A. Brookfield, Anthony Layzell, Tingxuan Zhou, Boyao Tian
Groundwater and surface water, including such engineered surface water bodies as irrigation canals and drainage ditches, are connected. As such, changes to the management of these surface water bodies will affect interconnected groundwater systems as well. In the Lower Republican River Basin in Kansas, United States, a regional irrigation district has converted several irrigation canals to buried pipe to reduce water lost to evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge, increasing the delivery efficiency of its system. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in local groundwater levels due to this conversion. Seven existing wells in the vicinity of converted or soon-to-be converted irrigation canals were equipped with pressure transducers, and hourly water-level measurements were collected over several years. Average water levels decreased in all wells post-conversion compared to measurements taken between 1970 and 2001. The water levels did not decrease equally, and in several wells, the water-level variance also changed from pre- to post-conversion. It is hypothesized that the observed changes are controlled by many factors, including those related to canal conversion (proximity to the converted canal and time since canal conversion), proximity to other surface water features such as the main stem of the canal and reservoir, and subsurface characteristics that influence the rate of infiltration from precipitation events. This research highlights the interconnectedness of surface and subsurface water resources and how water management decisions need to consider how these interactions may change to support sustainable water use.
{"title":"Monitoring Changes in Groundwater Resources Due to Increased Surface Water Delivery Efficiencies in the Lower Republican River Basin","authors":"A. Brookfield, Anthony Layzell, Tingxuan Zhou, Boyao Tian","doi":"10.17161/mg.v4i.20851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v4i.20851","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater and surface water, including such engineered surface water bodies as irrigation canals and drainage ditches, are connected. As such, changes to the management of these surface water bodies will affect interconnected groundwater systems as well. In the Lower Republican River Basin in Kansas, United States, a regional irrigation district has converted several irrigation canals to buried pipe to reduce water lost to evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge, increasing the delivery efficiency of its system. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in local groundwater levels due to this conversion. Seven existing wells in the vicinity of converted or soon-to-be converted irrigation canals were equipped with pressure transducers, and hourly water-level measurements were collected over several years. Average water levels decreased in all wells post-conversion compared to measurements taken between 1970 and 2001. The water levels did not decrease equally, and in several wells, the water-level variance also changed from pre- to post-conversion. It is hypothesized that the observed changes are controlled by many factors, including those related to canal conversion (proximity to the converted canal and time since canal conversion), proximity to other surface water features such as the main stem of the canal and reservoir, and subsurface characteristics that influence the rate of infiltration from precipitation events. This research highlights the interconnectedness of surface and subsurface water resources and how water management decisions need to consider how these interactions may change to support sustainable water use.","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139168602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Syracuse Basin is a large region of about 8,100 mi2 (21,000 km2) in western Kansas and eastern Colorado that is underlain by Permian-age salts in the Flowerpot and Blaine Formations of the Nippewalla Group. Originally thought to be a structural or depositional basin, detailed study around the perimeter of the basin shows that it is a dissolutional remnant wherein the salt beds are dissolved at all places around the basin’s margins. The two main salt units, the Flowerpot salt and the middle Blaine salt, consist mainly of displacive halite in red-brown shales and siltstones (mudstones). The Flowerpot salt is generally 200–300 ft (61–91 m) thick within the basin, but where most or all of the salt is dissolved outside of the basin, equivalent strata are 50–150 ft (15–46 m) thick. The younger middle Blaine salt is typically 45–60 ft (14–18 m) thick in the basin, and equivalent strata are 5–10 ft (1.5–3 m) thick where the salt is dissolved. Five areas selected for detailed study of the dissolution zone around the perimeter of the Syracuse Basin show that removal of about 250 ft (76 m) of Flowerpot salt occurs within horizontal distances ranging from about 930 ft (283 m) to as much as 14 mi (23 km). Structural cross sections show that sub-salt strata dip gently and uninterrupted beneath the dissolution zone, whereas strata above the salt are disrupted and are flexed down by an amount roughly equal to the amount of dissolved salt. This supports the thesis that the salt deposits are a dissolutional remnant and not a structural or depositional basin. In most areas, descending unsaturated groundwater dissolves the shallower middle Blaine salt first and then dissolves the deeper Flowerpot salt. But in two areas, unsaturated groundwater is sourced from a sub-salt aquifer, causing dissolution of the Flowerpot salt first and then the shallower middle Blaine salt. Salt dissolution occurred at different times in different parts of the Syracuse Basin. In most areas, it occurred mainly during the Pliocene–Pleistocene–Holocene Epochs, but locally it started before deposition of the Cretaceous or even from Late Permian through Early Cretaceous time. The original extent of the Flowerpot and middle Blaine salts went far beyond the current extent of the Syracuse Basin. Remnants of both salt units are present in six large regions that extend from the Denver Basin in northeast Colorado and western Nebraska on the north to the Anadarko and Palo Duro basins in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico on the south, a total area of about 115,800 mi2 (300,000 km2). In all these regions, the two salt units have dissolutional limits like those at the perimeter of the Syracuse Basin. Dissolution of subsurface salt units can cause problems when or if underground cavities become so large that the roof of the cavity collapses and the cavity rises to the land surface to form a sinkhole or an area of ground subsidence. Problems can also arise when seismic-reflection surveys cross a dissolu
{"title":"Salt Dissolution in the Permian Flowerpot and Blaine Formations Defines Limits of the Syracuse Basin in Western Kansas and Eastern Colorado","authors":"Kenneth Johnson, Glenn H. Timson","doi":"10.17161/mg.v4i.19630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v4i.19630","url":null,"abstract":"The Syracuse Basin is a large region of about 8,100 mi2 (21,000 km2) in western Kansas and eastern Colorado that is underlain by Permian-age salts in the Flowerpot and Blaine Formations of the Nippewalla Group. Originally thought to be a structural or depositional basin, detailed study around the perimeter of the basin shows that it is a dissolutional remnant wherein the salt beds are dissolved at all places around the basin’s margins. The two main salt units, the Flowerpot salt and the middle Blaine salt, consist mainly of displacive halite in red-brown shales and siltstones (mudstones). The Flowerpot salt is generally 200–300 ft (61–91 m) thick within the basin, but where most or all of the salt is dissolved outside of the basin, equivalent strata are 50–150 ft (15–46 m) thick. The younger middle Blaine salt is typically 45–60 ft (14–18 m) thick in the basin, and equivalent strata are 5–10 ft (1.5–3 m) thick where the salt is dissolved.\u0000Five areas selected for detailed study of the dissolution zone around the perimeter of the Syracuse Basin show that removal of about 250 ft (76 m) of Flowerpot salt occurs within horizontal distances ranging from about 930 ft (283 m) to as much as 14 mi (23 km). Structural cross sections show that sub-salt strata dip gently and uninterrupted beneath the dissolution zone, whereas strata above the salt are disrupted and are flexed down by an amount roughly equal to the amount of dissolved salt. This supports the thesis that the salt deposits are a dissolutional remnant and not a structural or depositional basin. In most areas, descending unsaturated groundwater dissolves the shallower middle Blaine salt first and then dissolves the deeper Flowerpot salt. But in two areas, unsaturated groundwater is sourced from a sub-salt aquifer, causing dissolution of the Flowerpot salt first and then the shallower middle Blaine salt.\u0000Salt dissolution occurred at different times in different parts of the Syracuse Basin. In most areas, it occurred mainly during the Pliocene–Pleistocene–Holocene Epochs, but locally it started before deposition of the Cretaceous or even from Late Permian through Early Cretaceous time.\u0000The original extent of the Flowerpot and middle Blaine salts went far beyond the current extent of the Syracuse Basin. Remnants of both salt units are present in six large regions that extend from the Denver Basin in northeast Colorado and western Nebraska on the north to the Anadarko and Palo Duro basins in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico on the south, a total area of about 115,800 mi2 (300,000 km2). In all these regions, the two salt units have dissolutional limits like those at the perimeter of the Syracuse Basin.\u0000Dissolution of subsurface salt units can cause problems when or if underground cavities become so large that the roof of the cavity collapses and the cavity rises to the land surface to form a sinkhole or an area of ground subsidence. Problems can also arise when seismic-reflection surveys cross a dissolu","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131057658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephan C. Oborny, Jon J Smith, T. Layzell, G. Ludvigson, Franek J. Hasiuk
This paper provides a summary review of proposed nomenclatural revisions to the Zarah Subgroup of the Kansas City Group (Pennsylvanian) in Kansas and outlines changes adopted by the Kansas Geological Survey. The Iola Limestone, which comprises in ascending order the Paola Limestone, Muncie Creek Shale, and Raytown Limestone Members, is now considered the basal formation of the Zarah Subgroup. We reinstate the overlying Liberty Memorial Shale as originally defined by Clair (1943) in the area of Kansas City, Missouri. We also restrict the Wyandotte Limestone to include only, in ascending order, the Frisbie Limestone, Quindaro Shale, and Argentine Limestone Members. Furthermore, the Lane Shale is restricted in use and encompasses all strata within the shale-dominated interval between the top of the Argentine Limestone Member of the Wyandotte Limestone and the base of the overlying Plattsburg Limestone. Within the revised Lane Shale, the KGS now formally recognizes, in ascending order, the Lower Farley Limestone, Middle Farley Shale, and Upper Farley Limestone Members. The Bonner Springs Shale is now demoted in rank and included as the uppermost member within the Lane Shale.
{"title":"Revision to Nomenclature of the Zarah Subgroup of the Kansas City Group (Pennsylvanian) in Kansas","authors":"Stephan C. Oborny, Jon J Smith, T. Layzell, G. Ludvigson, Franek J. Hasiuk","doi":"10.17161/mg.v3i.18249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v3i.18249","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a summary review of proposed nomenclatural revisions to the Zarah Subgroup of the Kansas City Group (Pennsylvanian) in Kansas and outlines changes adopted by the Kansas Geological Survey. The Iola Limestone, which comprises in ascending order the Paola Limestone, Muncie Creek Shale, and Raytown Limestone Members, is now considered the basal formation of the Zarah Subgroup. We reinstate the overlying Liberty Memorial Shale as originally defined by Clair (1943) in the area of Kansas City, Missouri. We also restrict the Wyandotte Limestone to include only, in ascending order, the Frisbie Limestone, Quindaro Shale, and Argentine Limestone Members. Furthermore, the Lane Shale is restricted in use and encompasses all strata within the shale-dominated interval between the top of the Argentine Limestone Member of the Wyandotte Limestone and the base of the overlying Plattsburg Limestone. Within the revised Lane Shale, the KGS now formally recognizes, in ascending order, the Lower Farley Limestone, Middle Farley Shale, and Upper Farley Limestone Members. The Bonner Springs Shale is now demoted in rank and included as the uppermost member within the Lane Shale. ","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"8 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116956829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mohammadi, A. Hollenbach, R. Goldstein, A. Möller, C. Burberry
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the southern midcontinent of the United States have been affected by multiple events of deformation and fluid flow, resulting in petroleum migration, thermal alteration, Mississippi Valley-type mineralization, and a complex diagenetic history. This record is a hidden history of how cratonal settings respond to tectonic and non-tectonic drivers. The aim of this contribution is to better understand the controls on fluid migration in Paleozoic strata to evaluate whether hydrothermal activity is forced by tectonic or non-tectonic processes. This paper summarizes and vets the distribution of published dates related to thermal events in the southern midcontinent. In addition, we present new U-Pb dates obtained by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on calcite cements that were formed from hydrothermal fluids. These are from three samples from the Berexco Wellington KGS 1-32 core in Sumner County, Kansas; an ore sample from the Tri-State Mineral District, Neck City, Missouri; and a core sample from the Blackbird 4-33 well in Osage County, Oklahoma. Previous studies of these calcite samples provided evidence for hydrothermal fluid flow, with one of the Wellington samples possibly recording vertical hydrothermal fluid flow out of the basement. The sample from the Tri-State Mineral District (Missouri) yields a mid-Cretaceous age of 115.6±3.1 Ma. This age falls into the timing of the Sevier Orogeny along the west coast and the development of its foreland basin in the midcontinent. Calcites from the Mississippian interval in the Wellington KGS 1-32 core yield dates of 305±10.5 Ma and 305.1±9.1 Ma. Calcite in Mississippian strata from the Blackbird 4-33 core yields a date of 308.6±2.5 Ma. These dates from Mississippian calcite cements indicate hydrothermal fluid flow in the Late Pennsylvanian that coincides with the timing of the Marathon-Ouachita Orogeny or the Ancestral Rocky Mountains Orogeny. A calcite sample from the Ordovician Arbuckle Group from the Berexco Wellington KGS 1-32 core yielded an age of 5.6±1.6 Ma, coinciding with a time after high elevation uplift of the Rocky Mountains was already far advanced. We propose that this hydrothermal fluid flow may have been associated with increased meteoric recharge and increased regional fluid pressure in a basement aquifer that activated local seismic events far into the continental interior. The distribution of ages of hydrothermal fluid flow confirms a syntectonic driver during the Ouachita Orogeny and Ancestral Rocky Mountains Orogeny deformation. Continuation of hydrothermal fluid flow well into the Permian and tailing off early in the Triassic indicates a post-tectonic driver, where uplifted areas continued to provide the recharge from gravity-driven fluid flow, until the mountains were mostly beveled by the early part of the Triassic. A dearth of Triassic and Jurassic hydrothermal events suggests Gulf of Mexico rifting and extensio
{"title":"Controls on Timing of Hydrothermal Fluid Flow in South-Central Kansas, North-Central Oklahoma, and the Tri-State Mineral District","authors":"S. Mohammadi, A. Hollenbach, R. Goldstein, A. Möller, C. Burberry","doi":"10.17161/mg.v3i.16812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v3i.16812","url":null,"abstract":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the southern midcontinent of the United States have been affected by multiple events of deformation and fluid flow, resulting in petroleum migration, thermal alteration, Mississippi Valley-type mineralization, and a complex diagenetic history. This record is a hidden history of how cratonal settings respond to tectonic and non-tectonic drivers. The aim of this contribution is to better understand the controls on fluid migration in Paleozoic strata to evaluate whether hydrothermal activity is forced by tectonic or non-tectonic processes. \u0000This paper summarizes and vets the distribution of published dates related to thermal events in the southern midcontinent. In addition, we present new U-Pb dates obtained by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on calcite cements that were formed from hydrothermal fluids. These are from three samples from the Berexco Wellington KGS 1-32 core in Sumner County, Kansas; an ore sample from the Tri-State Mineral District, Neck City, Missouri; and a core sample from the Blackbird 4-33 well in Osage County, Oklahoma. Previous studies of these calcite samples provided evidence for hydrothermal fluid flow, with one of the Wellington samples possibly recording vertical hydrothermal fluid flow out of the basement. \u0000The sample from the Tri-State Mineral District (Missouri) yields a mid-Cretaceous age of 115.6±3.1 Ma. This age falls into the timing of the Sevier Orogeny along the west coast and the development of its foreland basin in the midcontinent. Calcites from the Mississippian interval in the Wellington KGS 1-32 core yield dates of 305±10.5 Ma and 305.1±9.1 Ma. Calcite in Mississippian strata from the Blackbird 4-33 core yields a date of 308.6±2.5 Ma. These dates from Mississippian calcite cements indicate hydrothermal fluid flow in the Late Pennsylvanian that coincides with the timing of the Marathon-Ouachita Orogeny or the Ancestral Rocky Mountains Orogeny. A calcite sample from the Ordovician Arbuckle Group from the Berexco Wellington KGS 1-32 core yielded an age of 5.6±1.6 Ma, coinciding with a time after high elevation uplift of the Rocky Mountains was already far advanced. We propose that this hydrothermal fluid flow may have been associated with increased meteoric recharge and increased regional fluid pressure in a basement aquifer that activated local seismic events far into the continental interior. \u0000The distribution of ages of hydrothermal fluid flow confirms a syntectonic driver during the Ouachita Orogeny and Ancestral Rocky Mountains Orogeny deformation. Continuation of hydrothermal fluid flow well into the Permian and tailing off early in the Triassic indicates a post-tectonic driver, where uplifted areas continued to provide the recharge from gravity-driven fluid flow, until the mountains were mostly beveled by the early part of the Triassic. A dearth of Triassic and Jurassic hydrothermal events suggests Gulf of Mexico rifting and extensio","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116970253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bottomhole temperature measurements from oil and gas drilling in southeastern Kansas on the eastern flank of the Cherokee basin, in combination with a suite of about 2,200 differential temperature logs recently obtained from wireline logging in coalbed methane wells, define several higher-temperature anomalies at the top of the Mississippian Subsystem strata. Temperatures slightly in excess of 90 oF (35 oC) at depths of about 900 ft (275 m) correspond to geothermal gradients as high as about 60 oC/km. Sparse historical measurements of heat flow in the cratonic Cherokee basin indicate that the thermal anomalies are not likely caused by locally high heat flow. Heat flow in the Cherokee basin is probably in line with most other shallow cratonic basins. The higher-temperature thermal anomalies defined by logging temperatures do not correspond to previously mapped faults or other structural features in the Phanerozoic sedimentary section, but some anomalies are underlain by Precambrian basement lineations that are detectable with aeromagnetic and gravity measurements. Well-log determination of shale content in the Pennsylvanian sedimentary strata overlying the Mississippian limestones indicates that low thermal conductivity caused by higher shale content may cause some of the thermal anomalies. Lateral (advective) movement of warmer, highly saline water from the basin axis cannot account for the anomalies because the anomalies are not characterized by exceptionally highly saline water in Mississippian strata. Similarly, recorded static fluid levels of wells disposing of oilfield saltwater into the Mississippian strata and the deeper Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle Group indicate that the deeper Arbuckle strata generally do not have sufficient formation pressure to force Arbuckle formation water upward into the Mississippian through either natural fractures or leaky wellbores. Small-scale changes in salinity, in combination with geologic structuring indicating faulting, make a case for vertical (convective) movement of heated, less saline water from the Arbuckle Group into overlying Mississippian limestones in isolated localities. Buoyancy of the Arbuckle formation water (due to temperature and salinity differences with the cooler and more saline Mississippian water) could also be the primary force behind the convection. Convergence of cooler freshwater moving westward off the Ozark dome and more saline basinal water moving eastward also could be a factor in defining the limits of some thermal anomalies.
{"title":"Geothermal anomalies on the eastern flank of the Cherokee basin, southeastern Kansas, USA","authors":"K. Newell, T. Birdie","doi":"10.17161/mg.v2i.16503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v2i.16503","url":null,"abstract":"Bottomhole temperature measurements from oil and gas drilling in southeastern Kansas on the eastern flank of the Cherokee basin, in combination with a suite of about 2,200 differential temperature logs recently obtained from wireline logging in coalbed methane wells, define several higher-temperature anomalies at the top of the Mississippian Subsystem strata. Temperatures slightly in excess of 90 oF (35 oC) at depths of about 900 ft (275 m) correspond to geothermal gradients as high as about 60 oC/km. \u0000Sparse historical measurements of heat flow in the cratonic Cherokee basin indicate that the thermal anomalies are not likely caused by locally high heat flow. Heat flow in the Cherokee basin is probably in line with most other shallow cratonic basins. The higher-temperature thermal anomalies defined by logging temperatures do not correspond to previously mapped faults or other structural features in the Phanerozoic sedimentary section, but some anomalies are underlain by Precambrian basement lineations that are detectable with aeromagnetic and gravity measurements. Well-log determination of shale content in the Pennsylvanian sedimentary strata overlying the Mississippian limestones indicates that low thermal conductivity caused by higher shale content may cause some of the thermal anomalies. \u0000Lateral (advective) movement of warmer, highly saline water from the basin axis cannot account for the anomalies because the anomalies are not characterized by exceptionally highly saline water in Mississippian strata. Similarly, recorded static fluid levels of wells disposing of oilfield saltwater into the Mississippian strata and the deeper Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle Group indicate that the deeper Arbuckle strata generally do not have sufficient formation pressure to force Arbuckle formation water upward into the Mississippian through either natural fractures or leaky wellbores. Small-scale changes in salinity, in combination with geologic structuring indicating faulting, make a case for vertical (convective) movement of heated, less saline water from the Arbuckle Group into overlying Mississippian limestones in isolated localities. Buoyancy of the Arbuckle formation water (due to temperature and salinity differences with the cooler and more saline Mississippian water) could also be the primary force behind the convection. Convergence of cooler freshwater moving westward off the Ozark dome and more saline basinal water moving eastward also could be a factor in defining the limits of some thermal anomalies.","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124757298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yulun Wang, Guofan Luo, M. Achang, J. Cains, C. Wethington, A. Katende, G. Grammer, J. Puckette, J. Pashin, M. Castagna, H. Chan, G. King, M. Radonjic
From a hydrocarbon perspective, the Caney Shale has historically been evaluated as a sealing unit, which resulted in limited studies characterizing the rock properties of the Caney Shale and its suitability for hydraulic fracturing. The objective of our research is to help bridge the current knowledge gap through the integration of multiscale laboratory techniques and to characterize the macro- and microscale rock properties of the Caney Shale. We employed an integrated approach for the characterization of the Caney using 200 ft (61 m) of Caney core from a target well in southern Oklahoma. Core observation and petrographic analysis of thin sections were combined to characterize the general rock types and associated fabrics and textures. Mineralogical composition, pore system architecture, and rock fabric were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM. In addition, rebound hardness and indentation testing were carried out to determine rock hardness (brittleness) and elasticity, respectively. With the integrated multiscale characterization, three mixed carbonate-siliciclastic rock types were identified — mudstone, calcareous siltstone, and silty carbonate — likely representing a spectrum of deposition from low to relatively high energy environments in the distal portions of a ramp system. Silty carbonate contains mostly interparticle pores. The calcareous siltstones and silty mudstones contain a combination of organic matter pores and interparticle pores. Each of the rock types shows unique mineralogical compositions based on XRD. The mudstone lithofacies has the highest clay content and the least carbonate content. Calcareous siltstones show moderate carbonate and clay content. Silty carbonate indicates the highest carbonate content with the least clay content. In an order of mudstone, calcareous siltstone, and silty carbonate, rebound hardness and Young’s modulus show an increasing trend. As a result of rock-fluid interactions, there are potential scaling reactions during completion and production that could ultimately affect permeability and production rates. Overall, the proposed multiscale integration approach is critical for the geologic characterization of most rocks. However, in shale reservoirs dominated by microporosity and microstructure where engineered fractures are expected to provide permeability at a reservoir scale, successful integration is essential. An optimized, integrated geological characterization of the Caney Shale that is well aligned with the engineering designs in drilling, completing, and producing wellbores will ultimately lead to optimal production while providing safe and environmentally responsible operations.
{"title":"Multiscale Characterization of the Caney Shale — An Emerging Play in Oklahoma","authors":"Yulun Wang, Guofan Luo, M. Achang, J. Cains, C. Wethington, A. Katende, G. Grammer, J. Puckette, J. Pashin, M. Castagna, H. Chan, G. King, M. Radonjic","doi":"10.17161/mg.v2i.15911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v2i.15911","url":null,"abstract":"From a hydrocarbon perspective, the Caney Shale has historically been evaluated as a sealing unit, which resulted in limited studies characterizing the rock properties of the Caney Shale and its suitability for hydraulic fracturing. The objective of our research is to help bridge the current knowledge gap through the integration of multiscale laboratory techniques and to characterize the macro- and microscale rock properties of the Caney Shale. We employed an integrated approach for the characterization of the Caney using 200 ft (61 m) of Caney core from a target well in southern Oklahoma. Core observation and petrographic analysis of thin sections were combined to characterize the general rock types and associated fabrics and textures. Mineralogical composition, pore system architecture, and rock fabric were analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM. In addition, rebound hardness and indentation testing were carried out to determine rock hardness (brittleness) and elasticity, respectively. With the integrated multiscale characterization, three mixed carbonate-siliciclastic rock types were identified — mudstone, calcareous siltstone, and silty carbonate — likely representing a spectrum of deposition from low to relatively high energy environments in the distal portions of a ramp system. Silty carbonate contains mostly interparticle pores. The calcareous siltstones and silty mudstones contain a combination of organic matter pores and interparticle pores. Each of the rock types shows unique mineralogical compositions based on XRD. The mudstone lithofacies has the highest clay content and the least carbonate content. Calcareous siltstones show moderate carbonate and clay content. Silty carbonate indicates the highest carbonate content with the least clay content. In an order of mudstone, calcareous siltstone, and silty carbonate, rebound hardness and Young’s modulus show an increasing trend. As a result of rock-fluid interactions, there are potential scaling reactions during completion and production that could ultimately affect permeability and production rates. Overall, the proposed multiscale integration approach is critical for the geologic characterization of most rocks. However, in shale reservoirs dominated by microporosity and microstructure where engineered fractures are expected to provide permeability at a reservoir scale, successful integration is essential. An optimized, integrated geological characterization of the Caney Shale that is well aligned with the engineering designs in drilling, completing, and producing wellbores will ultimately lead to optimal production while providing safe and environmentally responsible operations.","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123964017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Playa wetlands are widely distributed across the High Plains of the central United States, providing a range of ecosystem services, such as groundwater recharge, surface water storage, and wetland habitat. Although playas are essential resources, few studies have examined the variability and controls on playa water storage. The purpose of this project is to determine how playa and watershed morphology, watershed land cover, and precipitation patterns affect timing and duration of water storage in playas. This project focuses on 92 playas distributed throughout a 10-county region in western Kansas. Playa and watershed morphology were calculated in a GIS environment and classified into quartiles based on playa and watershed surface area. Watershed tilled index (i.e., percent cropland versus grassland) was determined using 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 Cropland Data Layers available from the National Agricultural Statistics Service and classified as either cropland (more than 75% cropland), grassland (more than 75% grassland), or mixed. Monthly precipitation data for 2016–2019 were compiled from the Oakley 22S High Plains Regional Climate Center weather station. Playa water status for 2016–2019 was classified monthly as either standing water or dry (i.e., no visible standing water) by visually examining four-band satellite imagery with 3.7 m resolution available from Planet Explorer (www.planet.com). Playa water status is influenced by a combination of factors, including playa and watershed morphology, watershed land cover, and precipitation patterns. Larger playas have larger watersheds and standing water more frequently and for longer periods than smaller playas. Playas in cropland watersheds store water more frequently and for longer periods than playas in grassland watersheds, though differences are not statistically significant. Standing water within playas is positively correlated with monthly precipitation and reflects a short-term response to precipitation patterns, regardless of playa size or watershed land cover. The strongest controls on playa water status are playa area, monthly precipitation, and watershed area. Playas are critical resources for the High Plains, providing a range of ecosystem services that are dependent upon the playa’s ability to store water. Playa functions are under continued threat from cropland expansion, climate change, and playa and watershed modifications. To sustain playa functions in Kansas, efforts should focus on conserving larger grassland playas and reducing sediment inputs to playas in cropland watersheds.
Playa湿地广泛分布在美国中部的高平原地区，提供了一系列的生态系统服务，如地下水补给、地表水储存和湿地栖息地。尽管playa是必不可少的资源，但很少有研究调查了playa储水的可变性和控制。该项目的目的是确定playa和流域形态，流域土地覆盖和降水模式如何影响playa储水的时间和持续时间。该项目的重点是分布在堪萨斯州西部10个县地区的92个playas。在GIS环境下计算Playa和流域形态，并根据Playa和流域表面积划分四分位数。流域耕作指数(即耕地与草地的百分比)是使用国家农业统计局提供的2016年、2017年、2018年和2019年耕地数据层确定的，并分为耕地(耕地超过75%)、草地(草地超过75%)或混合。2016-2019年的月度降水数据来自奥克利22S高平原区域气候中心气象站。通过对Planet Explorer (www.planet.com)提供的分辨率为3.7米的四波段卫星图像进行视觉检查，Playa 2016-2019年的水状况每月被分类为静水或干燥(即没有可见的静水)。Playa的水状况受多种因素的影响，包括Playa和流域形态、流域土地覆盖和降水模式。较大的playas比较小的playas有更大的流域和更频繁的静水，持续时间更长。农田流域的Playas比草地流域的Playas储水更频繁，储水时间更长，尽管差异在统计上不显著。playas内的积水与月降水量呈正相关，反映了对降水模式的短期响应，与playas大小或流域土地覆盖无关。对盐湖水状况控制最强烈的是盐湖面积、月降水量和流域面积。playa是高平原的重要资源，提供一系列依赖于playa储水能力的生态系统服务。Playa的功能受到耕地扩张、气候变化、Playa和流域改造的持续威胁。为了维持堪萨斯州的playa功能，应集中精力保护较大的草地playas，并减少农田流域playas的沉积物输入。
{"title":"Examining patterns and drivers of variability in playa water status on the High Plains of western Kansas, 2016–2019","authors":"M. Bowen, Luis Lepe","doi":"10.17161/mg.v2i.15910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v2i.15910","url":null,"abstract":"Playa wetlands are widely distributed across the High Plains of the central United States, providing a range of ecosystem services, such as groundwater recharge, surface water storage, and wetland habitat. Although playas are essential resources, few studies have examined the variability and controls on playa water storage. The purpose of this project is to determine how playa and watershed morphology, watershed land cover, and precipitation patterns affect timing and duration of water storage in playas. This project focuses on 92 playas distributed throughout a 10-county region in western Kansas. \u0000Playa and watershed morphology were calculated in a GIS environment and classified into quartiles based on playa and watershed surface area. Watershed tilled index (i.e., percent cropland versus grassland) was determined using 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 Cropland Data Layers available from the National Agricultural Statistics Service and classified as either cropland (more than 75% cropland), grassland (more than 75% grassland), or mixed. Monthly precipitation data for 2016–2019 were compiled from the Oakley 22S High Plains Regional Climate Center weather station. Playa water status for 2016–2019 was classified monthly as either standing water or dry (i.e., no visible standing water) by visually examining four-band satellite imagery with 3.7 m resolution available from Planet Explorer (www.planet.com). \u0000Playa water status is influenced by a combination of factors, including playa and watershed morphology, watershed land cover, and precipitation patterns. Larger playas have larger watersheds and standing water more frequently and for longer periods than smaller playas. Playas in cropland watersheds store water more frequently and for longer periods than playas in grassland watersheds, though differences are not statistically significant. Standing water within playas is positively correlated with monthly precipitation and reflects a short-term response to precipitation patterns, regardless of playa size or watershed land cover. The strongest controls on playa water status are playa area, monthly precipitation, and watershed area. \u0000Playas are critical resources for the High Plains, providing a range of ecosystem services that are dependent upon the playa’s ability to store water. Playa functions are under continued threat from cropland expansion, climate change, and playa and watershed modifications. To sustain playa functions in Kansas, efforts should focus on conserving larger grassland playas and reducing sediment inputs to playas in cropland watersheds.","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131656878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kizler North Field in northwest Lyon County, Kansas, is a producing field with structures associated with both uplift of the Ancestral Rockies (Pennsylvanian to early Permian) and reactivation of structures along the Proterozoic midcontinent rift system (MRS), which contributed to the current complex and poorly understood play mechanisms. The Lower Paleozoic dolomitic Simpson Group, Viola Limestone, and “Hunton Group” are the reservoir units within the field. These units have significant vuggy porosity, which is excellent for field potential; however, in places, the reservoir is inhibited by high water saturation. The seismic data show that two late-stage wrench fault events reactivated existing faults. The observed wrench faults exhibit secondary P, R’, and R Riedel shears, which likely resulted from Central Kansas uplift-MRS wrenching. The latest stage event breached reservoir caprock units during post-Mississippian to pre-Desmoinesian time and allowed for hydrocarbon migration out of the reservoirs. Future exploration models of the Kizler North and analog fields should be based on four play concepts: 1) four-way closure with wrench-fault-related traps, 2) structural highs in the Simpson Group and Viola Limestone, 3) thick “Hunton Group,” and 4) presence of a wrench fault adjacent to the well location that generates subtle closure but not directly beneath it, which causes migration out of reservoirs. In settings where complex structural styles are overprinted, particular attention should be paid to the timing of events that may cause breaches of seals in some structures but not others. Mapping the precise location and vertical throw of the reactivated wrench faults using high-resolution seismic data can help reduce the drilling risk in analog systems.
{"title":"Wrench faulting and trap breaching: A case study of the Kizler North Field, Lyon County, Kansas, USA","authors":"N. Hasan, S. Potter-McIntyre, S. Tedesco","doi":"10.17161/mg.v2i.15532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v2i.15532","url":null,"abstract":"The Kizler North Field in northwest Lyon County, Kansas, is a producing field with structures associated with both uplift of the Ancestral Rockies (Pennsylvanian to early Permian) and reactivation of structures along the Proterozoic midcontinent rift system (MRS), which contributed to the current complex and poorly understood play mechanisms. The Lower Paleozoic dolomitic Simpson Group, Viola Limestone, and “Hunton Group” are the reservoir units within the field. These units have significant vuggy porosity, which is excellent for field potential; however, in places, the reservoir is inhibited by high water saturation. The seismic data show that two late-stage wrench fault events reactivated existing faults. The observed wrench faults exhibit secondary P, R’, and R Riedel shears, which likely resulted from Central Kansas uplift-MRS wrenching. The latest stage event breached reservoir caprock units during post-Mississippian to pre-Desmoinesian time and allowed for hydrocarbon migration out of the reservoirs. Future exploration models of the Kizler North and analog fields should be based on four play concepts: 1) four-way closure with wrench-fault-related traps, 2) structural highs in the Simpson Group and Viola Limestone, 3) thick “Hunton Group,” and 4) presence of a wrench fault adjacent to the well location that generates subtle closure but not directly beneath it, which causes migration out of reservoirs. In settings where complex structural styles are overprinted, particular attention should be paid to the timing of events that may cause breaches of seals in some structures but not others. Mapping the precise location and vertical throw of the reactivated wrench faults using high-resolution seismic data can help reduce the drilling risk in analog systems.","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"273 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114532413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jenny Meng, E. Holubnyak, Franek J. Hasiuk, J. Hollenbach, D. Wreath
Approximately 26 square miles of new 3-D seismic data were acquired in July 2019 over the Patterson Site (Kearny County, Kansas) to assess its potential for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. Seismic interpretation revealed that the Patterson Site contains multiple structural closures that lie on uplifted fault blocks, bounded by two reverse faults that strike nearly perpendicular to each other. These faults offset Precambrian through Pennsylvanian sections, including several primary reservoir and seal intervals. Fault displacements are maximum at the Precambrian basement and decrease upward. Data indicated a range of structural and combination traps exists at the Patterson Site in the Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle through Mississippian Osagian reservoirs. The three-way closures along the NW–SE fault have structural relief of ~130 ft (40 m), and the four-way closures contain relief of ~60 ft (18 m). Erosional surfaces and multiple basement fractures also are observed on the top of the Precambrian. A Mississippian-aged incised valley system also was observed at the Patterson Site. The incised valleys formed during the Meramecian-Chesteran Stages with an incised depth up to 250 ft (76 m). The motion of the reverse faults likely captured existing meandering and linear channels, causing the current deeply incised morphology. The incised valleys observed at Patterson are similar in age, structural style, shape, incision depth, and seismic attribute properties to incised valleys observed by other workers at Pleasant Prairie South, Eubank, and Shuck oil fields (southwest Kansas). Further research should focus on estimating reactivation tendency and sealing characteristics of the reverse faults to evaluate the seal integrity of the saline reservoirs. This will reduce uncertainty concerning the risk of CO2 migration during injection and storage. Further reservoir description, modeling, and simulation are also underway to characterize the storage potential at the Patterson Site.
2019年7月，在Patterson站点(堪萨斯州Kearny县)获得了大约26平方英里的新3d地震数据，以评估其二氧化碳(CO2)储存的潜力。地震解释显示，Patterson地块包含多个构造闭包，这些闭包位于凸起的断块上，由两条几乎相互垂直的反向断层所包围。这些断裂通过宾夕法尼亚剖面与前寒武纪相偏移，包括几个原生储层和封闭层。断层位移在前寒武纪基底处最大，向上减小。数据表明，在寒武纪-奥陶系至奥萨吉系储层的帕特森遗址存在一系列构造和组合圈闭。NW-SE断裂三向闭包的构造起伏度约为130 ft (40 m)，四向闭包的构造起伏度约为60 ft (18 m)。前寒武纪顶部还观察到侵蚀面和多处基底断裂。在帕特森遗址还观察到一个密西西比时代的切割山谷系统。切陷谷形成于墨拉纪-切斯特期，切陷深度可达250英尺(76米)。逆断层的运动可能捕获了现有的蜿蜒和线性河道，形成了目前的深切形态。在Patterson观测到的切口山谷在年龄、构造样式、形状、切口深度和地震属性属性上与其他工作人员在Pleasant Prairie South、Eubank和Shuck油田(堪萨斯州西南部)观测到的切口山谷相似。进一步的研究应侧重于估计逆断层的再活化倾向和封闭特征，以评价含盐储层的封闭完整性。这将减少注入和储存过程中二氧化碳迁移风险的不确定性。进一步的油藏描述、建模和模拟也在进行中，以表征Patterson站点的存储潜力。
{"title":"Geological characterization of the Patterson CO2 storage site from 3-D seismic data","authors":"Jenny Meng, E. Holubnyak, Franek J. Hasiuk, J. Hollenbach, D. Wreath","doi":"10.17161/mg.v1i.15529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v1i.15529","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Approximately 26 square miles of new 3-D seismic data were acquired in July 2019 over the Patterson Site (Kearny County, Kansas) to assess its potential for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. Seismic interpretation revealed that the Patterson Site contains multiple structural closures that lie on uplifted fault blocks, bounded by two reverse faults that strike nearly perpendicular to each other. These faults offset Precambrian through Pennsylvanian sections, including several primary reservoir and seal intervals. Fault displacements are maximum at the Precambrian basement and decrease upward. Data indicated a range of structural and combination traps exists at the Patterson Site in the Cambrian-Ordovician Arbuckle through Mississippian Osagian reservoirs. The three-way closures along the NW–SE fault have structural relief of ~130 ft (40 m), and the four-way closures contain relief of ~60 ft (18 m). Erosional surfaces and multiple basement fractures also are observed on the top of the Precambrian. A Mississippian-aged incised valley system also was observed at the Patterson Site. The incised valleys formed during the Meramecian-Chesteran Stages with an incised depth up to 250 ft (76 m). The motion of the reverse faults likely captured existing meandering and linear channels, causing the current deeply incised morphology. The incised valleys observed at Patterson are similar in age, structural style, shape, incision depth, and seismic attribute properties to incised valleys observed by other workers at Pleasant Prairie South, Eubank, and Shuck oil fields (southwest Kansas). Further research should focus on estimating reactivation tendency and sealing characteristics of the reverse faults to evaluate the seal integrity of the saline reservoirs. This will reduce uncertainty concerning the risk of CO2 migration during injection and storage. Further reservoir description, modeling, and simulation are also underway to characterize the storage potential at the Patterson Site. \u0000","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129642902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
César Silva, Brian J. Smith, J. T. Ray, J. Derby, J. Gregg
The West Carney Hunton Field (WCHF) is an important oil field in central Oklahoma. Deposited during a series of sea-level rises and falls on a shallow shelf, the Cochrane and Clarita Formations (Hunton Group) have undergone a complex series of diagenetic events. The Hunton section of the WCHF comprises dolomitized crinoidal packstones, brachiopod “reefs” and grainstones, thin intervals of fine-grained crinoidal wackestones, and infrequent mudstones that were diagenetically affected by repeated sea-level change. Widespread karst is evidenced by multiple generations of solution-enlarged fractures, vugs, and breccias, which extend through the entire thickness of the Hunton. Karst development likely occurred during sea-level lowstands. Partial to complete dolomitization of Hunton limestones is interpreted to have occurred as a result of convective circulation of normal seawater during sea-level highstands. Open-space-filling calcite cements postdate dolomitization and predate deposition of the overlying siliciclastic section, which comprises the Misener Sandstone and Woodford Shale. Petrographic evaluation and carbon and oxygen isotope values of the calcite cements suggest precipitation by Silurian seawater and mixed seawater and meteoric water. Carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of dolomite may have been partially reset by dedolomitization that was concurrent with calcite cementation. Fluid inclusions in late diagenetic celestite crystals observed in the Clarita Formation indicate that the WCHF was invaded by saline basinal fluids and petroleum after burial, during later stages of diagenesis. The timing of late diagenetic fluid flow and petroleum generation likely was during the Ouachita orogeny, which was occurring to the south. There is no evidence that late diagenetic fluids significantly altered the dolomite reservoir that formed earlier. The WCHF provides an ancient example of early diagenetic dolomitization by seawater that remains relatively unaltered by later diagenetic events.
West Carney Hunton油田(WCHF)是俄克拉荷马州中部的一个重要油田。Cochrane组和Clarita组(Hunton组)在一系列海平面上升和下降的过程中沉积在一个浅陆架上，经历了一系列复杂的成岩事件。whchf的Hunton剖面包括白云化的海百合砾岩、腕足类“礁”和颗粒岩、细粒海百合砾岩的薄层，以及受海平面反复变化的成岩作用影响的罕见泥岩。多代溶蚀扩大的裂缝、溶洞和角砾岩证明了广泛的岩溶作用，这些裂缝、溶洞和角砾岩延伸到整个亨顿厚度。喀斯特发育可能发生在海平面低洼期。亨顿石灰岩的部分或完全白云化被解释为在海平面上升期间正常海水对流环流的结果。开放空间充填方解石胶结物形成于白云化后和沉积前，其上覆的硅屑剖面包括Misener砂岩和Woodford页岩。方解石胶结物的岩相学评价和碳氧同位素值表明，其沉积作用为志留系海水和混合海水与大气水。白云岩的碳、氧同位素特征可能在方解石胶结作用的同时被脱白云石化部分重置。克拉丽塔组晚期成岩天青石晶体中的流体包裹体表明，在成岩后期，沉积后的盆地流体和石油侵入了WCHF。晚成岩流体运移和油气生成的时间可能在瓦希托造山运动时期，该运动发生在南部。晚期成岩流体对早期形成的白云岩储层没有明显的改变。WCHF为早期成岩作用下的海水白云石化提供了一个古老的例子，它相对未受后期成岩事件的影响。
{"title":"Diagenesis of Hunton Group Carbonates (Silurian) West Carney Field, Logan and Lincoln Counties, Oklahoma, U.S.A.","authors":"César Silva, Brian J. Smith, J. T. Ray, J. Derby, J. Gregg","doi":"10.17161/mg.v1i.15528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/mg.v1i.15528","url":null,"abstract":"The West Carney Hunton Field (WCHF) is an important oil field in central Oklahoma. Deposited during a series of sea-level rises and falls on a shallow shelf, the Cochrane and Clarita Formations (Hunton Group) have undergone a complex series of diagenetic events. The Hunton section of the WCHF comprises dolomitized crinoidal packstones, brachiopod “reefs” and grainstones, thin intervals of fine-grained crinoidal wackestones, and infrequent mudstones that were diagenetically affected by repeated sea-level change. Widespread karst is evidenced by multiple generations of solution-enlarged fractures, vugs, and breccias, which extend through the entire thickness of the Hunton. Karst development likely occurred during sea-level lowstands. Partial to complete dolomitization of Hunton limestones is interpreted to have occurred as a result of convective circulation of normal seawater during sea-level highstands. Open-space-filling calcite cements postdate dolomitization and predate deposition of the overlying siliciclastic section, which comprises the Misener Sandstone and Woodford Shale. Petrographic evaluation and carbon and oxygen isotope values of the calcite cements suggest precipitation by Silurian seawater and mixed seawater and meteoric water. Carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of dolomite may have been partially reset by dedolomitization that was concurrent with calcite cementation. Fluid inclusions in late diagenetic celestite crystals observed in the Clarita Formation indicate that the WCHF was invaded by saline basinal fluids and petroleum after burial, during later stages of diagenesis. The timing of late diagenetic fluid flow and petroleum generation likely was during the Ouachita orogeny, which was occurring to the south. There is no evidence that late diagenetic fluids significantly altered the dolomite reservoir that formed earlier. The WCHF provides an ancient example of early diagenetic dolomitization by seawater that remains relatively unaltered by later diagenetic events.","PeriodicalId":366046,"journal":{"name":"Midcontinent Geoscience","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115084832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：