Make sure you understand the details, requirements, and responsibilities of the job you are applying for. This information can be typically found by reviewing the job descritpion, recruiting information, and company literature. Additionally, conducting your own informational interviews can often provide valuable information. Finally, be able to relate your skills and qualifications to the stated job responsibilities.
{"title":"The Interview","authors":"Gary Hudson, Sarah Rowlands","doi":"10.4324/9780429021404-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429021404-4","url":null,"abstract":"Make sure you understand the details, requirements, and responsibilities of the job you are applying for. This information can be typically found by reviewing the job descritpion, recruiting information, and company literature. Additionally, conducting your own informational interviews can often provide valuable information. Finally, be able to relate your skills and qualifications to the stated job responsibilities.","PeriodicalId":366301,"journal":{"name":"The Broadcast Journalism Handbook","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125420877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers have long been fascinated by the strong continuities evident in the oral traditions associated with different cultures. According to the ‘historic-geographic’ school, it is possible to classify similar tales into ‘‘international types’’ and trace them back to their original archetypes. However, critics argue that folktale traditions are fundamentally fluid, and that most international types are artificial constructs. Here, these issues are addressed using phylogenetic methods that were originally developed to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among biological species, and which have been recently applied to a range of cultural phenomena. The study focuses on one of the most debated international types in the literature: ATU 333, ‘Little Red Riding Hood’. A number of variants of ATU 333 have been recorded in European oral traditions, and it has been suggested that the group may include tales from other regions, including Africa and East Asia. However, in many of these cases, it is difficult to differentiate ATU 333 from another widespread international folktale, ATU 123, ‘The Wolf and the Kids’. To shed more light on these relationships, data on 58 folktales were analysed using cladistic, Bayesian and phylogenetic network-based methods. The results demonstrate that, contrary to the claims made by critics of the historic-geographic approach, it is possible to identify ATU 333 and ATU 123 as distinct international types. They further suggest that most of the African tales can be classified as variants of ATU 123, while the East Asian tales probably evolved by blending together elements of both ATU 333 and ATU 123. These findings demonstrate that phylogenetic methods provide a powerful set of tools for testing hypotheses about cross-cultural relationships among folktales, and point towards exciting new directions for research into the transmission and evolution of oral narratives. Citation: Tehrani JJ (2013) The Phylogeny of Little Red Riding Hood. PLoS ONE 8(11): e78871. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078871 Editor: R. Alexander Bentley, Bristol University, United Kingdom Received July 30, 2013; Accepted September 20, 2013; Published November 13, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Jamshid J. Tehrani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: The author was supported by an RCUK Fellowship during a part of the time in which the research was carried out. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: jamie.tehrani@durham.ac.uk Introduction The publication of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s Children’s and Household Tales (1812–1814) [1] two hundred years ago sparked enormous public and academic in
长期以来，研究人员一直着迷于与不同文化相关的口头传统中明显的强烈连续性。根据“历史地理”学派的观点，可以将类似的故事划分为“国际类型”，并追溯到它们的原始原型。然而，批评者认为民间故事传统基本上是流动的，大多数国际类型都是人为构建的。在这里，这些问题是通过系统发育方法来解决的，这些方法最初是为了重建生物物种之间的进化关系而开发的，最近已应用于一系列文化现象。这项研究的重点是文献中最具争议的国际类型之一:ATU 333，“小红帽”。在欧洲的口述传统中记录了许多ATU 333的变体，有人认为这一群体可能包括来自其他地区的故事，包括非洲和东亚。然而，在许多情况下，很难将ATU 333与另一个广为流传的国际民间故事ATU 123“狼和孩子们”区分开来。为了更清楚地揭示这些关系，研究人员使用基于分支学、贝叶斯和系统发育网络的方法分析了58个民间故事的数据。结果表明，与历史地理方法的批评者所提出的主张相反，有可能将ATU 333和ATU 123确定为不同的国际类型。他们进一步提出，大多数非洲故事可以归类为ATU 123的变体，而东亚故事可能是由ATU 333和ATU 123的元素混合而成的。这些发现表明，系统发育方法为检验关于民间故事之间跨文化关系的假设提供了一套强有力的工具，并为研究口头叙事的传播和演变指明了令人兴奋的新方向。引文:Tehrani JJ(2013)《小红帽的系统发育》。PLoS ONE 8(11): e78871。doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0078871编辑:R. Alexander Bentley, Bristol University，英国2013年9月20日录用;版权所有:Jamshid J. Tehrani。这是一篇根据知识共享署名许可协议发布的开放获取文章，该协议允许在任何媒体上不受限制地使用、分发和复制，前提是要注明原作者和来源。资助:作者在进行研究的部分时间内得到了RCUK奖学金的支持。资助者在研究设计、数据收集和分析、发表决定或稿件准备中没有任何作用。利益竞争:作者声明不存在利益竞争。雅各布·格林和威廉·格林的《儿童和家庭故事》(1812-1814)于200多年前出版，引发了公众和学术界对“普通人”讲述的传统故事的巨大兴趣，并帮助将民间传说确立为一个严肃的学术研究领域。受格林方法的启发，新一代研究人员走出图书馆，走进村庄和农民家庭，收集有关神奇动物、邪恶继母、魔法物品和不知疲倦的英雄的丰富多彩的故事。从这些研究中得出的最出乎意料和令人兴奋的发现之一是，在与不同(通常是广泛分离的)社会和种族群体有关的口头传统中，许多相同的情节反复出现。因此，格林兄弟注意到，他们汇编的许多表面上是“德国”的民间故事显然与斯拉夫、印度、波斯和阿拉伯口头传统中记录的故事有关。这些相似性吸引了民俗学家、文学学者、人类学家、认知科学家等人的注意，原因多种多样:例如，研究了其他文化中的同源故事，试图重建西方经典童话在被记录下来之前的起源和形式。其他研究人员考察了区域内和区域间共同情节元素的分布，以推断过去的迁移、跨文化接触以及地理距离和语言障碍对文化传播的影响。最后，有研究表明，故事的稳定和变化模式可以为人类经验的普遍和可变方面提供丰富的见解，并揭示心理、社会和生态过程如何相互作用，形成文化的连续性和多样性。不幸的是，由于民间故事主要通过口头而不是书面方式传播，因此在不同文化中重建其历史和发展已被证明是一项复杂的挑战。 迄今为止，在这一领域最具雄心和最持久的努力是由与所谓的“历史地理”学派有关的民俗学家进行的，该学派成立于19世纪末。这些研究人员试图根据主题、情节和人物的一致性，将来自不同口头文学的类似民间故事分类为不同的“国际类型”。该领域最全面和最新的参考工作是阿恩-乌瑟-汤普森(ATU)指数，该指数确定了分布在全球300种文化中的2000多种国际类型。历史地理学派的倡导者认为，每一种国际类型都可以追溯到一个原始的“原型”故事，这个故事从一个共同的祖先人群那里继承下来，或者通过贸易、移民和征服在社会中传播。随着时间的推移，故事的原始形式被改编以适应不同的文化规范和偏好，从而产生了当地独特的“生态类型”。历史地理方法试图通过收集所有已知的国际类型的变体并按地区和年代进行分类来重建这一过程。罕见或高度局部化的形式被认为可能是PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 2013年11月1日|第8卷|第11期| e78871“小红帽的系统发育”Jamshid J. Tehrani, PLOS ONE, 8, e78871, 2013。［11］
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