tumours in the sellar region and are often discovered only when associated with compressive symptoms. With the frequent use of brain imaging, there has been an increase in the prevalence of incidentally discovered NFPAs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aim to determine the prevalence of incidental diagnosis with NPAs observed over a decade and compare the analytical, clinical and treatment differences between those who were diagnosed either incidentally or symptomatically. We also intend to evaluate the pathology differences between both groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We retrospectively analysed patients aged ≥18 years with an apparent NFPA, defined as a pituitary lesion compatible with pituitary adenoma which is not associated with the clinical or biochemical evidence of a hormone-secreting tumour. Inclusion criteria included normal prolactin level for lesions <9 mm or a prolactin level <100 ng/mL for lesions ≥10 mm in maximal tumour diameter.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We included 119 patients [53.8% males; mean age: 56.8 years (SD = 16.7)]. Diagnosis was incidental in 47.1% of patients, and many patients had unappreciated signs and symptoms of pituitary disease. In the symptomatic and incidental groups, 66.7% and 41.1% of patients had hypopituitarism, respectively (<i>p</i> = .005). Only 20.4% of patients incidentally diagnosed had microadenoma (<i>p</i> = .060). Hypopituitarism was present in 18.8% of those patients with microadenomas. Most tumours were macroadenomas (87.4%). Half of those patients diagnosed incidentally were submitted to surgery, compared with 75.8% of those who were diagnosed symptomatically (<i>p</i> = .004).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas are commonly diagnosed incidentally, with many manifesting symptoms on examination. NFPAs incidentally diagnosed are more commonly macroadenomas and less frequently associated with hypopituitarism than symptomatic. Accordingly, if there was a greater level of knowledge and more suspicion about these pathologies, it might be possible to discover them earlier.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10638623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10564628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel Asamoah Sakyi, Bright Ameyaw, Edwin Ferguson Laing, Richard Anthony, Richard K. Dadzie Ephraim, Alfred Effah, Afia Agyapomaa Kwayie, Ebenezer Senu, Enoch Odame Anto, Emmanuel Acheampong, Bright Oppong Afranie, Benjamin Amoani, Stephen Opoku
Introduction
Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus coexist and are prevalent endocrinopathies among adult population. Thyroid dysfunction contributes to metabolic imbalances, increase beta-cell apoptosis and glucose intolerance. There is paucity of data and contradicting findings on how thyroid dysfunction influence glycaemic control. Therefore, we evaluated thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Ghana.
Methods
A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 192 T2DM patients from Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital. Three consecutive monthly fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed and the results were classified as, moderate hyperglycaemia (MH) (FBG = 6.1–12.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%), severe hyperglycaemia (SH) (FBG ≥ 12.1 mmol/L, HbA1c > 7%) and good glycaemic controls (GC) (FBG = 4.1–6.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), body mass index (BMI) and other clinical parameters were measured. Data analysis was done using R language version 4.0.2 and p < .05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
There were no significant differences in age (years) between patients in the various glycaemic groups (p = .9053). The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 7.8% among T2DM patients. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in patients with SH (11.7%) followed by those with MH (7.5%) and then those with GC (5.4%). Serum levels of TSH and FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly lower in T2DM patients with SH compared to those with MH and the GC (p < .0001). However, FT4 was significantly higher in SH patients compared to the good glycaemic controls (p < .01). The first tertiles of TSH [aOR = 10.51, 95% CI (4.04–17.36), p < .0001] and FT3 [aOR = 2.77, 95% CI (1.11–6.92), p = .0290] were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of hyperglycaemia.
Conclusion
The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high in T2DM and increases with hyperglycaemia. Reduced TSH and T3 may worsen glycaemic control. Periodic monitoring of thyroid function should be incorporated into management guidelines among T2DM patients in Ghana.
{"title":"Thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ghana: A comparative cross-sectional study","authors":"Samuel Asamoah Sakyi, Bright Ameyaw, Edwin Ferguson Laing, Richard Anthony, Richard K. Dadzie Ephraim, Alfred Effah, Afia Agyapomaa Kwayie, Ebenezer Senu, Enoch Odame Anto, Emmanuel Acheampong, Bright Oppong Afranie, Benjamin Amoani, Stephen Opoku","doi":"10.1002/edm2.447","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.447","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus coexist and are prevalent endocrinopathies among adult population. Thyroid dysfunction contributes to metabolic imbalances, increase beta-cell apoptosis and glucose intolerance. There is paucity of data and contradicting findings on how thyroid dysfunction influence glycaemic control. Therefore, we evaluated thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Ghana.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 192 T2DM patients from Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital. Three consecutive monthly fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed and the results were classified as, moderate hyperglycaemia (MH) (FBG = 6.1–12.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%), severe hyperglycaemia (SH) (FBG ≥ 12.1 mmol/L, HbA1c > 7%) and good glycaemic controls (GC) (FBG = 4.1–6.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), body mass index (BMI) and other clinical parameters were measured. Data analysis was done using R language version 4.0.2 and <i>p</i> < .05 was considered statistically significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were no significant differences in age (years) between patients in the various glycaemic groups (<i>p</i> = .9053). The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 7.8% among T2DM patients. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in patients with SH (11.7%) followed by those with MH (7.5%) and then those with GC (5.4%). Serum levels of TSH and FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly lower in T2DM patients with SH compared to those with MH and the GC (<i>p <</i> .0001). However, FT4 was significantly higher in SH patients compared to the good glycaemic controls (<i>p <</i> .01). The first tertiles of TSH [aOR = 10.51, 95% CI (4.04–17.36), <i>p</i> < .0001] and FT3 [aOR = 2.77, 95% CI (1.11–6.92), <i>p</i> = .0290] were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of hyperglycaemia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high in T2DM and increases with hyperglycaemia. Reduced TSH and T3 may worsen glycaemic control. Periodic monitoring of thyroid function should be incorporated into management guidelines among T2DM patients in Ghana.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10638622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10069351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigated the association of serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein ratio (UHR) with the presence and severity of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among MASHAD cohort participants.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, according to International Diabetes Federation criteria, the cohort participants were divided into MetS (+) and MetS (−) groups. MetS (+) were classified into Group 1 (those with 3 MetS criteria), Group 2 (those with 4 MetS criteria) and Group 3 (those with 5 MetS criteria). UHR was compared among the groups.
Results
Data related to 9637 subjects including 3824 MetS (+) and 5813 MetS (−) were analysed. The mean UHR was significantly higher (p < .001) in the MetS (+) group compared with the MetS (−) group. UHR increased as the MetS severity increased (p < .001). ROC analysis revealed that UHR greater than 9.5% has 89.07% sensitivity and 77.03% specificity in differentiating MetS (−) from MetS (+) subjects.
Conclusion
Among MASHAD cohort study participants, a significant association between UHR and MetS was found. Furthermore, there is an increase in UHR as the severity of MetS increases. Registration number of MASHAD cohort study: 85134.
{"title":"Serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein ratio as a novel indicator of inflammation is correlated with the presence and severity of metabolic syndrome: A large-scale study","authors":"Rana Kolahi Ahari, Amin Mansoori, Toktam Sahranavard, Monireh Sadat Miri, Sara Feizi, Habibollah Esmaily, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan","doi":"10.1002/edm2.446","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.446","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated the association of serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein ratio (UHR) with the presence and severity of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among MASHAD cohort participants.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this cross-sectional study, according to International Diabetes Federation criteria, the cohort participants were divided into MetS (+) and MetS (−) groups. MetS (+) were classified into Group 1 (those with 3 MetS criteria), Group 2 (those with 4 MetS criteria) and Group 3 (those with 5 MetS criteria). UHR was compared among the groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data related to 9637 subjects including 3824 MetS (+) and 5813 MetS (−) were analysed. The mean UHR was significantly higher (<i>p</i> < .001) in the MetS (+) group compared with the MetS (−) group. UHR increased as the MetS severity increased (<i>p</i> < .001). ROC analysis revealed that UHR greater than 9.5% has 89.07% sensitivity and 77.03% specificity in differentiating MetS (−) from MetS (+) subjects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among MASHAD cohort study participants, a significant association between UHR and MetS was found. Furthermore, there is an increase in UHR as the severity of MetS increases. Registration number of MASHAD cohort study: 85134.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10638626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10042069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gut microbiota (GM) is the collection of small organisms such as bacteria, fungi, bacteriophages and protozoans living in the intestine in symbiotics relation within their host. GM regulates host metabolism by various mechanisms.
Methods
This review aims to consolidate current information for physicians on the effect of GM on bone health. For this, an online search of the literature was conducted using the keywords gut microbiota, bone mass, osteoporosis, Lactobacillus and sex steroid.
Results and Conclusions
There is a considerable degree of variation in bone mineral density (BMD) within populations, and it is estimated that a significant component of BMD variability is due to genetics. However, the remaining causes of bone mass variance within populations remain largely unknown. A well-recognized cause of phenotypic variation in bone mass is the composition of the microbiome. Studies have shown that germ-free (GF) mice have higher bone mass compared to conventionally raised (CR) mice. Furthermore, GM dysbiosis, also called dysbacteriosis, is defined as any alteration in the composition of the microbial community that has been colonized in the host intestine and associated with the development of bone diseases. For instance, postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and diabetes. GM can be modulated by several factors such as genetics, age, drugs, food habits and probiotics. Probiotics are defined as viable bacteria that confer health benefits by modulating GM when administered in adequate quantity. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a great example of such a probiotic. LGG has been shown to regulate bone mass in healthy mice as well as ovariectomized (OVX) mice via two different mechanisms. This review will focus on the literature regarding the mechanism by which GM and probiotic LGG regulate bone mass in healthy mice as well as in OVX mice, a model of PMO.
{"title":"Mechanism of action of gut microbiota and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on skeletal remodeling in mice","authors":"Abdul Malik Tyagi","doi":"10.1002/edm2.440","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.440","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gut microbiota (GM) is the collection of small organisms such as bacteria, fungi, bacteriophages and protozoans living in the intestine in symbiotics relation within their host. GM regulates host metabolism by various mechanisms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review aims to consolidate current information for physicians on the effect of GM on bone health. For this, an online search of the literature was conducted using the keywords gut microbiota, bone mass, osteoporosis, <i>Lactobacillus</i> and sex steroid.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results and Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a considerable degree of variation in bone mineral density (BMD) within populations, and it is estimated that a significant component of BMD variability is due to genetics. However, the remaining causes of bone mass variance within populations remain largely unknown. A well-recognized cause of phenotypic variation in bone mass is the composition of the microbiome. Studies have shown that germ-free (GF) mice have higher bone mass compared to conventionally raised (CR) mice. Furthermore, GM dysbiosis, also called dysbacteriosis, is defined as any alteration in the composition of the microbial community that has been colonized in the host intestine and associated with the development of bone diseases. For instance, postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) and diabetes. GM can be modulated by several factors such as genetics, age, drugs, food habits and probiotics. Probiotics are defined as viable bacteria that confer health benefits by modulating GM when administered in adequate quantity. <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> GG (LGG) is a great example of such a probiotic. LGG has been shown to regulate bone mass in healthy mice as well as ovariectomized (OVX) mice via two different mechanisms. This review will focus on the literature regarding the mechanism by which GM and probiotic LGG regulate bone mass in healthy mice as well as in OVX mice, a model of PMO.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edm2.440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10242561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People with a low or high haemoglobin glycation index (HGI) have lower or higher HbA1c than other people with the same FPG. This study compared the prevalence of prediabetes based on FPG, 2hOGTT and HbA1c in people with low, moderate or high HGI.
Methods
Prediabetes was diagnosed based on ADA cutpoints in 10,488 NHANES participants without self-reported diabetes. HGI was calculated as the difference between a participant's observed HbA1c and a predicted HbA1c where predicted HbA1c = 0.024 FPG + 3.1. Participants were divided into low (HGI < −0.15%), moderate (HGI −0.15% to +0.15%) and high (HGI > +0.15%) HGI subgroups.
Results
The prevalence of prediabetes was 42.4% based on FPG, 27.2% based on HbA1c and 17.2% based on 2hOGTT. FPG and HbA1c thus overdiagnosed prediabetes by 25.2% and 10.0%, respectively, compared to the OGTT gold standard. Prevalence was (1) similar in low, moderate and high HGI participants based on 2hOGTT, (2) highest in low HGI participants based on FPG, and (3) highest in high HGI participants based on HbA1c. Among participants with mismatched FPG and HbA1c, OGTT was normal in (1) 79.5% of participants with normal FPG but prediabetic HbA1c (mean HGI = +0.53%), and (2) 75.2% of participants with normal HbA1c but prediabetic FPG (mean HGI = −0.30%).
Conclusions
FPG overdiagnosed prediabetes in people with low HGI. HbA1c overdiagnosed prediabetes in people with high HGI. Clinical use of HGI could improve prediabetes diagnosis and help health care providers avoid inappropriate or delayed treatment of people with extremes of HGI.
{"title":"Effect of biological variation in HbA1c and blood glucose on the diagnosis of prediabetes","authors":"James M. Hempe, Shengping Yang, Daniel S. Hsia","doi":"10.1002/edm2.442","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.442","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>People with a low or high haemoglobin glycation index (HGI) have lower or higher HbA1c than other people with the same FPG. This study compared the prevalence of prediabetes based on FPG, 2hOGTT and HbA1c in people with low, moderate or high HGI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prediabetes was diagnosed based on ADA cutpoints in 10,488 NHANES participants without self-reported diabetes. HGI was calculated as the difference between a participant's observed HbA1c and a predicted HbA1c where predicted HbA1c = 0.024 FPG + 3.1. Participants were divided into low (HGI < −0.15%), moderate (HGI −0.15% to +0.15%) and high (HGI > +0.15%) HGI subgroups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prevalence of prediabetes was 42.4% based on FPG, 27.2% based on HbA1c and 17.2% based on 2hOGTT. FPG and HbA1c thus overdiagnosed prediabetes by 25.2% and 10.0%, respectively, compared to the OGTT gold standard. Prevalence was (1) similar in low, moderate and high HGI participants based on 2hOGTT, (2) highest in low HGI participants based on FPG, and (3) highest in high HGI participants based on HbA1c. Among participants with mismatched FPG and HbA1c, OGTT was normal in (1) 79.5% of participants with normal FPG but prediabetic HbA1c (mean HGI = +0.53%), and (2) 75.2% of participants with normal HbA1c but prediabetic FPG (mean HGI = −0.30%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>FPG overdiagnosed prediabetes in people with low HGI. HbA1c overdiagnosed prediabetes in people with high HGI. Clinical use of HGI could improve prediabetes diagnosis and help health care providers avoid inappropriate or delayed treatment of people with extremes of HGI.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edm2.442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10333777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabrina Ahmed, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Raja Ram Dhungana, Gantsetseg Ganbaatar, Fatema Ashraf, Yuichiro Yano, Katsuyuki Miura, M. S. A. Mansur Ahmed
Introduction
Good adherence to anti-diabetic medications is an important protective factor for decreasing diabetes-related complications and disabilities but its association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is understudied. The current study aimed to assess an association between medication adherence to anti-diabetic drugs and HRQoL among people with diabetes in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study among 480 people with diabetes aged between 50 and 70 years, who attended a tertiary-level hospital in Dhaka city. We used the EuroQol-5 Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) to measure HRQoL and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale to assess the level of medication adherence to anti-diabetic drugs. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the significance of relevant factors.
Results
The mean age of the participants was 59.0 (standard deviation [SD], 7.0) years. The majority of the participants (74%) had a lower level of medication adherence. The mean value of (EQ-5D-5L) was 2.0 (SD, 1.0). The percentage of severe disability in different domains were 6.7% for mobility, 3.5% for self-care, 11.9% for usual daily activities, 11.9% for pain/discomfort and 11.3% for anxiety. After adjusting for age, sex, years of education, household expenditure, hypertension, duration of diabetes, glycemic status and multi-morbidities; low adherence to anti-diabetic medication was inversely associated with pain (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08–0.80; p = .036), and positively associated with anxiety (OR, 7.18; 95% CI, 1.03–9.59; p = .043).
Conclusions
Low medication adherence to anti-diabetic drugs was associated with anxiety and pain among the EQ-5D-5L indexes measured in people with diabetes in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
{"title":"Medication adherence and health-related quality of life among people with diabetes in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Sabrina Ahmed, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Raja Ram Dhungana, Gantsetseg Ganbaatar, Fatema Ashraf, Yuichiro Yano, Katsuyuki Miura, M. S. A. Mansur Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/edm2.444","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.444","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Good adherence to anti-diabetic medications is an important protective factor for decreasing diabetes-related complications and disabilities but its association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is understudied. The current study aimed to assess an association between medication adherence to anti-diabetic drugs and HRQoL among people with diabetes in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study among 480 people with diabetes aged between 50 and 70 years, who attended a tertiary-level hospital in Dhaka city. We used the EuroQol-5 Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) to measure HRQoL and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale to assess the level of medication adherence to anti-diabetic drugs. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the significance of relevant factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mean age of the participants was 59.0 (standard deviation [SD], 7.0) years. The majority of the participants (74%) had a lower level of medication adherence. The mean value of (EQ-5D-5L) was 2.0 (SD, 1.0). The percentage of severe disability in different domains were 6.7% for mobility, 3.5% for self-care, 11.9% for usual daily activities, 11.9% for pain/discomfort and 11.3% for anxiety. After adjusting for age, sex, years of education, household expenditure, hypertension, duration of diabetes, glycemic status and multi-morbidities; low adherence to anti-diabetic medication was inversely associated with pain (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.08–0.80; <i>p</i> = .036), and positively associated with anxiety (OR, 7.18; 95% CI, 1.03–9.59; <i>p</i> = .043).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Low medication adherence to anti-diabetic drugs was associated with anxiety and pain among the EQ-5D-5L indexes measured in people with diabetes in Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edm2.444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10280521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Macro-algae products have been shown to ameliorate the metabolic disorders state. Thus, highlighting their function as supplementary therapeutic agents can be a novel strategy for clinical therapies. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials aimed to summarize the effect of macro-algae consumption on serum lipid profile, glycaemic control and anthropometric factors.
Methods
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search was performed for relevant studies published up to May 2023. The Cochran's Q test and I-square (I2) tests were used to evaluate heterogeneity across the included studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird), and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the pooled effect size.
Results
Out of 8602 papers in the initial screening, eight clinical trials with a total of 438 participants were included into this meta-analysis. The results indicated that macro-algae supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = −6.7 mg/dL; 95% CI: −12.59, −0.80; item = 0.026) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (WMD = −8.25 mg/dL; 95% CI: −15.38, −1.12; p-value = .023). There was an increase in level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (WMD = 0.48 mg/dL; 95% CI: −2.05, 3.01; p-value = .71) which was not statistically significant. Macro-algae supplementation reduced body mass index (BMI) (WMD = −0.28 kg/m2; 95% CI: −0.96, 0.41; p-value = .426), weight (WMD = −0.39 kg; 95% CI: −3.6, 2.83; p-value = .81), waist circumference (WC) (WMD = −0.52 cm; 95% CI: −2.71, 1.66; p-value = .64), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD = −1.95 mg/dL; 95% CI: −5.19, 1.28; p-value = .24) and HbA1c (WMD = −0.02%; 95% CI: −0.14, 0.09; p-value = .66) in intervention group.
Conclusions
This meta-analysis indicated that macro-algae supplementation significantly decreased TC and LDL-c level. It can also increase HDL-c level and reduce anthropometric indices and glycaemic control factors.
{"title":"The effects of macro-algae supplementation on serum lipid, glycaemic control and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","authors":"Shahla Rezaei, Saeid Doaei, Reza Tabrizi, Saeed Ghobadi, Morteza Zare, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Zohreh Mazloom","doi":"10.1002/edm2.439","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.439","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Macro-algae products have been shown to ameliorate the metabolic disorders state. Thus, highlighting their function as supplementary therapeutic agents can be a novel strategy for clinical therapies. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials aimed to summarize the effect of macro-algae consumption on serum lipid profile, glycaemic control and anthropometric factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search was performed for relevant studies published up to May 2023. The Cochran's <i>Q</i> test and <i>I</i>-square (<i>I</i><sup>2</sup>) tests were used to evaluate heterogeneity across the included studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird), and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the pooled effect size.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Out of 8602 papers in the initial screening, eight clinical trials with a total of 438 participants were included into this meta-analysis. The results indicated that macro-algae supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = −6.7 mg/dL; 95% CI: −12.59, −0.80; item = 0.026) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (WMD = −8.25 mg/dL; 95% CI: −15.38, −1.12; <i>p</i>-value = .023). There was an increase in level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (WMD = 0.48 mg/dL; 95% CI: −2.05, 3.01; <i>p</i>-value = .71) which was not statistically significant. Macro-algae supplementation reduced body mass index (BMI) (WMD = −0.28 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; 95% CI: −0.96, 0.41; <i>p</i>-value = .426), weight (WMD = −0.39 kg; 95% CI: −3.6, 2.83; <i>p</i>-value = .81), waist circumference (WC) (WMD = −0.52 cm; 95% CI: −2.71, 1.66; <i>p</i>-value = .64), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD = −1.95 mg/dL; 95% CI: −5.19, 1.28; <i>p</i>-value = .24) and HbA1c (WMD = −0.02%; 95% CI: −0.14, 0.09; <i>p</i>-value = .66) in intervention group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This meta-analysis indicated that macro-algae supplementation significantly decreased TC and LDL-c level. It can also increase HDL-c level and reduce anthropometric indices and glycaemic control factors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edm2.439","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10280912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the terrifying pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, diabetic patients exhibiting more severe outcomes and mortality rate is high among them. Based on recent studies, metformin as the most prescribed drug for T2DM treatment may improve severe outcomes in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, abnormal laboratory findings can help to differentiate between the severe and non-severe form of COVID-19. According to the mentioned issues, the effect of metformin on severity of COVID-19 was examined in T2DM patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Methods
The study included 187 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, 104 patients were diabetic and divided into two groups according to their anti-diabetic drugs: patients who were treated only with metformin and patients who were treated with other anti-diabetic drugs. The other participants were non-diabetic and diagnosed with COVID-19. Biochemical parameters were measured by routine laboratory methods before, during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Results
During infection, FBS, creatinine, ALT, AST, Ferritin and LDH were significantly lower in metformin users than non-users (p-value: .02, .01, .03, .04, .0009 and .01, respectively). Also, after recovery, there were statistically significant differences between metformin users and non-users with respect to most of the study parameters, except FBS, BUN and ALP (p-value: .51, .28 and .35, respectively).
Conclusion
Our result suggested that metformin might be associated with better outcomes in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Investigating the impact of metformin on severity of COVID-19 in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Focusing on laboratory findings","authors":"Rana Taheri, Seyedeh Zahra Shahrokhi, Zahra Amjadi, Faranak Kazerouni","doi":"10.1002/edm2.441","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.441","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the terrifying pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, diabetic patients exhibiting more severe outcomes and mortality rate is high among them. Based on recent studies, metformin as the most prescribed drug for T2DM treatment may improve severe outcomes in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, abnormal laboratory findings can help to differentiate between the severe and non-severe form of COVID-19. According to the mentioned issues, the effect of metformin on severity of COVID-19 was examined in T2DM patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study included 187 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, 104 patients were diabetic and divided into two groups according to their anti-diabetic drugs: patients who were treated only with metformin and patients who were treated with other anti-diabetic drugs. The other participants were non-diabetic and diagnosed with COVID-19. Biochemical parameters were measured by routine laboratory methods before, during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During infection, FBS, creatinine, ALT, AST, Ferritin and LDH were significantly lower in metformin users than non-users (<i>p</i>-<i>value</i>: .02, .01, .03, .04, .0009 and .01, respectively). Also, after recovery, there were statistically significant differences between metformin users and non-users with respect to most of the study parameters, except FBS, BUN and ALP (<i>p-value</i>: .51, .28 and .35, respectively).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our result suggested that metformin might be associated with better outcomes in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edm2.441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10628469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spermatogenesis is significantly influenced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid disorders can be caused by a variety of factors. Traditionally, Ellettaria cardamomum has been used to treat a variety of ailments. The effects of E. cardamomum extract (ECE) on spermatogenesis in hypothyroid mice were investigated in this study.
Methods
In this study 42 male mice, weighing (25–35 g) were randomly divided in six groups: control group (taking normal saline, 0.5 mL/day, by oral gavage [P.O.]), hypothyroid group (taking 0.1% propylthiouracil in drinking water for 2 weeks), hypothyroid groups treated by levothyroxine (15 mg/kg/day, P.O.) and hypothyroid groups treated by ECE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, P.O.). After the end of experiments the mice were anaesthetised and blood samples were collected for hormonal analysis.
Results
The sperm count and microscopic studies of testes were done also. Our results showed that the T3, T4, testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in hypothyroid animals decreased and thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone increased compared with control group. Treatment by ECE reverse these effects in comparison with hypothyroid group.
Conclusions
According to our findings, the ECE may stimulates thyroid gland function and increases testosterone and spermatogenesis.
{"title":"Effect of Elettaria cardamomum L. on hormonal changes and spermatogenesis in the propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism male BALB/c mice","authors":"Bahar Atabaki, Naser Mirazi, Abdolkarim Hosseini, Abdolrahman Sarihi, Zahra Izadi, Alireza Nourian","doi":"10.1002/edm2.438","DOIUrl":"10.1002/edm2.438","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spermatogenesis is significantly influenced by the thyroid gland. Thyroid disorders can be caused by a variety of factors. Traditionally, <i>Ellettaria cardamomum</i> has been used to treat a variety of ailments. The effects of <i>E. cardamomum</i> extract (ECE) on spermatogenesis in hypothyroid mice were investigated in this study.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study 42 male mice, weighing (25–35 g) were randomly divided in six groups: control group (taking normal saline, 0.5 mL/day, by oral gavage [P.O.]), hypothyroid group (taking 0.1% propylthiouracil in drinking water for 2 weeks), hypothyroid groups treated by levothyroxine (15 mg/kg/day, P.O.) and hypothyroid groups treated by ECE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day, P.O.). After the end of experiments the mice were anaesthetised and blood samples were collected for hormonal analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sperm count and microscopic studies of testes were done also. Our results showed that the T<sub>3</sub>, T<sub>4</sub>, testosterone levels and spermatogenesis in hypothyroid animals decreased and thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone increased compared with control group. Treatment by ECE reverse these effects in comparison with hypothyroid group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>According to our findings, the ECE may stimulates thyroid gland function and increases testosterone and spermatogenesis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":36522,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/edm2.438","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10282582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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